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Background: A decrease in populations could affect healthcare access and systems, particularly in medically underserved areas (MUAs) where depopulation is becoming more prevalent. This study aimed to simulate the future population and land areas of MUAs in Japan. Methods: This study covered 380,948 1 km meshes, 87,942 clinics, and 8354 hospitals throughout Japan as of 2020. The areas outside a 4 km radius of medical institutions were considered as MUAs, based on the measure of areas in the current Japanese Medical Care Act. Based on the population estimate for a 1 km mesh, the population of mesh numbers of MUAs was predicted for every 10 years from 2020 to 2050 using geographic information system analysis. If the population within a 4 km radius from a medical institution fell below 1000, the institution was operationally assumed to be closed. Results: The number of MUAs was predicted to decrease from 964,310 (0.77% of the total Japanese population) in 2020 to 763,410 (0.75%) by 2050. By 2050, 48,105 meshes (13% of the total meshes in Japan) were predicted to be new MUAs, indicating a 31% increase in MUAs from 2020 to 2050. By 2050, 1601 medical institutions were tentatively estimated to be in close proximity. Conclusions: In Japan, the population of MUAs will decrease, while the land area of MUAs will increase. Such changes may reform rural healthcare policy and systems.

In South Africa, informal settlements are a home to a huge percentage of the country’s population. The main key issue on transforming human settlements is accessibility. People do not have access to safe, affordable, adequate housing and basic services. This study focuses on the Sustainable Development Goal eleven (SDG), which highlights the importance of transforming human settlements and making cities inclusive, safe, sustainable, and resilient. This study explores the progress of transforming human settlements using the Mangaung Metropolitan municipality as the case study. In doing so, the study employs a qualitative research approach to critically analyse and observe shortcomings and challenges that the government currently encounters to achieve this goal and the progress thereof. In this line, the study results show that the Covid-19 pandemic provided an urgent need for housing and urban development. The pandemic exposed and expanded the threats associated with living in informal settlements. The results further indicate that, the mobility between work and home in this municipality is a struggle since such places are isolated and are far away from economic opportunities. Furthermore, natural disasters such as floods are also a threat to the informal community because houses easily get blown away and damaged by floods and pose a threat to the lives of children. The study recommends that, for the local government to see progress in transforming human settlements, there is a need for establishing a strong institutional structure. This entails proper support and commitment in leadership. A conclusion may be drawn that transforming human settlements is still a concerning factor that needs immediate action in this municipality. Therefore, the responsibilities of public officials need to be clarified in accordance with the provisions of the constitution to promote economic growth and development and to restore dignity in South African communities.

E-hailing is a transportation service that allows passengers to book a ride through a digital platform or mobile application instead of hailing a taxi or car on the street. The services connect passengers with drivers of private vehicles, often through a network of independent contractors. Key companies providing e-hailing services around the world include Grab, Uber, Maxim and others. Many says that e-hailing has disrupted the traditional taxi industry by offering more convenience, pricing transparency, and even offer a higher level of service through driver and vehicle ratings. These services have become an integral part of modern urban transportation, providing an alternative to traditional taxis and public transportation. Providers of e-hailing work hard to keep customers satisfied and loyal to their platforms through a combination of strategies and features designed to enhance the overall customer satisfaction. This study aims to investigate the roles of accessibility, safety, comfortability and price on customers’ satisfaction on e-hailing services, and proposes some suggestions to improve the services. This research espoused a quantitative research methodology by using a survey approach. Data was collected from 108 retail management students of the Faculty of Business and Management, Puncak Alam Campus, Selangor Malaysia. The data were analysed using the Statistical Package of Social Sciences (SPSS). The analyses carried out inclusive of descriptive analysis and cross tabulation analysis. The results show the four variables have roles on students’ satisfaction. This study also determines to provide several solution factors about some e-hailing issues faced by the students. This finding will provide the solutions on how e-hailing needs to improve their services to satisfy students in UiTM Puncak Alam Campus, Selangor Malaysia.

