Search

V nalogi smo predstavili postopek optimizacije večstanovanjske skoraj nič-energijske stavbe s pomočjo programa za dinamične energijske simulacije IDA Indor Climate Energy. Želeli smo pokazati kako lahko s postopnim izločanjem različnih variant zasnove dosežemo optimiziran stavbni ovoj. Variante stavbnega ovoja stavbe se med seboj razlikujejo v toplotni prehodnosti zunanjih sten, strehe, v tipu zasteklitve in stopnji zrakotesnosti. Najprej smo opravili analizo in primerjavo rabe energije za ogrevanje in hlajenje ter rabo primarne energije. Analize predhodno naštetih ukrepov so pokazale, da ima največji vpliv zrakotesnost, sledi pa ji sprememba lastnosti zasteklitve. Cilj je bil optimizirati stavbni ovoj tudi z ekonomskega stališča, zato smo opravili tudi stroškovno analizo življenjskega cikla objekta. Slednja je pokazala, da visoke investicije v toplotni ovoj stavbe niso v vseh primerih racionalne. Zanimala nas je tudi pomembnost ustrezne razporeditve zasteklitve glede na orientiranosti fasad. Izkazalo se je, da s kombinacijo dvoslojnih oken, ki imajo višji faktor prepustnosti za sončno obsevanje, na južni fasadi ter s troslojnimi okni na preostalih fasadah, dosežemo najboljše rezultate. Dodatno smo preverili osvetlitev prostorov, ki se je v splošnem izkazala kot primerna in pa parametre toplotnega ugodja, katerim smo ravno tako v veliki meri zadostili. S preprostim programskim orodjem smo analizirali tudi sisteme za oskrbo stavbe in naselja z energijo. Naloga kaže na pomembnost analitičnega pristopa k projektiranju in uporabe orodij za dinamične energijske simulacije, hkrati pa tudi opozarja na trenutno še ne dovolj natančno zakonodajo na področju dotične tematike. In thesis we presented the procedure of optimisation of a nearly zero-energy multi-family house with the help of a specially designed software for dynamic simulations called IDA Indoor Climate Energy. We wanted to show how to achieve the optimized building envelope with gradual elimination of different variants of buildings' envelope. Building envelope variants differ from one another in the thermal transmittance of outer walls, roof, type of glazing and airtightness. First, we analyzed and compared the use of energy for heating and cooling and primary energy. Analyzes of these aforementioned measures showed that airtightness has the greatest impact, followed by a change in glazing. The aim was also to optimize the building envelope from an economic standpoint, which is why we performed a Life-cycle cost analysis of the building. The latter has shown that high investments in thermal envelope are not always rational. We explored the importance of the appropriate distribution of glazing according to the facade orientation. It turns out that with the combination of two-layer windows with a higher solar energy transmittance factor, positioned on the southern facade and with three-layer windows on the remaining facades, the best results are achieved. In addition, we checked the illumination of rooms, which in general proved to be good, and the parameters of thermal comfort, which were met in a sufficient manner. With a simple software tool we managed to analyze systems for supplying buildings and settlement with energy. The thesis demonstrates the importance of taking a gradual approach in building design and use of dynamic simulation tools, while also draws attention to incomplete legislation, currently effect in this field.

