Search

PURPOSE Despite immense research highlighting maternal-fetal benefits of exercise during pregnancy, there remain concerns that exercise may undermine placental function. Although maternal exercise has demonstrated favorable aerobic conditioning responses in the mother, it is not known whether maternal exercise promotes increased angiogenesis in the placenta, perhaps at the expense of impaired endoplasmic reticulum (ER) homeostasis and/or oxidative stress. We investigated if a mild (30% heart rate reserve) and/or moderate (70% heart rate reserve) exercise regime in healthy pregnant women affected placental markers of angiogenesis, ER stress, and oxidative stress. We hypothesized that the improved aerobic conditioning of mothers who exercise is beneficial to enhance placental angiogenesis and normal maternal-fetal outcomes. METHODS Placental tissues were collected within 1 h of delivery from a convenience sample of 29 healthy mothers of full-term infants. Twenty-one women participated in routine exercise from midgestation (16-20 wk) until term of either mild or moderate intensity, whereas eight sedentary women served as controls. RESULTS No differences were identified between groups including gestational length, fetal-placental weight ratio, or APGAR scoring. All exercisers exhibited a significant 20-fold increase in the mRNA (as assessed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction) and a 10-fold increase in the protein expression of angiogenin (e.g., ANG1) in the placenta. However, in both exercising groups, no increases in placental markers (i.e., HIF1α, VEGF), ER stress (i.e., spliced XBP1, ATF4, ATF6, CHOP, and BAX), or oxidative stress (i.e., SOD1, SOD2) were observed. CONCLUSIONS Overall, our study suggests that mild- and moderate-intensity exercise increases angiogenesis but does not increase placental oxidative or ER stress in healthy pregnancies, bolstering support for routine exercise as a part of standard care in pregnant women. Future studies are warranted to investigate the potential benefits of exercise on ANG1 in pathological pregnancies.

This is the first of two chapters that detail our total knee arthroplasty (TKA) postoperative rehabilitation program, whose overall goal is to return patients to an active lifestyle without pain or complaints of knee joint stability to enhance their overall satisfaction and quality of life. The goals in the first 12 postoperative weeks are to resolve pain and swelling and restore adequate range of knee motion (ROM), gait, and balance. Our rehabilitation protocol is described in detail and includes the use of modalities and progression for ROM, weight-bearing, strength, balance, and aerobic conditioning. This program is effective in restoring sufficient muscle strength to allow pain-free activities of daily living as well as return to light work and low-impact aerobic activities such as walking, bicycling, and swimming. Chapter 7 provides additional rehabilitation recommendations for strengthening and aerobic conditioning for patients desiring to return to sports and other more strenuous physical activities, as well as our return to activity testing guidelines.

Chiarlitti, NA, Crozier, M, Insogna, JA, Reid, RER, and Delisle-Houde, P. Longitudinal physiological and fitness evaluations in elite ice hockey: A systematic review. J Strength Cond Res 35(10): 2963-2979, 2021-Ice hockey has greatly evolved since the last review article was published more than 25 years ago. Although players still combine anaerobic and aerobic conditioning, the pace of the game has greatly increased. Players are faster, stronger, and more agile than their predecessors; however, an important emphasis is now placed on maximizing player performance for the play-offs. For the coaching staff, strength and conditioning coaches, and players, an emphasis on mitigating fitness and physiologic losses throughout the season would be beneficial, given the intimate relationship they share with on-ice performance. This systematic review of the literature outlines the current knowledge concerning longitudinal changes in relation to fitness, body composition, and physiologic parameters across an elite hockey season. The search of 4 large scientific databases (i.e., Embase, PubMed, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science) yielded 4,049 items, which, after removing duplicates and applying inclusion and exclusion criteria, resulted in 23 published scientific articles to be included in this review. The wide span of literature (1956-2020) made inferences difficult giving the degree to which the game of ice hockey has changed; however, more recent research points to an aerobic deconditioning pattern and increased fatigue throughout the season in a specific group of elite hockey players (i.e., university athletes) while showing that ice hockey can lead to many possible histological adaptations. Ultimately, tracking, identifying, and developing methods to mitigate potential negative longitudinal changes will be imperative to influencing individual and team performance in the later parts of the season.