Tourists, like any other users of transport systems, seek to travel safely from origin to destination, choosing the appropriate route in relation to the speed, comfort, and cost of trip. Therefore, the goal is, from a tourism transport planning perspective, to minimize connections and, wherever necessary, make them as efficient as possible. Multimodal solutions allow passengers to adopt less polluting modes of transport whenever possible, encouraging a more sustainable journey. Digital solutions and integrated planning services offer the potential for sustainable, easy-to-use and efficient multimodal travel. The purpose of this article is to present a novel GIS-type IT solution for assessing the cost of multimodal transport to tourist resorts in Romania. The IT platform considers the movement of tourists to tourist resorts through two networks in the intermodal system, railways and national roads, connected through nodes represented by the railway stations.

The paper addresses the question of accessibility of de jure standards considering a contractual FRAND obligation based on the FRAND commitment, as well as Art. 102 TFEU. It shows that the contractual entitlement to FRAND licensing negotiations is required for the standardisation process to be in compliance with Art. 101 TFEU. Still, the contractual FRAND obligation may vanish in consequence of an SEP transfer. Art. 102 TFEU cannot compensate for that loss because its applicability depends on the existence of a dominant position. Although lock-in effects are to be considered within the market definition, which can widen the provision’s scope of applicability in SEP-related cases, the prohibition of an abuse of dominant position is not capable to ensure effective access to the standard sufficiently. The proof of a dominant position may require detailed market analysis, which is not in accordance with the requirement of effective access. On the one hand, implementers who are already locked into a standard are exposed to the risk of patent holdup. On the other hand, implementers who have not yet decided to implement the standard may hesitate to do so in order not to risk patent holdup. This impairs fast and widespread dissemination of standards.

There are growing concerns about the affordability and accessibility of post-secondary education. This has resulted in increased attention to the inclusion of open educational resources (OERs) as course materials rather than commercial course resources. OERs are mostly cost-neutral for students. In this research, an elective course for business students was developed using only OERs. To assist with the selection of OERs to be included in this course, an OER evaluation tool available online was used. Resources that were considered and were evaluated using the tool included traditional OERs (fully open), those in the public domain (unrestricted by licensing), and resources that are publicly available for educational purposes. An important contribution of this research is the extension of the definition of OERs to include publicly available resources. This paper reports on the results of this process and students’ perceptions about the inclusion of OERs in their course. Recommendations for further research and for practice are shared. Le caractère abordable et l’accessibilité de l’enseignement post-secondaire suscitent des préoccupations croissantes. Ceci a eu pour résultat une attention accrue portée sur l’inclusion de ressources éducatives ouvertes en tant que matériel de cours plutôt que les ressources de cours commerciales. Les ressources éducatives ouvertes sont généralement neutres en termes de coût pour les étudiants et les étudiantes. Dans cette recherche, un cours électif pour étudiants et étudiantes de commerce a été créé uniquement à partir de ressources éducatives ouvertes. Afin d’aider à choisir quelles ressources inclure dans ce cours, on a utilisé un outil d’évaluation des ressources éducatives ouvertes, disponible en ligne. Les ressources qui ont été prises en considération et qui ont été évaluées à l’aide de l’outil comprenaient les cours à ressources éducatives ouvertes (entièrement ouvertes), ceux qui appartenaient au domaine public (sans restriction de licence) et les ressources qui étaient disponibles publiquement à des fins éducatives. Une importante contribution à cette recherche est l’extension de la définition de ce qui constitue des ressources éducatives ouvertes pour y inclure les ressources disponibles publiquement. Cet article présente les résultats de ce processus ainsi que les perceptions des étudiants et des étudiantes concernant l’inclusion des ressources éducatives ouvertes dans leur cours. On y présente également des recommandations pour des recherches supplémentaires et pour la pratique.

