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Objective: To investigate the informativeness of long-term scalp EEG monitoring in patients with acute traumatic brain injury (TBI)., Material and Methods: The informativity of long-term EEG monitoring (LTM) was performed in 60 patients with acute severe TBI. Odd ratios (OR) of unfavorable outcome and non-convulsive status epilepticus (NCSE) among clinical, neurophysiological and radiological features were calculated., Results: EEG features of the unfavorable outcome are: slowing of the dominant background rhythm below q range (OR 3.5, CI 1.2-10.7), absence of frontal-occipital gradient (OR 10.2, CI 1.89-10.12), absence of reactivity (OR 8.75, CI 2.14-35.7), absence of variability (OR 6.25, CI 1.72-22.6) and absence of NREM sleep, stage 2 (OR 5.8, CI 1.79-18.91). Clinical features associated with the unfavorable outcome are: a decrease in GCS score (OR 1.25, CI 1.07-1.47), TBI severity (OR 2.46, CI 1.16-5.18), axial dislocation (OR 4.45, CI 1.08-18.29). ORs for NCSE are significant for the following EEG features: presence of rhythmic and periodic patterns (RPP) (OR 11.92, CI 1.37-103.39), stimulus induced RPP (OR 23.14, CI 2.56-209.34), "plus" modifier (OR 4.11, CI 1.13-14.91) and electrographic evolution (OR 13.05, CI 3.59-47.39). Background rhythm slowing below q range reduces NCSE probability (OR 3.33, CI 1.09-10)., Conclusion: Long-term EEG monitoring is an informative tool for prognosis of outcome and diagnosis of NCSE in patients with severe TBI. The risk of NCSE increases with Marshall score but NCSE is not associated with poor outcome that requires an individual selection of intensive care.

The review presents the methodology of electroencephalography (EEG) background analysis, sporadic epileptiform discharges classification, and description of the rhythmic and periodic patterns in patients with primary and secondary brain damage. It describes the process of decision making in starting non-convulsive status epilepticus treatment of patients with EEG-verified non-convulsive status epilepticus and the signs of 'malignant' patterns indicating the irreversibility of brain injury.