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The nicotinamide derivates represent the promising candidate in the field of pesticides due to significant fungicidal activity, insecticidal activity, herbicidal activity, plant growth regulator activity and bactericidal activity. The series of nicotinamide-bromides with various alkyl chain lengths (from ethyl to octadecyl) were synthesized, and the toxicity of aqueous solutions towards Fusarium graminearum, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, and Botrytis cinerea was examined. The obtained data were compared with DFT calculations results to understand the structural origin of fungicidal behavior and correlate it with the structural properties of investigated molecules. A significant correlation was established between the lipophilicity of the molecules (obtained from DFT calculations) and the growth rate of the examined phytopathogenic fungi. The results had suggested that Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is most sensitive to nicotinamide compounds exposure, while F. graminearum is most resistant to the change of lipophilicity of compounds. For all investigated compounds, the growth rate was decreased with the increase of carbon atoms in the side-chain until [C14Nic] [Br]. Further prolongation increased the growth rate of fungus, as it was noted for [C16Nic] [Br] and [C18Nic][Br]. This behavior was explained by the distinguished hydrophobic and hydrophilic surfaces in [C14Nic][Br] due to interactions between keto oxygen and bromide anion absent in the case of nicotinamides with a longer chain.

Provedeno je in vitro ispitivanje antifungalnog djelovanja različitih volumena eteričnih ulja eukaliptusa, limuna, komorača, paprene metvice i timijana te njihovih najvažnijih komponenti na porast ekonomski značajne fitopatogene gljivice Botrytis cinerea. Mjerenjem promjera micelija B. cinerea tijekom inkubacije zabilježeno je smanjenje rasta micelija ovisno o primijenjenom volumenu. Antifungalno djelovanje eteričnih ulja i njihovih komponenti, smanjuje se s povećanjem duljine inkubacije. Rezultati su pokazali da eterična ulja, u pravilu, imaju bolje djelovanje na fitopatogene gljivice od svojih komponenti. Četvrti dan nakon inokulacije micelija najmanju izračunatu vrijednost IC50 imalo je eterično ulje timijana. Osmi dan ispitivanja eterična ulja timijana, paprene metvice i komorača, primijenjena u određenim volumenima, u potpunosti su inhibirala rast micelija, dok eterična ulja limuna i eukaliptusa nisu inhibirala rast micelija niti u najvećem primijenjenom volumenu. Na temelju rezultata ovog istraživanja može se zaključiti da pojedina eterična ulja mogu biti dobra alternativa sintetskim fungicidima. Potrebna su daljnja in vivo istraživanja koja bi mogla dovesti do razvoja ekološko prihvatljivih sredstava za suzbijanje fitopatogenih gljivica.

Cilj istraživanja bio je ispitati utjecaj 22 eterična ulja na porast gljive B. cinerea. Pokus je postavljen in vitro, na PDA podlozi s tri količine ulja (3, 5 i 7 mikrolitara po Petrijevoj zdjelici). Najbolji učinak pokazali su anis, kim, timijan, paprena metvica, matičnjak i lavanda.

Siva plijesan, koju uzrokuje Botrytis cinerea, značajna je bolest vinove loze diljem svijeta. S ciljem utvrđivanja intenziteta napada B. cinerea na zrelim grozdovima i u činkovitosti botriticida (Traminac-iprodion, pirimetanil, fludioksonil+ciprodinil ; Graševina-fenheksamid, fludioksonil+ciprodinil, tebukonazol+diklofluanid), postavljen je dvogodišnji pokus (2001.-2002.) na lokacijama Mladice (Traminac) i Škomić (Graševina).Procjenom intenziteta napada Botrytis cinerea na Graševini i Tramincu utvrđene su najače zaraze na kontroli, a najslabije u varijanti pokusa s botriticidom Switch. Usporedbom jačine zaraze grozdova sorte Traminac u odnosu na Graševinu, nisu nađene razlike koje se mogu pripisati različitoj osjetljivosti sorata. U konkretnim uvjetima lokaliteta Mladice i Škomić, jačina zaraze zavisila je , u prvom redu, o klimatskim čimbenicima. U obje pokusne godine količina i raspored oborina podržavale su visoku vlažnost u vinogradima, omogućivši brojne infekcije i intenzivan razvoj bolesti.

