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Breast cancer is the most common malignancy and leading cause of death from malignancy in women in the world. Expression of estrogen receptors (ER) and progesterone receptors (PR) has long been used to determine endocrine therapy patients. Family of human epidermal growth factor receptor, namely (HER-2/neu) has been used as markers to predict prognosis and response to therapy. But many found ductal breast carcinoma patients showed expression of ER, PR, and HER-2 neu negative (triple negative tumors). There should be further research for patients with triple negative tumors, to find prognostic markers and therapies. The purpose of this study is to analyze the relationship between hormonal status and HER-2 expression with the expression of cyclin D1 in breast ductal carcinoma. This study is an observational analytic study, conducted at the Department of Pathology Faculty of Medicine Airlangga University/Dr. Soetomo with 35 samples, paraffin blocks of patients with invasive ductal breast carcinoma, which has not been treated with anti-cancer drug, in a variety of hormonal status and HER-2 neu expression, followed by immunohistochemical examination using antibodies against cyclin D1 protein. The results obtained, most patients in the age group 50 to 59 years (31.4%). Cyclin D1 positive expression in 54.3% samples, and positive in 7 out of 8 samples with ER positive (87.5%) and negative in 15 of 27 samples with negative ER (55.6%). In samples with positive PR, cyclin D1 positive in 8 of 11 samples (72.7%), and cyclin D1 negative in 13 of 24 samples with negative PR (54.2%). Also showed that cyclin D1 positive in 12 of 14 (85.7%) samples with HER-2 positive and negative in 14 of 21 (66.7%) samples with HER-2 negative. In conclusion, there is a positive correlation between expression of ER and HER-2 neu by cyclin D1 expression (p <0.05). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Breast cancer is the most common malignancy and a major cause of death in women worldwide. Protooncogene cyclin D1 is to control the cell cycle and topoisomerase IIa has an important role in DNA replication as well as a specific target of some chemotherapeutic agents. Amplification of topoisomerase IIa is regarded to have poor prognosis in breast carcinoma, but it is a good predictor of response to cytotoxic chemotherapy. The relationship between the degree of histopathology and molecular subclasses of breast classification based on expression of ER, PR, and HER-2/neu is still unclear. This study aimed to determine the relationship between topoisomerase IIα and cyclin D1 with the histopathological degree of invasive ductal breast carcinoma. In this retrospective and cross-sectional study, researchers obtained the degree of histopathological data from medical records. Immunohistochemical examination of cyclin D1 and topoisomerase IIa was performed on paraffin block specimens from 35 patients with invasive ductal breast carcinoma at the Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Airlangga University, Dr. Soetomo Hospital from January to December 2009. It is known that the expression of topoisomerase IIa and cyclin D1 was not related to the histopathological degree of invasive ductal carcinoma of breast (p = 0.091). As a conclusion, topoisomerase IIa and cyclin D1 does not play a role in differentiation, proliferation and carcinogenesis of tumor cells in invasive ductal breast carcinoma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Breast cancer is a malignant tumor mostly disclosed in women. It has heterogeneous biological behavior - so that the knowledge of tumor markers is very important to determine its prognosis and therapy. Up to now, the determination of prognosis and treatment of choice is still based on clinical and morphologic finding although recent studies pointed out that there was tight relationship between carcinoma growth and molecular abnormalities including normal cell gene consisting of proto-oncogene, tumor suppressor gene, programmed cell death and DNA repair gene. Therefore, the description of molecular changes is required - in determining the prognosis and therapy of breast cancer. Molecular pathologic approach may offer a prospective promise even though the genetic mechanism of molecular carcinogenesis of breast cancer is still unclear. In this study, immunopathologic investigation was carried out by using immunohistochemical method, with antibody monoclonal against protein p53. Based on multivariate test of Wilks' Lambda method, protein expression of p53 was concomitantly different in various tumor diameters of breast cancer (p = 0,000 < α = 0,05). With methode of Wilks' Lambda method, protein expression p53 was simultaneously different in various carcinoma cell differentiation of breast cancer (p = 0,000 < α = 0,05) and with Wilks' Lambda method, protein expression p53 was concomitantly different in various progressiveness of ductal carcinoma growth (p= 0,000 < α= 0,05). Also with Wilks' Lambda method, protein expression p53 was concomitantly different in various grade of ductal carcinoma (p = 0,000 < α = 0,05). The result designated that there was a significant difference among four breast cancer groups (p= 0,000 < α= 0,05) and oncoprotein expression contributed on cellular activity in carcinogenesis of breast cancer. It showed that malignancy occurred in genetic lesion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It has been well documented that chemical carcinogen, DMBA (7.12 dimethylbenz(a)anthracene), plays a role in