Predmet obravnave v magistrskem delu je bil projekt idejne arhitekturne zasnove trgovskega centra Kovinar v Ribnici. Namen dela je bil, da na osnovi pridobljenega idejnega projekta poskušamo optimizirati zasnovo stavbnega ovoja z gledišča notranje osvetljenosti z dnevno svetlobo ter sočasno zmanjšati uporabo energije za ogrevanje in hlajenje. V izhodišču smo opravili pregled relevantne strokovne literature, kjer so bile izvedene študije, ki so obravnavale uporabo arhitekturnih ukrepov, izvedenih na nivoju stavbnega ovoja z namenom zmanjšanja uporabe energije ter izboljšanja osvetljenosti prostorov z dnevno svetlobo, kot smo ji predvidevali izvesti v našem delu. V praktičnem delu naloge smo najprej izvedli analizo osvetljenosti predlagane idejne zasnove z dnevno svetlobo s pomočjo računalniškega 3D modela ter izdelali optimiziran model z vidika količine in razporeditve zasteklitve. Kot optimalna kombinacija se je izkazala uporaba fasadnih in strešnih zasteklitev. V nadaljevanju smo izvedli simulacije uporabe energije na modelu z optimizirano zasteklitvijo ter določili ustrezne gradbeno-fizikalne ter optične lastnosti transparentnega in netransparentnega stavbnega ovoja. Model z optimizirano zasteklitvijo je imel 33,10% manjšo površino zasteklitev v primerjavi s površino zasteklitve izhodiščnega modela, površine prostorov z zadostno osvetljenostjo z dnevno svetlobo so se povečale za do 36%, zmanjšanje zadostno osvetljenih površin se je pojavilo le enkrat in sicer za 13%. Predvidena kumulativna potrebna energija stavbe je znašala 495491 MJ (267,25 MJ/m2) v izhodiščnem modelu, v modelu z optimizirano zasteklitvijo pa 407511 MJ (257,67 MJ/m2). Prihranki kumulativne energije stavbe so znašali 18%. Skupna letna potrebna energija za ogrevanje stavbe v izhodiščnem modelu je znašala 272684 MJ (172,15 MJ/m2), v optimiziranem modelu pa 280760 MJ (177,25 MJ/m2). Energija za hlajenje stavbe na letni ravni v izhodiščnem modelu je znašala 222807 MJ (140,66 MJ/m2), v optimiziranem modelu pa 126751 MJ (80,01 MJ/m2). V modelu z optimizirano zasteklitvijo smo izvedli še dodatne ukrepe na stavbnem ovoju, kjer smo v končni varianti izpolnili vse zahteve certifikacijskega sistema LEED za osvetljevanje stavb. The subject of the master's thesis is a conceptual architectural design for the Kovinar shopping centre in Ribnica. Based on the conceptual project we have received, we are trying to optimise the concept of the building envelope in terms of indoor illumination with daylight, and at the same time reduce the use of energy for heating and cooling purposes. At first we reviewed relevant professional literature containing studies dealing with architectural measures applied to building envelopes with the purpose of reducing energy use, and improving illumination of rooms with daylight, which was our purpose as well. In the practical part of the thesis we analysed illumination with daylight offered by the proposed conceptual design, using a computer 3D model, and designed an optimized model in terms of the amount and the layout of the glazing. We established that a combination of glazing on both the facade and the roof was optimal. We continued with simulations of energy use at the model with optimised glazing, and defined the adequate construction and physical properties of both transparent and non-transparent structures of building envelopes. The total glazing area of the optimised model was smaller by 33.10%, compared to the glazing area of the initial model, while the indoor surface with adequate daylight illumination increased by up to 36%, while the adequately illuminated surfaces diminished by 13% only in one case. The anticipated required cumulative energy of the building amounted to 495491 MJ (267,25 MJ/m2) for the initial model, while for the model with optimized glazing it amounted to 407511 MJ (257,67 MJ/m2), resulting in saving of 18% of the cumulative energy of the building. The total annually required energy for heating of the building for the initial model was 272684 MJ (172,15 MJ/m2), and 280760 MJ (177,25 MJ/m2) for the optimised model. The annually required energy for cooling purposes for the initial model amounted to 222807 MJ (140,66 MJ/m2), and to 126751 MJ (80,01 MJ/m2) for the optimised model. The model with optimised glazing was subjected to some other measures applied to the building envelope thus compliance with all the requirements of the LEED certification system for illumination of buildings was achieved.