During 2001/2002 experiments made in the vineyards of Kutjevo, the examinations were made on the intensity of infection with Botrytis cinerea Pers., the efficiency of the applied botryticides, the achieved grape production and the impact of meteorological factors on the development and intensity of the disease. Among the examined culivars of Grasevina and Traminac, the intensity of infection with Botrytis in both years and on all localities was the highest on the check fields, which therefore indicates a justified and appropriate use of fungicides. The examined efficiency of fungicides applied throughout all four phenophases of the vine development indicates the differences in their efficiency according to sorts and localities as well as the length of examination. With the cv. Traminac the best efficiency was achieved with the Switch 62, 5 WG (fludioxonil+ciprodinil), somewhat weaker efficiency with the Mythos SC (pirimetanil), and on the last place is the Kidan SC (iprodion). With the cv. Grasevina the best efficiency was achieved with the Teldor SC (fenhexamid), insignificantly weaker efficiency with the Switch 62, 5 WG, and on the last place is the combination of Folicur EW 50 (diclofluanid+tebuconazol) + Euparen 50 WP (diclofluanid). The production of grape achieved in the years of examination on certain localities did not show the expected results, since the unfavourable climatic conditions (too much humidity) in both years caused the extraordinary attack of the grey mould of grapes. The weakest production was achieved on the check fields with Traminac as well as with Grasevina, whereas a better production was achieved with the sorts treated with fungicides, according to their efficiency. There is a significant impact of climatic factors (precipitation and temperatures) on the intensity of infection, the efficiency of fungicides and the achieved production of grape. Both years of examination in the months of grape ripening abounded in great quantities of rain. In 2001 the six-month average (May-October) of the total quantity of rain was 504.4 mm, and in 2002 531.5 mm. Such a considerable amount of humidity in vineyards and the proportional variety of temperatures represent the perfect conditions for the development of Botrytis. The stated results indicate that the use of fungicides in the prevention of grey mould of grapes represents an indispensable protection measure with the scope to achieve high production of quality and healthy grapes.

Uzroĉnik sive plijesni je polifagna gljiva Botrytis cinerea. Osim na vinovoj lozi, Botrytis cinerea parazitira na 235 biljnih vrsta koje se uzgajaju od hladnih podruĉja Aljaske i Kanade do suptropskih podruĉja te znaĉajno ugroţava proizvodnju voća, groţĊa, povrća i ukrasnog bilja. U vinogradima se pojavljuje zbog pojaĉane gnojidbe, visokorodnih sorata zbijenih grozdova, bujnih ĉokota te zbog ostavljanja velike lisne mase za dovoljnu asimilaciju. Ţivi kao saprofit koji izaziva direktne i indirektne štete. Direktne štete nastaju zbog smanjenog uroda, a indirektne štete u lošoj kvaliteti mošta i vina. Bolest se javlja svake godine u većem ili manjem intenzitetu, a posebice velike štete se javljaju u intenzivnim nasadima na kontinentalnom podruĉju Hrvatske. Botrytis cinerea poznata je kao gljiva koja brzo razvija rezistentnost na primjenjivanje fungicide pa je taj problem najizraţeniji u zaštiti vinograda. U radu je provedeno istraţivanje tijekom 2019. godine u Centralnom laboratoriju za fitomedicinu Fakulteta agrobiotehniĉkih znanosti Osijek. Cilj istraţivanja je bio procijeniti uĉinak pirimetanila na porast gljive Botrytis cinerea iz vinogorja Baranja., The cause of gray mold is the polyphagous fungus Botrytis cinerea. In addition to vines, Botrytis cinerea parasitizes 235 plant species grown from cold areas of Alaska and Canada to subtropical areas, and significantly threatens the production of fruits, grapes, vegetables and ornamental plants. It appears in vineyards due to increased fertilization, high-yielding varieties of compacted bunches, lush vines and due to leaving a large leaf mass for sufficient assimilation. It lives as a saprophyte that causes direct and indirect damage. Direct damage occurs due to reduced yields, and indirect damage due to poor quality of must and wine. The disease occurs every year in greater or lesser intensity, and especially great damage occurs in intensive plantations in the continental area of Croatia. Botrytis cinerea is known as a fungus that quickly develops resistance to the different fungicides, so this problem is most pronounced in the protection of vineyards. The paper conducted research during 2019 in the Central laboratory for phytomedicine at the Faculty of Agrobiotechnical Sciences Osijek. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of pyrimethanil on the growth of the fungus Botrytis cinerea from the Baranja vineyards