Background Acromegaly causes numerous functional limitations that negatively impact patients’ performance of activities of daily living (ADLs) and contribute to the deterioration of health-related quality of life (HRQoL). Thus, the purpose of the present case study was to evaluate the effect of therapist-oriented home rehabilitation (TOHR) for a patient with acromegaly. Case description We report the case of a 53-year-old man who was diagnosed with primary acromegaly 17 years ago. He complained of difficulties performing tasks that involved his hands, pain in the lower limbs, and fatigue when he climbed a few flights of stairs. Although he performed ADLs independently, he reported some difficulties or discomfort when performing them. Intervention and outcome The patient underwent a booklet-guided physical exercise program that lasted two months (three times per week, 60 minutes per session). The activities included overall stretching, muscle strengthening, and endurance exercises, along with aerobic conditioning through functional circuit training. After two months of exercise, he reported improved HRQoL as assessed with the Acromegaly Quality of Life Questionnaire, with increases in quadriceps muscle strength and 6-min walking distance. However, none of these benefits remained when the patient was assessed after a 1-month washout period. Conclusion This study showed that patients with acromegaly may benefit markedly from TOHR, which could provide a novel therapeutic approach as an adjunct to hormone control therapy.

Made available in DSpace on 2019-10-05T04:10:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2018-12-01 Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) Few data exist on the physiological consequences of an incremental exercise test (IET) and training in dogs. Here we evaluated the effect of an endurance-training program (ETP) on the kinetics of the serum biomarkers: creatine kinase (CK), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), myoglobin, cardiac troponin I (cTnI), and creatine kinase isoenzyme MB (CK-MB). Eighteen Beagle dogs were assigned to three groups: sedentary (S), untrained (U), and trained (T). The dogs from the groups T and U underwent IET, and their lactate threshold (LT) was determined. The LT and velocity corresponding to the LT (VLT) was determined by visual inspection. The VLT was utilized to determine the training intensity level. Thus, the dogs from group T underwent an eight-week aerobic conditioning program with the intensity training set to 70-80% of the VLT. Next, dogs from the groups T and U have submitted to IET again. The group S did not undergo IETs or training. The maximal velocity (Vmax) at which the dog achieves in the IET and heart rate were determined. For biomarkers, venous blood samples were collected before the experimental procedure (baseline) and before and 1, 6, 12, 24, 48, and 72 h after the IETs. VLT and Vmax increased in group T (P < .05), indicating an improvement in dogs' aerobic and anaerobic fitness. CK and AST rose (P < .05), peaking 6 h after both IETs and returning to baseline levels after 12-24 h. Levels of cTnI and myoglobin were unaltered. CK-MB peaked 1 h after the IETs and returned to baseline levels after 12 h (P < .05). We concluded that ETP improved the aerobic capacity of the dogs without any skeletal or cardiac muscle injury. Sao Paulo State Univ UNESP, Sch Agr & Veterinarian Sci, BR-14884900 Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil Sao Paulo State Univ UNESP, Sch Agr & Veterinarian Sci, BR-14884900 Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil FAPESP: 2013/00449-8

Physical fitness is an important aspect of physical health and wellbeing. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of 11-weeks of formal strength and conditioning training conducted during fire academy training on the physical fitness characteristics of firefighter trainees. Archived physical fitness data for 23 male fire academy trainees (age: 27.6 ± 4.3 y; height: 178.5 ± 6.9 cm; body mass [BM]: 83.9 ± 1.8 kg; BM index [BMI]: 26.8 ± 2.8 kg/m2) were analyzed for this study. These data included vertical jump height, maximum pull-up repetitions, hand grip strength, lower-body strength (3RM Hexbar) and aerobic fitness. Trainees performed three sessions per week (two resistance training sessions and one aerobic conditioning session) in addition to fire academy training. A repeated measures ANOVA revealed significant (p < 0.05) pre-post decreases in BM and BMI and significant increases in upper- and lower-body strength, and aerobic fitness. Strength and conditioning programs are beneficial for improving firefighter trainees’ physical fitness even when run concurrently with fire academy training and with limited space and equipment. This increased fitness may aid in mitigating known occupational injury risks to this population and improve task performance.