the incidence and growth of mammary cancer. The present study was designed to investigate histochemical alteration of epithelial cells in mammary gland influenced by DMBA in the female Sprague-Dawley rat. DMBA-inducing mammary cancer is a useful model to investigate the changes of epithelial cells that occur during mammary cancer progression. Mammary cancer model was induced 10 times twice a week orally by DMBA, with 20 mg/kg body mass. Mammary cancer occurred in 90% for nine weeks after oral administration of DMBA, and it was represented with nodule on the mammary gland and the increasing of mammary gland volume compared with normal control (F = 100.592; p < 0.001). This study was also designed to investigate the preventive and curative effect of Andrographis paniculata extract on mammary carcinoma induced by DMBA. Preventive administration of three different doses of Andrographis paniculata (100 mg/kg, 300 mg/kg and 1000 mg/kg) was to maintain the volume of mammary gland as good as that in the normal control and significantly different with that in the DMBA model group (F = 99.930; p < 0.001). Andrographis paniculata has the preventive effect on limiting the frequency of cancer initiation and growth. However, the volume of mammary gland in the curative administration with three different doses of Andrographis paniculata (100 mg/kg, 300 mg/kg and 1000 mg/kg) was not statistically different from that in the DMBA model group (F = 2.239; p > 0.05). This data indicated that the extract of Andrographis paniculata had no significant effect on the treatment of DMBA-inducing mammary carcinoma. The Epithelial cells then were harvested on the 90th day and stained on routine histology staining and hematoxylineosin for morphological qualitative analysis. After that, the lesions were observed from the removed samples ranged widely from benign to malignant. The results then showed that DMBA induced cell proliferation, nuclear irregularities, numerous mitoses, and cell necrosis. Furthermore, the preventive treatment of Andrographis paniculata inhibited the progression of cell proliferation, while the curative treatment of Andrographis paniculata induced apoptosis in cancer cells. Finally, we hope that the further studies will provide some clues towards early detection and, hopefully, the prevention and the treatment of breast cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Breast cancer is a malignant tumor mostly disclosed in women. It has heterogeneous biological behavior - so that the knowledge of tumor markers is very important to determine its prognosis and therapy. Up to now, the determination of prognosis and treatment of choice is still based on clinical and morphologic finding although recent studies pointed out that there was tight relationship between carcinoma growth and molecular abnormalities including normal cell gene consisting of proto-oncogene, tumor suppressor gene, programmed cell death and DNA repair gene. Therefore, the description of molecular changes is required - in determining the prognosis and therapy of breast cancer. Molecular pathologic approach may offer a prospective promise even though the genetic mechanism of molecular carcinogenesis of breast cancer is still unclear. In this study, immunopathologic investigation was carried out by using immunohistochemical method, with antibody monoclonal against protein HER2/neu. Based on multivariate test of Wilks' Lambda method, protein expression of HER2/neu was concomitantly different in various tumor diameters of breast cancer (p = 0.000 < α = 0.05). With method of Wilks' Lambda method, protein expression HER2/neu was simultaneously different in various carcinoma cell differentiation of breast cancer (p = 0,000 < α = 0.05) and with Wilks' Lambda method, protein expression HER2/neu, was concomitantly different in various progressiveness of ductal carcinoma growth (p= 0,000 < α = 0.05). Also with Wilks' Lambda method, protein expression HER2/neu was concomitantly different in various grade of ductal carcinoma (p = 0.000 < α = 0.05). It showed that cancer of the breast occurred in genetic lesion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To produce an anti-cancer agent from Physalis minima ethanol extract as well as prevent the growth of NMU-induced breast cancer and MCF-7 cell line. Methods: This research used an animal model (Wistar-Furth rats), and cell line used in this study was normal breast-cell line MCF-7. The rats were administered with the ethanol extract of Physalis minima Linn (100, 250 and 400 mg/kg/day) by gavage, once a day for 4 weeks. Meanwhile, MCF-7 cell lines were cultured in medium and incubated in 100 µg/mL of ethanol extract of Physalis minima for 48 h. The samples were analyzed using histology and immunohistochemistry techniques for expression of p53 antibody DO-1 and APAF-1. Results: The results of immunohistological analysis in the breast organ showed that Physalis minima Linn extract significantly (p < 0.05) increased the tumor suppressor protein p53 at doses of 100, 250 and 400 mg/kg/day. In addition, the extract also significantly (p < 0.05) increased APAF-1, which is a gene determining cell death, at doses of 100, 200 and 400 mg/day. Conclusion: Ethanol extract of Physalis minima Linn inhibits the cytotoxic activity of NMU-induced breast cancer by increasing the tumor suppressor protein p53 and APAF-1. Thus, Physalis minima Linn extract can potentially be used as a complementary treatment for inhibiting the growth of breast cancer cells in patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]