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate how the characteristic of mobile devices, particularly high accessibility, influences a consumer's intention to post an online review depending on the valence of consumption experiences. Design/methodology/approach – This paper employs a between-subject design of experimental study based on different scenarios with 378 participants. A pretest is conducted to confirm that participants perceive the experimental scenarios as intended prior to proceeding with the main experimental study. Findings – The authors’ experimental analysis shows that the intention to post a review of extreme positive and negative experiences is significantly higher when the level of accessibility for review-posting is high. By contrast, the intention to post a review of neutral consumption experiences is neither higher nor lower regardless of the level of accessibility. Originality/value – The findings of this paper contribute to a better understanding of online reviews by demonstrating how high accessibility for review-posting have differential influences on the intentions to post online reviews depending on the valence of consumer experiences. The findings provide important theoretical and managerial implications. 研究目的 – 本文旨在探討移動設備的特徵，特別是其高可及性，如何因應消費者的消費體驗效價影響他們在網上發佈評論的意慾。 研究設計/方法/理念 – ：本文採用實驗研究的被試間設計，基於不同情景，並涵蓋378名參與者。研究人員在主要的實驗研究前進行了預先測試、以確認參與者對實驗情景的理解是和預期的一樣。 研究結果 – 我們的實驗分析顯示、當發佈評論的可及性水平是高的時候，消費者發佈關於他們極良好或極負面的消費體驗的評論意慾會顯著提升。相比之下、他們發佈中性消費體驗的意慾則不會因可及性的水平而有所增減。 研究的原創性/價值 – 本文的研究結果有助我們更了解網上的評論，這是由於研究結果顯示了消費者在網上發佈評論的意慾如何因應其消費體驗效價、受發佈評論的高可及性水平影響。這研究結果在理論及管理方面具有重要的意義。

This study aims to measure the impact of service quality on word of mouth (WOM) and repurchase intention mediated by customer satisfaction. Design/methodology/approach: This cross-sectional study was conducted in all branches of Bank BPD Bali in Bali involving 91 Western Union customers at Bank BPD Bali as respondents. The research hypothesis was tested using a second order model processed by Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) analysis techniques with PLS software. Findings: Satisfaction has "tired" itself as a mediating buffer of quality of service to build loyalty or intention to buy back and word of mouth positive. The evidence shows, service quality has a positive and significant effect on word of mouth and repurchase intention, but satisfaction fails to mediate the effect of service quality on word of mouth and repurchase intention. Customer satisfaction does not affect word of mouth and repurchase intention Practical/implications: Service quality programs must be able to consider other effects besides satisfaction to build word of mouth and repurchase intention. Satisfaction is dynamic and difficult to maintain when competition is getting tougher.

Persons with disabilities often face various obstacles in accessing financial services. This condition is caused by the lack of financial literacy and the inaccessibility of financial service institutions, both in infrastructure and financial system rules. For this reason, this study aims to explore the financial literacy of persons with disabilities and the accessibility of financial service institutions. Using the Focus Group Discussion (FGD) and survey methods, this study presents quantitative and qualitative descriptive analysis on financial literacy and accessibility of persons with disabilities to financial services. FGDs and surveys were conducted in three cities in East Java Province, namely Surabaya, Malang, and Mojokerto. The results show that the financial literacy of persons with disabilities, as indicated by their abilities to make financial planning, is still very low. In addition, infrastructure accessibility and financial service requirements are inaccessible for persons with disabilities, so that they are reluctant to access the financial services.

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This study aims to relate information about the waiting times of ride-sourcing services, with specific reference to Uber, using socioeconomic variables from São Paulo, Brazil. The intention is to explore the possibility of using this measure as an accessibility proxy. A database was created with the mean waiting time data per district, which was aggregated to a set of socioeconomic and transport infrastructure variables. From this database, a multiple linear regression model was built. In addition, the stepwise method selected the most significant variables. Moran’s I test confirmed the spatial distribution pattern of the measures, motivating the use of a spatial autoregressive model. The results indicate that physical variables, such as area and population density, are important to explain this relation. However, the mileage of district bus lines and the non-white resident rate were also significant. Besides, the spatial component indicates a possible relation to accessibility.

