1. Botulinum Toxin: Techniques Within Pediatric Physiatry.
- Author
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Paulson A, Zigler CK, Houtrow A, and Pruitt D
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Cerebral Palsy diagnosis, Child, Child, Preschool, Cross-Sectional Studies, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Drug Administration Schedule, Electromyography methods, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Hypnotics and Sedatives administration & dosage, Injections, Intramuscular, Male, Muscle Spasticity diagnosis, Muscle Spasticity drug therapy, Neuromuscular Agents administration & dosage, Pediatrics, Physiatrists trends, Practice Patterns, Physicians' trends, Treatment Outcome, United States, Botulinum Toxins, Type A administration & dosage, Cerebral Palsy drug therapy, Surveys and Questionnaires
- Abstract
Background: Intramuscular botulinum toxin injections are used for treatment of focal spasticity in children, particularly in those with a diagnosis of cerebral palsy. There are a variety of techniques used when performing botulinum toxin injections without clear standards for pediatric providers., Objective: To describe current practice techniques for botulinum toxin injections among pediatric physiatrists., Design: Cross-sectional survey using RedCap Software., Setting: Pediatric physiatrists who perform botulinum toxin injections., Participants: Survey of 307 pediatric physiatrists., Methods: Analysis of data from the 2017 practice survey of pediatric physiatrists in the United States., Main Outcome Measurements: Physicians were asked the primary botulinum toxin used, common dosing information, the role of localization, and the role of sedation and distraction in their practice., Results: Nearly all pediatric physiatrists use OnabotulinumtoxinA as the primary formulation of botulinum toxin. The maximum dose per body weight used per injection series had a median of 15 units/kilogram and a median maximum total dose of 500 units. Sixty-five percent of pediatric physiatrists report using sedation, of any type, for botulinum toxin injections. When using sedation, the most common primary method was general anesthesia (38.9%), followed by enteral or nasal anxiolytic with the patient awake (26.2%). The most common reported intended injection site for botulinum toxin was "in multiple sites spread throughout the muscle" (67.9%), and then "one site of the muscle at the motor point" (17.1%). Large muscles were injected using primarily anatomic guidance (75.6%) and electromyography (50.8%), and small muscles were primarily completed with electromyography (73.6%) and anatomic guidance (49.2%)., Conclusion: There is considerable variability present in one common procedure performed by pediatric physiatrists., Level of Evidence: NA., (© 2018 American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation.)
- Published
- 2019
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