Background: Sacroiliac Joint Pain (SIJP) is a pain arising from SIJ structures such as anterior sacroiliac ligament, posterior sacroiliac ligament, interosseous ligaments or articular cartilage. The treatment of sacroiliac joint pain is quite challenging. The standard physical therapy (PT) interventions include repetitive exercises, manual joint mobilization, manipulation, bracing, massage, patient education, aerobic conditioning, general therapeutic exercise and electrotherapeutic modalities. Objectives: To compare the effect of mulligan mobilization versus conventional therapy on pain on VAS, Lumbar Range of motion and functional disability in patients with sacroiliac joint pain. Material and Method: A total 93 patients were screened as per the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Patients were randomly allocated in two groups. Group A received mulligan mobilization and Ultrasound therapy and group B received Conventional therapy i.e Ultrasound therapy. Outcome measures assessed were VAS for pain, Lumbar flexion by modified schober’s test and MODQ for functional Disability. Result: Mean difference of Pain on VAS 4.41±1.04 in group A and in group B 3.63±1.27. Mean difference in Lumbar flexion ROM in group A it was 1.30 ± 0.67 and in group B it was 0.98 ±0.55 Mean difference in MODI Score in group A was 34.67 ± 10.84 and in group B it was 13.50 ± 6.45. Conclusion: In the present study, we found that both the techniques Mulligan mobilization and Conventional therapy are effective in the subjects with Sacroiliac joint pain but Mulligan mobilization was found to be more effective than conventional therapy.

BackgroundRapid triaging, as in the current COVID-19 pandemic, focuses on age and pre-existing medical conditions. In contrast, preoperative assessments use cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) to categorise patients to higher and lower risk independent of diagnostic labels. Since CPET is not feasible in population-based settings, our aims included evaluation of a triage/screening tool for cardiorespiratory risk.MethodsCPET-derived anaerobic thresholds were evaluated retrospectively in 26 patients with pulmonary arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) who represent a challenging group to risk-categorise. Pulmonary AVM-induced hypoxaemia secondary to intrapulmonary right-to-left shunts, anaemia from underlying hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia and metabolic equivalents derived from the 13-point Veterans Specific Activity Questionnaire (VSAQ) were evaluated as part of routine clinical care. Pre-planned analyses evaluated associations and modelling of the anaerobic threshold and patient-specific variables.ResultsIn the 26 patients (aged 21-77, median 57 years), anaerobic threshold ranged from 7.6-24.5 (median 12.35) ml.min-1kg-1 and placed more than half of the patients (15, 57.7%) in the >11 ml.min-1kg-1 category suggested as “lower-risk” for intra-abdominal surgeries. Neither age nor baseline SpO2 predicted anaerobic threshold, or lower/higher risk categories, either alone or in multivariate analyses, despite baseline oxygen saturation (SpO2) ranging from 79 to 99 (median 92)%, haemoglobin from 108 to 183 (median 156)g.L-1. However, lower haemoglobin, and particularly, arterial oxygen content and oxygen pulse were associated with increased cardiorespiratory risk: Modelling a haemoglobin increase of 25g.L-1 placed a further 7/26 (26.9%) patients in a lower risk category. For patients completing the VSAQ, derived metabolic equivalents were strongly associated with anaerobic threshold enabling risk evaluations through a simple questionnaire.ConclusionsBaseline exercise tolerance may override age and diagnostic labels in triage settings. These data support approaches to risk reduction by aerobic conditioning and attention to anaemia. The VSAQ is suggested as a rapid screening tool for cardiorespiratory risk assessment to implement during triage/screening.Key MessagesWhat is already knownAlongside age, pre-existing medical conditions are perceived negatively during triage assessments, particularly if rare, and/or theoretically expected to influence cardiorespiratory risk;Anaesthetists use cardiopulmonary exercise testing to categorise patients to higher and lower risk independently to diagnostic labels, but this is not feasible in acute settings;Pulmonary arteriovenous malformations are an exemplar of a condition where, due to expected or measured abnormalities (hypoxaemia-low PaO2 SpO2), poor physiological capacity might be predicted.What this study addsNeither age nor usual SpO2 predicted lower/higher risk categories by anaerobic threshold, but haemoglobin-dependent indices of oxygen delivery to the tissues were associated with higher risk, offering opportunities for improvement by attention to anaemia and aerobic conditioning;Baseline exercise tolerance may override age and diagnostic labels in triage settings: the 13-point VSAQ Veterans Specific Activity Questionnaire (VSAQ) is suggested as a rapid screening tool for cardiorespiratory risk assessment.