The work is aimed at assessing the problems and prospects for the development of " smart culture "as a direction of" digital city "or"smart city". The relevance of the study increases due to the adoption of the national project "Culture", aimed at increasing the population's attendance of cultural organizations and increasing the population's access to digital cultural resources, primarily such as theaters, museums and others. The aim of the work is to identify problems in the development of the "smart culture" direction and to assess the factors contributing to its development by the example of assessing the indicators of the state of culture in the Siberian Federal District and the Novosibirsk region. The analysis and evaluation used statistical analysis of such indicators that reflect the activities of cultural organizations. In addition to statistical analysis, unofficial information was collected as surveys of specialists responsible for maintaining the websites of theaters and museums in large cities. As a result of the study, the dynamics of indicators of the number of professional theaters, viewers, and the share of theaters with websites in the Novosibirsk region, the Siberian Federal District, and Russia are analyzed. According to the results of the survey and the analysis of specialized sites, the distribution of dates for the development of theater sites in large cities was obtained. The distribution of Russian theaters by type of activity, namely musical, dramatic, puppet, and others, has been carried out. As a result, in each federal district, conditionally new types of theaters are allocated, combining different types of activities and having lower indicators of digitalization, for example, the lack of websites. The analysis showed that the project "smart culture" is developing, despite the restrictions on visiting the population and the relevance is only increasing. For example, the sites have all the theaters of major cities in Russia. Such measures as the development of websites and information portals that increase the accessibility of events (performances, expositions, etc.) for the population are in demand. The evaluation of the dates of the sites ' creation allowed us to determine the period of their creation from 2004 to 2019 for all theaters, with the exception of new forms of theatrical activity that need support in digitalization.

Introduction. In the world, about 23% of the population have different forms of disability. In Ukraine, it is more than 2.6 million people (6.25%). In recent years, the number of disabled people has increased in the international tourist market. The type of tourism that attracts people with disabilities has many names: “inclusive tourism”, “social tourism”, “barrier-free tourism”, “paraturism”, etc, but they all understand the availability of travel as a further integration of persons with disabilities into society. Inclusive tourism in Ukraine is a rather new concept and activity. This is due to a number of problems, both social and economic. Purpose. The purpose of the work is to identify and analyze the problems of the development of international tourism for people with disabilities in Ukraine, and to develop possible solutions for them. Results. The article deals with the status of international tourism for people with disabilities in Ukraine. The concept of “disabled person”, “disability” is defined. It has been established that inclusive tourism is a rather new concept and a kind of activity in our country. The functions of tourism for persons with disabilities are considered. The international documents are analyzed and Ukrainian normative acts and laws regulating tourist activity for the disabled are investigated. The European and world experience of tourist industry adaptation for persons with disabilities (on the example of Slovenia, Israel, Spain and the USA) is analyzed. The problems that impede the development of international tourism for people with disabilities in Ukraine are identified and measures are being taken to solve them. Conclusions. The category of persons with disabilities, although having certain physical and mental disabilities, should not be separated from society, they want to have the opportunity to live, as well as to a healthy person, including to travel and to know the world. Many Western countries highly appreciate the prospects for the development of affordable tourism and are actively working in this direction. In Europe and in the world, a lot of things have been done for a long time to comprehensively integrate people with disabilities into society. What can not be said in full about Ukraine.

