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1. An experiment was conducted to determine the effect of the source of fat (soybean oil or tallow) on the ileal endogenous amino acid (EAA) losses in broilers. 2. Three nitrogen (N)-free diets; a control diet with no added fat and test diets with 60 g/kg of either soybean oil or tallow were formulated. Titanium dioxide (5 g/kg) was added to all diets as an indigestible marker. Each diet was assigned to six replicate cages (eight birds per cage) from d 18 to 21 post-hatch. On d 21, the digesta were collected from the lower half of the ileum. 3. The endogenous losses of nitrogen and amino acids (AA) were lower (p = 0.08; p = 0.001) in broilers fed diets with soybean oil or tallow, respectively, compared to those fed the diet with no fat. Source of fat had no influence (p > 0.05) on EAA losses. 4. The most abundant AA in the ileal endogenous protein was glutamic acid, followed by aspartic acid, threonine, leucine, serine, valine and proline. In general, the concentrations of AA in the endogenous protein were lower (p < 0.05) with added fat. The exceptions were methionine, cysteine, proline and serine, which were unaffected. The effect of fat source on the AA contents of endogenous protein were inconsistent and differed depending on the AA. 5. The inclusion of fats decreased EAA losses which implied they have beneficial effects beyond direct energy contribution. It can be proposed that the reduction of EAA flow may be an additional mechanism contributing to the extra-caloric effect of dietary fats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background There have been some reports that supplementation of fat could alleviate the negative effects of heat stress on performance in broilers. However, information regarding compensation for the adverse effects of heat stress with diets differing in fatty acids source on immune system, bone strength and carcass quality of heat‐distressed broilers is limited. Objectives The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of diets differing in fat source on performance, immune system, bone strength, and carcass quality of heat‐distressed broilers. Methods In a completely randomized design with 4 × 2 factorial arrangement of the treatments, 320 24‐day‐old Ross 308 chickens, with average initial weight of 1220 ± 10 g were divided into eight treatments included sesame oil, tallow, sunflower oil and palm oil in either 22 or 32 degree of centigrade temperature. The broiler performance of each fat source‐treated group was not different in this experiment and decreased significantly in heat stress condition. Results Heat stress showed a significant increase on fat, energy and ash content of thigh muscle. Tibia absolute length, width, ash and bone breaking strength were affected by fat source and increased when sesame and sunflower oil were used. Data analysis revealed that hot temperature decreased tibia weight, length, width, ash and bone breaking strength. Heat stress led to decrease of immune system parameters. Conclusion Results suggest that there is no beneficial effect of broiler performance due to adding different sources of fat in broiler chicken diet under hot condition. Furthermore, the unsaturated fatty acids could improve the profile of fatty acids in thigh and enhance immune responses in broiler chickens.

Background: There have been some reports that supplementation of fat could alleviate the negative effects of heat stress on performance in broilers. However, information regarding compensation for the adverse effects of heat stress with diets differing in fatty acids source on immune system, bone strength and carcass quality of heat‐distressed broilers is limited. Objectives: The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of diets differing in fat source on performance, immune system, bone strength, and carcass quality of heat‐distressed broilers. Methods: In a completely randomized design with 4 × 2 factorial arrangement of the treatments, 320 24‐day‐old Ross 308 chickens, with average initial weight of 1220 ± 10 g were divided into eight treatments included sesame oil, tallow, sunflower oil and palm oil in either 22 or 32 degree of centigrade temperature. The broiler performance of each fat source‐treated group was not different in this experiment and decreased significantly in heat stress condition. Results: Heat stress showed a significant increase on fat, energy and ash content of thigh muscle. Tibia absolute length, width, ash and bone breaking strength were affected by fat source and increased when sesame and sunflower oil were used. Data analysis revealed that hot temperature decreased tibia weight, length, width, ash and bone breaking strength. Heat stress led to decrease of immune system parameters. Conclusion: Results suggest that there is no beneficial effect of broiler performance due to adding different sources of fat in broiler chicken diet under hot condition. Furthermore, the unsaturated fatty acids could improve the profile of fatty acids in thigh and enhance immune responses in broiler chickens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inorganic trace minerals may exacerbate lipid peroxidation, thereby impacting lipid metabolism. This study aimed to compare the effects of inorganic and coated trace minerals in diets with different fat sources, on the performance, slaughter characteristics, and antioxidant status of broiler chickens. A total of 576 21-day-old Abor Acres broiler birds were randomly divided into four dietary treatment groups in a 2 (non-coated and coated trace minerals)×2 (soybean oil and lard) factorial design. Each treatment was replicated 12 times (12 birds per replicate). The results showed that coated minerals significantly improved the average daily gain (ADG) in weight and the feed conversion ratio (P<0.01), increased serum iron, zinc, selenium, and thyroxine contents, increased the activities of glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, total antioxidant capacity, and lipoprotein