Objective To design Canadian guidelines advising obstetric care providers of the maternal, fetal, and neonatal implications of aerobic and strength-conditioning exercises in pregnancy. Outcomes Knowledge of the impact of exercise on maternal, fetal, and neonatal morbidity, and of the maternal measures of fitness. Evidence MEDLINE search from 1966 to 2002 for English language articles related to studies of maternal aerobic and strength conditioning in a previously sedentary population, maternal aerobic and strength conditioning in a previouslyactive population, impact of aerobic and strength conditioning on early and late pregnancy outcomes, and impact of aerobic and strength conditioning on neonatal outcomes, as well as for review articles and meta-analyses related to exercise in pregnancy. Values The evidence collected was reviewed by the Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada (SOGC Clinical Practice Obstetrics Committee) with representation from the Canadian Society for Exercise Physiology, and quantified using the evaluation of evidence guidelines developed by the Canadian Task Force on the Periodic Health Exam. Recommendations 1.All women without contraindications should be encouraged to participate in aerobic and strength-conditioning exercises as part of a healthy lifestyle during their pregnancy (II-1,2B). 2.Reasonable goals of aerobic conditioning in pregnancy should be to maintain a good fitness level throughout pregnancy without trying to reach peak fitness or train for an athletic competition (II-1,2C). 3.Women should choose activities that will minimize the risk of loss of balance and fetal trauma (III-C). 4.Women should be advised that adverse pregnancy or neonatal outcomes are not increased for exercising women (II-1,2B). 5.Initiation of pelvic floor exercises in the immediate post partum period may reduce the risk of future urinary incontinence (II-IC). 6.Women should be advised that moderate exercise during lac tation does not affect the quantity or composition of breast milk or impact infant growth (I-A). Validation This guideline has been approved by the SOGC Clinical Practice Obstetrics Committee, the Executive and Council of SOGC, and the Board of Directors of the Canadian Society for Exercise Physiology. Sponsors This guideline has been jointly sponsored by The Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada and the Canadian Society for Exercise Physiology.

Work-related musculoskeletal pain, particularly spinal pain, is common among surgeons and other healthcare workers. Despite advances in intraoperative technologies allowing improved ergonomics, prolonged periods in suboptimal posture are commonly unavoidable. Spinal pain associated with poor posture can lead to diminished quality of life, chronic injuries, and shortened careers. Strategies to mitigate work-related, spinal pain for surgeons should be multi-faceted. One modifiable risk factor for musculoskeletal health is to involve exercise, such as rowing, that provides aerobic conditioning and core strengthening. Rowing can improve the endurance of core muscles (i.e., transversus abdominis, multifidi, scapular stabilizers) and extensor muscles of the spine, helping alleviate muscular fatigue in the operating room. Understanding proper rowing biomechanics is important for exercise safety and injury prevention.

Made available in DSpace on 2018-12-11T17:16:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2017-10-01. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2019-10-09T18:31:25Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 S0001-37652017000602749.pdf: 1125780 bytes, checksum: 0bf2528284f0ca40742afec84cbe102c (MD5) Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) Several studies present different methodologies and results about intensity exercise, and many of them are performed in male rats. However, the impact of different type, intensity, frequency and duration of exercise on female rats needs more investigation. From the analysis of blood lactate concentration during lactate minimum test (LacMin) in the swimming exercise, the anaerobic threshold (AT) was identified, which parameter is defined as the transition point between aerobic and anaerobic metabolism. LacMin test is considered a good indicator of aerobic conditioning and has been used in prescription of training in different exercise modalities. However, there is no evidence of LacMin test in female rats. The objective was to determine AT in non-pregnant and pregnant Wistar rats. The LacMin test was performed and AT defined for mild exercise intensity was from a load equivalent to 1% of body weight (bw), moderate exercise as carrying 4% bw and severe intensity as carrying 7% bw. In pregnant rats, the AT was reached at a lower loading from 5.0% to 5.5% bw, while in non-pregnant the load was from 5.5% to 6.0% bw. Thus, this study was effective to identify exercise intensities in pregnant and non-pregnant rats using anaerobic threshold by LacMin test. Laboratório de Pesquisa Experimental de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu Universidade Estadual Paulista/UNESP, Distrito de Rubião Jr, s/n Laboratório de Fisiologia de Sistemas e Toxicologia Reprodutiva Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso/UFMT, Av. Valdon Varjão, 6390 Laboratório de Pesquisa Experimental de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu Universidade Estadual Paulista/UNESP, Distrito de Rubião Jr, s/n FAPESP: 2012/25168-9 CNPq: 475073/2013-4