In recent years people with disabilities have played increasingly important role in tourism. The World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) chose themes in 2014 (Community Building) and in 2016 (Tourism for All), in connection with the World Tourism Day and several conferences focusing on people with disabilities. Nowadays, more than 1 billion people live with some kind of disabilities and their number will increase in the coming years, due to the growing average age (17). People with disabilities have to fight with a lot of things, whether it is to do their daily life or to travel to another town or country. In recent years steps have been made in the field of accessibility, development, but in this respect Hungary is still lagging behind. It will take several years to reach the level of Western European or Northern European countries in terms of being socially responsible and infrastructure-oriented. The increase in the average age of the earth's population, motorization (accidents) are also contributing to increase the number of people in this segment, so the development and existence of accessible tourism is becoming essential. In the light of the above, the study highlights the concepts and importance of accessibility, the actors of accessible tourism, its potential and beneficiaries. As we will see, apart from people with disabilities, accessibility affects more people than we would first think. It also has a greater potential, more visitors and more revenue for the economy of a given destination, so it becomes clear why we should invest in accessible tourism.

Abstract. Low level of financial literacy and coverage of the population with banking services is one of the urgent problems of Ukrainian society. Methodical approaches to a comprehensive integrated assessment of the level of financial inclusion are proposed. The key components of financial inclusion (FI) have been identified, which include: welfare, awareness, accessibility, involvement and usage. Their economic meaning, logical sequence and interconnectedness are revealed. An algorithm for evaluation is proposed, which includes successive stages: substantiation of FI components; selection of analytical indicators for each component; calculation of sub-indexes of components and their normalization; weighing sub-indexes based on professional judgments; calculation of the resulting indicator — the integrated index of financial inclusion (IFI). For each component of financial inclusion, a primary set of analytical indicators-indicators is formed, which are divided into stimulators and disincentives. For all components, their standardized value and significance factor are calculated. A «thermal» mapping of the dynamics of sub-indexes by components for 2000—2019 was carried out. It was found that the intensification of the development of non-cash payments and digital banking services contributed to the growth of the component of usage, and the reduction in the number of banking institutions led to a decrease in the level of availability of banking services. A comprehensive economic and statistical assessment of the level of financial inclusion in Ukraine has been carried out. Integral IFI is calculated as the geometric mean of individual sub-indexes. A composite map of financial inclusion of the population of Ukraine is constructed. The map clearly shows the low indicators of the basic components of financial inclusion — well-being and awareness. The directions of improvement of the methodology by expanding the list of analytical indicators are substantiated. The main problems and destructive factors that reduce the level of financial inclusion in the country are highlighted. It is substantiated that the method of assessing the level of financial inclusion is necessary for monitoring and preventive identification of possible problems.Keywords: financial inclusion, components of financial inclusion, accessibility, involvement, usage, analytical indicators, indices of financial inclusion, map of financial inclusion, integrated indicator of financial inclusion. JEL Classification: D14, E21, G02, Е27 Formulas: 3; fig.: 4; tabl.: 2; bibl.: 20.

The low level of coverage of the population by banking services is one of the relevant problem for the Ukrainian banking system and for the economy as a whole. The economic growth, the well-being of the population and the social climate in society depend from the ability of the population to the use of basic financial services. In the article the definition of financial inclusion of the population is considered and formed. The determinants of supply and demand, which are complemented by the determinants of social responsibility, are studied. This approach, together with the needs and accessibility of basic financial services, combines the protection of consumer rights, the development of proportional surveillance, the promotion of digital technology and the creation of financial literacy programs, taking into account national and sociological characteristics. The author’s proposed vision of the components of financial inclusion is related to well-being, awareness, accessibility, involvement and use. Their economic content, logical consistency and interconnectedness are disclosed. A set of analytical indicators has been formed, quantitatively characterizing them and integrated indexes have been constructed. On the basis of a composite consideration of all indices, a map of financial inclusion was constructed, which clearly shows that the population in Ukraine is not sufficiently oriented in the economy and financial sphere. The reasons for the low interest of the population in the use of banking services, among which the dominant ones are recognized: lack of funds, distrust of banking institutions, unacceptable pricing policy of banks. According to the statistics of the World Bank and the NBU, the coverage of the population of Ukraine with basic financial services is analyzed in comparison with other countries. It is determined that in order to increase the level of financial inclusion, it is necessary to ensure that the basic financial services of those part of the population of the country who do not have access to them are covered.