lipase (P<0.05), and decreased the serum and muscle malondialdehyde (MDA) contents (P<0.01). The use of soybean oilas the fat source resulted in a high ADG in weight, a low F/G ratio, reduced serum MDA content, and drip loss of breast and leg muscles (P<0.05). In conclusion, the supplementation of coated trace minerals improved growth performance, antioxidant status, trace mineral retention within serum, and lipid metabolism. Additionally, soybean oil also improved the growth performance, antioxidant performance, and meat quality of broilers. The combination of coated trace minerals and soybean oil generated the best growth performance, antioxidant status, and meat quality characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study was conducted to investigate the effect of adding two levels of Carnitine (L-Carnitine) to diets differs with fat sources (vegetable or animal) on productive performance of broilers. A total of 288 broiler chickens (Ross308) were used in the study, randomly distributed to eight treatments with three replicates per treatment (12 chicks/replicate). The experimental treatments were involved T1: diet with sunflower oil (free of carnitine), T2: diet with animal fat (free of carnitine), T3: dietincluded sunflower oil with 100 mg carnitine/kg feed, T4: diet included sunflower oil with 300 mg carnitine/kg feed, T5: diet included animal fat with 100 mg carnitine/kg feed, T6: dietincluded animal fat with 300 mg carnitine/kg feed, T7: diet included a mixture of animal fat and sunflower oil with 100mg carnitine/kg feed, T8: diet included a mixture of animal fat and sunflower oil with 300mg carnitine/kg feed. The obtained results showed that there were no significant differences were detected between different treatments in productive performance traits at the age of 42 days, which included live body weight, body weight gain, feed consumption and feed conversion ratio. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of feeding broiler chicken on different vegetable oils with commercial multi- enzyme feed additives on the quality characteristics of chicken burger. A total of 216 oneday- old chicks of (Hubbard) strain were randomly assigned to six dietary treatments as (2×3) factorial designs where two sources of dietary oil contained soybean oil and palm oil with three levels of commercial multienzyme feed additives. Treatments were: soybean oil only (T1), soybean oil+ ZAD (T2), soybean oil+ AmPhi-BACT (T3), palm oil only (T4) , palm oil + ZAD (T5) and palm oil + AmPhi- BACT (T6). Results showed that chicken burger of T1 group had the higher pH value (6.22); slight difference was found in pH value of T3 group (6.18). No significant difference was found in burger of T5 and T6 group. Burger processed from T1 group had the higher T.B.A value (0.115) followed by burger of T5 (0.076); while the lowest T.B.A value found in burger of T2 group (0.031). No significant differences were found in shrinkage measurements. Burger processed from T6 group had the higher score of sensory attributes and overall acceptability, while the differences between the other burger groups were not significant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An experiment was conducted to determine the interaction between fat source and xylanase supplementation on the performance, utilisation of energy and fat, and caecal microbiota counts in broiler starters fed wheat-based diets. The experimental design was 2 X 2 factorial arrangement of treatments, which included two fat sources (60 g/kg soybean oil or tallow) and two levels of enzyme supplementation (without or with exogenous xylanase). Irrespective of the fat source, xylanase supplementation increased (P<0.01) the weight gain and lowered (P<0.01) the feed per gain. Birds fed diets with soybean oil diets had higher (P<0.001) weight gain, fat retention and fat digestibility, and lower feed per gain compared to those fed tallow supplemented diets. Feed intake was not affected (P>0.05) by dietary treatments. Xylanase addition improved (P<0.01) the apparent metabolisable energy in diets containing either fat source, but the effect was more pronounced in birds fed the diet containing tallow. The number of Lactobacillus spp. was lowered (P<0.05) by enzyme supplementation in birds fed tallow diets, but unaffected (P>0.05) in those fed soybeans oil diets. The number of Clostridium spp. was found to be higher (P<0.01) in birds fed enzymesupplemented diets. Overall, under the conditions of the present study, the addition of xylanase improved the growth and feed efficiency of broiler starters and the responses were not influenced by the fat source. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A factorial design was used to study the effect of changes in broiler feed on the composition and consumer acceptability of chicken meat. One week before slaughter, 1.25% dietary fish oil was removed from the feed and replaced by other fat sources (animal fat or linseed oil) or we continued with fish oil, and diets were supplemented with Zn (0, 300, or 600 mg/kg), and Se (0 or 1.2 mg/kg as sodium selenite or 0.2 mg/kg as Se-enriched yeast). The changes in dietary fat led to distinct fatty acid compositions of mixed raw dark and white chicken meat with skin. The fish oil diet produced meat with the highest eicosapentanoic acid (EPA) and docosahexanoic acid (DIE[A) content, whereas the linseed oil diet led to meat with the highest content in total n-3 polyunsaturated acids (PUFA), especially linolenic acid. However, meat from animals on the animal fat diet was still rich in very long-chain n-3 PUFA. Se content was affected by Se and Zn supplements. Se content increased with Zn supplementation. However, only Se from the organic source led to a significant increase in this mineral in meat compared with the control. Consumer acceptability scores and TBA values of cooked dark chicken meat after 74 d or after 18 mo of frozen storage were not affected by any of the dietary factors studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]