To evaluate the effects of an exergame-based intervention on a population sample of women with fibromyalgia.Single-blinded, randomized controlled trial with 8-week intervention.Fibromyalgia center.Participants (all women) (N=83) were divided into 2 groups: an exercise group (n=42; mean age ± SD, 52.52±9.73y) and a nonexercise group (n=41; mean age ± SD, 52.47±8.75y).Women in the exercise group completed an 8-week exergame-based training program, which was focused on postural control and coordination of the upper and lower limbs, aerobic conditioning, strength, and mobility. Women (groups of 3) were encouraged to exercise for 120 minutes (over 2 sessions) per week.Main outcome measures included pain and disease effect, which were assessed with the Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire (FIQ), a specific measure for fibromyalgia. Secondary outcome measure included quality of life, which was assessed with the EuroQoL-5 Dimensions-5 Levels (EQ-5D-5L) generic instrument.The results showed that 97.62% of participants in the exercise group completed the 8-week intervention. The exercise group showed a significant improvement (P.05) in the EQ-5D-5L utility index, and in 3 of 5 dimensions. For the FIQ, significant improvements were observed in the dimensions of pain, stiffness, anxiety, and feel good. The FIQ score was also reduced. The mean between-group improvement was 8.25 (95% confidence interval, 2.85-13.65).The results and levels of compliance/adherence suggest this exergame-based training program is an effective intervention for reducing pain and increasing health-related quality of life in women with fibromyalgia.

A previous study by our group showed that regular exercise training (ET) attenuated pulmonary injury in an experimental model of chronic exposure to cigarette smoke (CS) in mice, but the time-course effects of the mechanisms involved in this protection remain poorly understood. We evaluated the temporal effects of regular ET in an experimental model of chronic CS exposure. Male C57BL/6 mice were divided into four groups: Control (sedentary + air), Exercise (aerobic training + air), Smoke (sedentary + smoke), and Smoke + Exercise (aerobic training + smoke). Mice were exposed to CS and ET for 4, 8, or 12 wk. Exercise protected mice exposed to CS from emphysema and reductions in tissue damping and tissue elastance after 12 wk ( P < 0.01). The total number of inflammatory cells in the bronchoalveolar lavage increased in the Smoke group, mainly due to the recruitment of macrophages after 4 wk, neutrophils and lymphocytes after 8 wk, and lymphocytes and macrophages after 12 wk ( P < 0.01). Exercise attenuated this increase in mice exposed to CS. The protection conferred by exercise was mainly observed after exercise adaptation. Exercise increased IL-6 and IL-10 in the quadriceps and lungs ( P < 0.05) after 12 wk. Total antioxidant capacity and SOD was increased and TNF-α and oxidants decreased in lungs of mice exposed to CS after 12 wk ( P < 0.05). The protective effects of exercise against lung injury induced by cigarette smoke exposure suggests that anti-inflammatory mediators and antioxidant enzymes play important roles in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease development mainly after the exercise adaptation. NEW & NOTEWORTHY These experiments investigated for the first time the temporal effects of regular moderate exercise training in cigarette smoke-induced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. We demonstrate that aerobic conditioning had a protective effect in emphysema development induced by cigarette smoke exposure. This effect was most likely secondary to an effect of exercise on oxidant-antioxidant balance and anti-inflammatory mediators.