This study aimed to create the ability to maintain significant content to efficiently preserve the Thai hand-woven fabrics and to avoid the extinction of related skills and information. An online platform has the potential to be used as a medium to access the cultural heritage resources. The objectives of this study were to digitise, access, and preserve cultural materials in a case study on Thai hand-woven fabrics by use of a digital platform. The study provides a systematic approach that enhances the design of an online platform to facilitate digitization, accessibility, and preservation of cultural heritage resources associated with Thai Handicrafts, in particular Thai hand-woven fabrics. This study presents the research framework for preserving cultural heritage resources and designing a web-based Information System, which constitutes the online access gateway to cultural heritage resources. This system is enriched with a significant number of functionalities, contributing to the preservation and widespread diffusion of cultural heritage resources. The research methodology was qualitative, utilizing a case study approach. Methodological contributions provide a systematic approach to the transformation of cultural handicraft materials into digital objects. It offers a standard-based archive for online data that can be processed for digitization purposes. This research has expanded participation in craftsmanship communities by providing a digital platform to share their work. The practical contribution is to build the network of the local handicraft community for cohesion, and to provide the means for supporting knowledge exchange as well as know-how transmission from experts to apprentices.

Purpose: This paper aims to analyze the influence of web quality on the client’s e-banking adoption through the mediation of perceived ease of use. Design/methodology/approach: The method used is statistic-descriptive and the design used is cross sectional. Findings: 3 out of 7 hypotheses are rejected while the other 4 is accepted. Research limitations/implications: Variables considered in this study are perceived ease of use in technology acceptance model, web quality, accessibility, and internet banking adoption. The samples are a number of customers (60 respondents) in Bank Jatim Surabaya that were chosen using purposive sampling. Practical implications: Results show that the hypotheses proposed are proven by the equation. Originality/value: This paper is original. Paper type: This paper can be categorized as a case study.

The article is aimed at analyzing the current status of the restaurant industry facilities in the sphere of service organization and provision of services to people with special needs, developing measures to improve technology of attending and providing services to low-mobility population groups in the restaurant industry facilities. The status of infrastructure development, the existing problems in the practice of attending and provision of services to people with disabilities are analyzed, the theoretical aspects of activities of the restaurant industry facilities are considered in terms of attending and provision of services to such people. Prospect for further research in this direction is developing recommendations to ensure accessibility of services of the restaurant industry facilities for people with disabilities.

The article presents the results of research on accessibility of the infrastructure of collective means of accommodation of Kharkiv region from the positions of servicing the tourists with special needs. The article is aimed at determining the level of availability of collective accommodation facilities at the regional level for the tourists with special needs and developing practical recommendations as to development of the inclusive tourism segment. The information base of the research consisted of the materials of sociological researches by Ukrainian and foreign scholars, as well as own results of surveys and questionnaires. It was identified that in Kharkiv region the total number of rooms in the collective accommodation facilities suitable for people with disabilities is insufficient. The main key factors of availability of collective means of accommodation based on peculiarities of requirements to service of the tourists with special needs are defined. It is specified that the overall estimate of the availability of accommodation facilities is defined as positive. The highest level of infrastructure availability has been identified in the «hotels and similar accommodation facilities» sector; the lowest – in the sector of «other means of accommodation». Recommendations on development of the segment of inclusive tourism are proposed. The results of the research can be used in the activities of collective facilities of accommodation, which seek to develop the infrastructure of inclusive tourism.