Diplomsko delo zajema toplotno analizo stavbnega ovoja s pomočjo programskega orodja THERM 7.5. Ovoj stavbe je bil izrisan v programu AutoCAD s pomočjo oblaka točk, pridobljenega z laserskim skeniranjem. Izrisani so trije profili stavbnega ovoja z različno stopnjo členjenosti: profil, ki predstavlja idealiziran stavbni ovoj (minimalno členjen) profil, ki predstavlja model obravnavane stavbe in profil, ki predstavlja realno stanje na podlagi oblaka točk iz 3D-skeniranja. Za vsakega izmed profilov je bilo modeliranih 6 križanj, ki so bila analizirana v THERMu. Križanja so geometrijsko modelirana v skladu s SIST EN ISO 10211:2017. Rezultati 2D-toplotne analize so prikazani v obliki izoterm, termografskega izrisa toplotnega polja, vektorjev toplotnega toka in z intenzivnostjo toplotnega toka. Na podlagi pridobljenih rezultatov lahko sklepamo, da členjenost v primeru obravnavane stavbe vpliva na spremembo toplotnega polja v stavbnem ovoju ter s tem na toplotni tok in toplotne izgube stavbe. Najmanjši toplotni tok teče skozi idealiziran profil. Razgibanost stavbnega ovoja vpliva na povečanje toplotnega toka skozi dele stavbe, kjer je stena zamaknjena v notranjost ali pa se medetažna plošča skozi steno nadaljuje v zunanjost. V takih primerih se nam lokalno poveča toplotna prehodnost, kar posledično vpliva na zmanjšanje energetske učinkovitosti The thesis deals with the thermal analysis of a building envelope, using the software tool THERM 7.5. The building envelope is drawn in the AutoCAD program, using the point cloud acquired by means of laser scanning. Three profiles of the building envelope are drawn, each with a different degree of division: the profile presenting the ideal building envelope (minimal division) the profile presenting the model of the building in question and the profile presenting the real state, which is based on the point cloud from the 3D scanning. For each profile, 6 crossings are modelled and analysed in THERM. The crossings are geometrically modelled according to SIST EN ISO 10211:2017. The results of the 2D thermal analysis are presented in the form of contour lines, thermographic drawing of the thermal field, heat flux vectors and intensity of the heat flux. Based on the acquired results, it can be concluded that the division in the case of the building in question has an effect on the change of the thermal field in the building envelope and consequently on heat flux and heat loss of the whole building. The heat flux is smallest in the idealized profile. A dynamic building envelope affects the heat flux to increase, especially through the parts of the building, where the wall is moved inside the building or where the reinforced concrete plate continues through the wall to the exterior. In such cases the thermal conduction increases locally, which consequently affects the thermal efficiency to decrease.

Poraba energije (toplota in hlad) v stavbah je odvisna od vrste dejavnikov. V diplomski nalogi sem se omejil na vpliv konstrukcijskih dejavnikov. Analiziral sem ukrepe za izboljšanje energijske učinkovitosti stavbe na nivoju zasnove transparentnega in netransparentnega dela stavbnega ovoja. Relativno učinkovitost posameznega ukrepa sem preverjal v odvisnosti od klimatskih parametrov izbranih krajev v Sloveniji. S pomočjo računalniškega programa za izračun energetske bilance stavbe TOST, sem analiziral vpliv petih izbranih ukrepov na izboljšanje energijske učinkovitosti stavbe. Glede na izračunano količino potrebne toplote za ogrevanje in potrebnega hladu za hlajenje stavbe sem predstavil učinkovitost posameznega ukrepa in kombinacijo vseh. Za raziskavo vpliva lokacije stavbe na porabo energije sem na podlagi prejete količine sončnega sevanja (kWh/m2) in povprečne letne temperature zraka (°C) izbral deset klimatsko čimbolj raznolikih krajev v Sloveniji. Dokazal sem, da je za načrtovanje gradnje in obnove stavb v Sloveniji zelo pomemben dejavnik lokacija stavbe oziroma njene podnebne značilnosti. Energy consumption (heat and coolness) of buildings depends on numerous factors. In the diploma thesis, I have focused on the influence of construction elements. I have analysed the measures for improvement of energy efficiency of a building, on the level of development of transparent and nontransparent building envelope. Relative efficiency of an individual measure was tested in relation to the climate parameters of the selected locations in Slovenia. Using a computer programme for calculation of energy balance TOST, I have analysed the influence of five selected measures for improvement of energy efficiency of a building. The efficiency of an individual measure and the combined efficiency of all measures are discussed, with regards to the calculated amount of heat required for heating of the building, and coolness required for cooling. For the research of location influence on energy consumption, I have selected ten locations in Slovenia that differ the most in terms of solar radiation (kWh/m2) and the average air temperature (°C). I have successfully proven that the location of a building and its climate characteristics are important factors in planing of building construction and renovation.