Danas se mnogi poljoprivrednici odlučuju za uzgoj rajčice prvenstveno radi lakog i nezahtjevnog načina kultivacije koji se može obavljati na otvorenom polju ili pak u zaštićenom prostoru. Inače je od kultura koja je dosta osjetljiva, zbog toga se treba dobro educirati prilikom zaštite ove biljke od napada raznih neželjenih organizama. Bolesti na rajčici mogu uzrokovati velike štete, od kojih su od iznimnog značaja one prouzrokovane gljivicama. Siva plijesan je jedna od ekonomski najznačajnijih posliježetvenih gljivičnih oboljenja, a njen uzročnik je parazit Botrytis cinerea. Za zaštitu od ovog patogena, najvažnije je poduzeti određene preventivne mjere prije nego što se uopće započne sa proizvodnjom. Nažalost uvijek postoji mogućnost da se on kasnije ipak pojavi jer ga karakterizira izuzetna sposobnost prilagodbe i rezistentnosti. Postoje razni prirodni preparati koji se koriste u zaštiti protiv gljivičnih patogena, najčešće u ekološkoj poljoprivredi. Međutim nisu svi jednako efikasni prilikom suzbijanja određenih parazita. Stoga smo mi ovim radom htjeli ispitati učinkovitost jednog od prirodnih preparata, to jest prirodni enzim koji je ispitan kroz dva različita eksperimenta i nažalost nije se pokazao efikasnim u suzbijanju Botrytis cinerea na umjetno zaraženim plodovima rajčice., Today, many farmers choose to grow tomatoes primarily because of the easy and undemanding way of cultivation that can be done in the open field or in a protected area. Usually it is a culture that is quite sensitive, so people need to be well educated when protecting this plant from attacks by various unwanted organisms.Tomato diseases can cause great damage, of which those caused by fungi are extremely significant. Gray mold is one of the most economically significant post-harvest fungal diseases, and its cause is the parasite Botrytis cinerea.To protect against this pathogen, the most important thing is to take certain preventive measures before starting production at all. Unfortunately, there is always the possibility that it may appear later, because it is characterized by an exceptional ability to adapt and resistance. There are various natural preparations that are used in the curative protection against fungal pathogens, most often in organic agriculture. However, not all are equally effective in controlling certain parasites.Therefore, with this paper we wanted to examine the effectiveness of one of the natural preparations, ie a natural enzyme that was tested through two different experiments and unfortunately did not prove effective in controlling Botrytis cinerea on artificially infected tomato fruits.

Vinova loza kao gospodarski važna kultura, danas je izložena mnogim čimbenicima koji utječu na njezinu produktivnost. Podložna je bolestima koje narušavaju kvalitetu uroda te smanjuju prinos, jedna od njih je Botrytis cinerea uzročnik sive plijesani. Gljiva parazitira skoro sve dijelove biljke naročito u uvjetima povećane vlage. Danas postoji velika zabrinutost zbog prekomjernog kemijskog suzbijanja jer je Botrytis cinerea poznata po brzom razvoju rezistentnosti. Posljedica pojave rezistentnosti dovodi do pada učinkovitosti sredstava za zaštitu bilja, što može dugoročno otežati zaštitu od biljnih bolesti na nekom području zbog nepostojanja učinkovitog sredstva. Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je utvrditi učinak Boskalida na izolate B.cinerea sa područja Erduta i Srijema. Boskalid je relativno novi fungicid koji inhibira klijanje spora. Promatranjem porasta micelija utvrđene su značajne razlike, kako između različitih izolata, tako i u različitim koncentracijama fungicida. Rezultati su pokazali jače antifugalno djelovanje pri većoj koncentraciji što može dovesti do dodatnog zagađenja okoliša. Stoga su nova saznanja ključna za uspostavu nove održive strategije zaštite vinograda koje omogućuju učinkovitiju kontrolu i smanjenu uporabu fungicida., Grapevine, as an economically important crop, today is exposed to many diseases that affects on the productivity. It can easily become infected and that affects on the quality of the crop and reduces yield, one of the diseases is the botrytis cinerea, causative agent of gray mold. The fungus parasites almost all parts of the plant, especially in conditions of increased moisture. Today, there is big concern about excessive chemical suppression because Botrytis cinerea is known for its rapid development of resistance. The consequence of resistance leads to reduction in the effectiveness of plant protection products, which can make it difficult in the long run to protect plants against diseases in some areas because of the lack of effective agent. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of Boskalid on B.cinerea isolates from the Erdut and Srijem areas. Boxalide is a relatively new fungicide that inhibits spore germination. By observing mycelial growth, significant differences were found, both between different isolates and at different concentrations of fungicides. The results showed stronger antifugal activity at higher concentrations which can lead to additional environmental pollution. Consequently, new knowledge is the key to establishing a new sustainable vineyard conservation strategy that allows for more effective control and reduced use of fungicides.