Introduction: Unfair distribution of healthcare services is one of the most important issues all over the world. The present study aimed to determine the distribution pattern of available hospital beds and the accessibility pattern to hospitals in Shiraz. Methods: This was an analytical study. At first, spatial distribution pattern of available hospital beds was determined using Moran’s Index (Moran’s I). Then, the accessibility pattern to hospitals was determined using Euclidean distance and network travel distance metrics. All of the analyses were conducted using Arc GIS (10.3) software. Results: The results revealed that available hospital beds had a random and unbalanced distribution pattern in Shiraz based on Moran’s I (Moran’s I=-0.05). Besides, according the achieved standard service areas for the existing hospitals, calculated by using Network analysis tools, 65.47% of Shiraz population was underserved in terms of accessibility. Furthermore, assessment of accessibility patterns resulted from both types of applied distances, indicating that in most cases hospitals were located in the central parts of the city. Conclusion: According to the results of the present study, distribution of hospitals in Shiraz was unfair. Therefore, policymakers are suggested to plan in order to increase the number of Shiraz hospitals. They are also recommended that they should give priority to establishing new hospitals in areas without standard accessibility over areas with standard accessibility based on the results of the present study.

The article is aimed at researching the content of the concept of «availability of sanatorium-resort services» and the factors influencing it. The thesaurus concept of «accessibility» is considered and on its basis the author’s own definition of the concept of «accessibility of sanatorium-resort services» is formulated. It is concluded that this concept according to its characteristics corresponds to an object of fuzzy sets, and also belongs to the unstable limit states between supply and demand, that is, represents a typical object of marketing researches. The structure of the factors determining availability of sanatorium-resort services is presented graphically. On the basis of the conceptual provisions of the author’s interpretation of the concept of «accessibility» and of the analysis of situation in the sanatorium-resort complex (SRC) a set of measures has been proposed in order to ensure the availability of sanatorium-resort services of recreational enterprises for the population. Conceptual approaches to assessing the availability of SRC services have been developed, as well as a theoretical model for assessing opportunities for recovery at SRC enterprises on the part of vacationers.

Accessible tourism involves the provision of customized tourist services for people requiring special conditions (disabled, seniors, and young children). Everyone has the right to travel, thus, by creating these conditions, both public administrations and private enterprises should express their Social Responsibility. Due to the fact that in recent years accessibility has become a topic frequently debated at an international level, those involved in the Romanian tourism industry and political leaders have begun to show interest in supporting the development of a "tourism for all". In other words, a tourism where everyone can participate equally, regardless of the locomotor or sensory capacities. The present study presents the results of an assessment of the development stage of accessible tourism in Romania. We have interviewed people who have a direct implication in this niche of Romanian tourism, namely a representative of the President Complex in Baile Felix (awarded by the European Commission for accessibility) and the representative of the Sano Touring Agency, the only Romanian member of the European Network for Accessible Tourism). Success in this respect can come as a result of an appropriate professional approach to a number of factors that could lead to improved tourist offer with accessible services but also to encourage demand. In order to have a positive evolution, accessible tourism involves four steps: the awareness stage, the early stage, the development stage and the consolidation stage. In this paper we are going to analyse the stages that are currently taking place in Romania, namely: the awareness and the early stages.

The study aims to analyze the effect of web portal on electronic satisfaction to Bung Hatta University Student. The Method used in this study is a quantitative method, using survey. The technique of taking sample is by using convenience sampling. Data was taken as primary data by spreading questionnaire and was measured by using Likert scale method. Methode ofanalysis used descriptive analysis and data was prosessed by using SEM SmartPLS tools. In this paper used 381 student of Bung Hatta University. The result showed that the content usefulness, adequacy of information, accessibility have not positive significant on electonic satisfaction, while usefulness and interaction have positive significant on electronic satisfaction.

Legislative initiatives regarding universal accessibility promote the elimination of architectural barriers. This is a positive measure as it aims to ensure equal rights and opportunities for disabled people, in accordance with the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (United Nations, 2006). One of the challenges facing society today is the determination of reasonable accommodation, a concept that encompasses those necessary modifications and adjustments which do not impose a disproportionate burden. For this purpose, technical, economic and social aspects shall be taken into consideration, as required by legislation. This paper proposes reasonable accommodation in residential buildings, taking into account the different options for its attainment, by applying a multi-criteria analysis based on a wide range of objective indicators of three types: technical, social and economic. This proposal was one of the objectives of the R + D + i Project called “VIVable-From accessible housing to sustainable housing: The essence of reasonable accommodation”. From VIVable, the fuzzy multi-criteria assessment method for determining reasonable accommodation may be totally extrapolated to other uses. At the same time, the proposed method may also be extrapolated to other countries where basic requirements for universal accessibility in buildings and equal rights of persons with disabilities are standardized. First published online 20 March 2019

As the largest banana producing district in Central Kalimantan, currently most of the banana farmers in Seruyan Regency still rely on middleman to collect their crops. There are several factors that allegedly influence farmers in determining the choice of selling their crops to middleman rather than selling directly to the market. The purpose of this research is to analyze the factors that influence the accessibility of farmers to the market and to analyze the relationship between farmer's market accessibility and the bargaining position of farmers toward middleman. The respondents were farmers from the largest producer of banana kepok namely Seruyan Hilir and Seruyan Hilir Timur sub-districts. The method usedwas purposive sampling method and the data was collected in July 2017. The data were analyzed using partial structural equation model (PLS-SEM) with the main variablesare motivation, knowledge, ability to access infrastructure, bond with the middleman, involvement in farmer group, negotiation ability, market accessibility, and bargaining position of farmers. Based on the results of analysis, the knowledge, motivation, ability to access infrastructure and bond with the middleman have significant effect on the accessibility of farmers to the market. The bargaining position of farmers is significantly influenced by the accessibility of farmers to the market.

In absence of formal microinsurance to protect low-income people against natural and man-made disasters, the partnership between insurance companies and microfinance institutions (MFIs), also known as the Partner–Agent Model (PAM), is gaining global recognition from governments, practitioners, and donors for its potential role to deliver microinsurance. Although the model is still nascent in Tanzania, it has significantly increased microinsurance outreach. However, while the microinsurance landscape has been extensively studied, the effect of PAM practice on mandatory microinsurance client value has not received much attention. Therefore, this study examines how the PAM practice affects microinsurance client value dimensions. Surveys were used to collect quantitative data from 229 managers of MFIs involved in PAM, randomly selected from 10 regions in Tanzania. The study applies structural equation modeling, particularly the regression analysis, to examine the effect of PAM practice on the appropriateness, accessibility, affordability, and responsiveness of PAM microinsurance services. Study findings indicate that though the PAM practice has a statistically significant positive effect on microinsurance client value, the client value does not score well on its four dimensions. Improvement and regulation of PAM practice is recommended to foster microinsurance client value.

In line with Indonesian Government policy to develop toll road network extensively, the operation of existing toll road need to be improved to ensure a safety, smooth and efficient of toll traffic flow. One of its aspect related to toll operation and service system applied. Minimum service standard (MSS) are some parameters that adopted to measure the performance of toll road and consists of road condition, average traffic speed, accessibility, mobility, safety and support unit/emergency or accident response. To enhance the toll road service in Indonesia, the MSS need to be revised. The revision including improvement of values of indicators and their measurement methods as well as add some new substances and indicators. Expectation of increasing this MSS are to increase the quality and level of service of the toll roads, both in safety and comfort given to the user as well as consider the effect of the toll road to the environments surrounding. This paper describe the aspects that was considered in improving the MSS, both the parameters and its measurements, including their standard and references. Finally, the revision draft of MSS that proposed to be adopted by Ministry of Public Work is also presented.