U radu je istraživan utjecaj razliĉitih temperatura (15, 22, 30°C) i tri razliĉite pH vrijednosti PDA podloge (5,5, 6,5 i 7,5) na razvoj gljive Botrytis cinerea koja je uzroĉnik sive plijesni. Gljiva se razvijala statistiĉki vrlo znaĉajno bolje na temperaturama 15 i 22°C u odnosu na porast gljive na 30°C. Na temperaturama 15 i 22°C micelij je već sedam dana od nacjepljivanja ispunio Petrijevu zdjelicu bez obzira na pH podloge. Na 30°C i nakon ĉetrnaest dana od nacjepljivanja promjer micelija je bio manji od 2 cm bez obzira na kiselost podloge. Na temperaturi 30°C razvoj Botrytis cinerea na pH 6,5 bio je statistiĉki vrlo znaĉajno bolji u odnosu na porast micelija na pH 8,0. Na temperaturama 15 i 22°C gljiva se jednako dobro razvijala na u svim varijantama pokusa bez obzira na kiselost podloge., In this thesis we investigated the effect of different temperatures (15, 22, 30°C) and three different pH values (5.5, 6.5 and 7.5) on the development of the fungus Botrytis cinerea. The fungus developed statistically significantly better at 15 and 22°C in relation to the growth of the fungus at 30° C. At 15 and 22°C seven days from inoculation the mycelium filled Petri dishes (regardless of the pH value of the substrate). After fourteen days from the inoculation at 30°C mycelium diameter was less than 2 cm regardless of the pH value of the substrate. The development of Botrytis cinerea at 30°C and at pH 6.5 was statistically significantly better in comparison to the growth of mycelium at pH 8.0. At 15 and 22°C fungi are equally well developed on the all treatments regardless of the acidity of the substrate.

Razvoj sive plijesni uzrokovane gljivom Botrytis cinera na jagodi praćen je tijekom tri dana na temperaturama 5˚C, 15˚C i 25˚C te je utvrđeno da je razvoj bolesti najbrži na 25˚C. Na toj temperaturi su prve promjene na plodu jagode uočene već 24 sata od inokulacije dok je nakon tri dana plod bio potpuno zahvaćem bolešću. Utjecaj 11 vrsta eteričnih ulja na razvoj B. cinerea praćen je na temperaturama 20 i 25˚C. Najbolje antifungalno djelovanje na istraživanu gljivu na obje temperature imala su ulja timijana i kima. Praćenjem utjecaja hranjivih podloga (PDA, Čapek agar, podloga od mrkve, podloga od rajčice) na rast gljive utvrdili smo da je najbolji razvoj micelija utvrđen na PDA podlozi i podlozi od rajčice., Development of grey mould caused by Botrytis cinera on strawberry was followed during three day period on temperatures 5˚C, 15˚C and 25˚C, and it was determined that the highest disease development was on 25˚C. On that temperature first changes on the strawberry fruit were noticed 24 hours after inoculation, and after 3 days fruit was completely covered with disease. Influence of 11 essential oils on development of B. cinerea was followed on temperatures 20 i 25˚C. The best antifungal activity on both temperatures had oils of thyme and cumin. Investigating the influence of media (PDA, Čapek, carrot agar and tomato agar) on fungal development it was determined that the best mycelial development is on PDA and tomato agar.