This study aimed to determine the subcutaneous fat layer thickness, percentage of body fat, fat mass, and fat-free mass of Brazilian sport horses at different levels of training for and competing in eventing and the effects of a tropical climate in the body composition of athletic horses. The study included 17 Brazilian sport horses aged between 4 and 10 years. Group 1 included young horses aged from 4 to 6 years training for Federation Equestre Internationale (FEI) one-star events, and group 2 comprised adult horses aged from 7 to 10 years in training for FEI two-star events. The training protocol comprised exercise for 5 days a week for 60 min, including flatwork, aerobic conditioning, and jumping, both track and natural obstacles. The equines were weighted, and rump fat layer was determined by measuring the thickness of subcutaneous adipose tissue at the region of the gluteus medius muscle using ultrasound. The ultrasound evaluation was performed at the end of the equestrian season, which lasted 9 months. An increase in the body weight, fat layer, percentage of body fat, fat mass, and fat-free mass was observed in group 2 compared with the overall group and group 1, although the difference was not statistically significant (p>0.05). Despite the important increase in the percentage of body fat between young and adult horses, 4.87±1.22% and 5.64±1.90% found in group 1 and 2, respectively, it did not differ statistically (p=0.3775). This fact may contribute to a decline in their performance because fat can be a key source of energy. Lower mean values of all parameters were observed in group 1 than in group 2. In conclusion, Brazilian sport horses training for and competing in eventing under tropical conditions have the body composition accustomed for this equestrian discipline. Brazilian sport horses training for and competing in eventing have high values of fat-free mass and low percentage of body fat and fat mass, demonstrating the athletic capability of these horses. There were no significant changes in the body condition of young and adult Brazilian sport horses. A hot, humid environment led to an increase of weight and body condition.

Objective The objective of this review was to identify current practices and relevant patient-reported and objective outcome measures with regard to rehabilitation protocols directed at the lumbar spine in perioperative procedure settings in order to inform clinical practice and future research. Methods A literature search was performed in MEDLINE, CINAHL (Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature), the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, PEDro (Physiotherapy Evidence Database), and PubMed using terms relevant to surgical interventions, rehabilitation, and the lumbar spine. Results Twenty-nine studies met the inclusion criteria, and 28 investigated postoperative forms of rehabilitation. Patient-reported outcomes typically used were pain and disability, although a wide range of objective measures based on physical capacities were often reported. Rehabilitation programs, for the most part, included some form of strengthening exercises alone or in combination with stabilization exercises, aerobic conditioning, stretching, or education. Despite most studies reporting statistically significant results between intervention groups, considering clinically significant improvement within intervention groups yielded a different portrait. Conclusions A wide range of objective and subjective outcomes is used to document changes after active rehabilitation. Program components include both active and assisted interventions combined with various means of education and discussion. Multimodal rehabilitation protocols after lumbar surgery may be used to improve patient-reported and objective outcome measures such as pain, disability, and physical function. Further research should be conducted on the effects of preoperative rehabilitation programs.

This chapter introduces health professionals to the range of ways in which physical disciplines can be used as partial pathways to wholeness-for the healthy as well as for the ill, for health care professionals themselves as well as for their clients and patients. In describing some of the connections between physical disciplines and health, it looks at relationships between various physical activities and well-being, comment on cultural norms affecting prevalent attitudes toward exercise. The chapter highlights the scientific evidence that supports the link between varied disciplines and improved health status. It outlines strategies for transforming our individual and societal well-being through the promotion of physical disciplines by health professionals. While some exercise physiologists rank cross-country skiing as the optimal physical exercise because of the number of muscle groups involved and the oxygen demands required, the President’s Council on Physical Fitness and Sports has shown that jogging, cycling, swimming, and skating are the prime modes for regular aerobic conditioning.

BACKGROUND: Despite regularly engaging in high-intensity grappling, Brazilian jiu-jitsu (BJJ) athletes have a moderate maximal oxygen uptake (V̇O2max). The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and feasibility of high-intensity aerobic interval training as an accessory to BJJ training for improvements in V̇O2max.METHODS: Twelve active male BJJ practitioners (age: 30.3±4.0 [SD] years; height: 183.0±5.3 cm; body mass: 82.7±8.3 kg; body fat: 11.9±3.8%) with 5.6±5.8 years of experience and a training volume of 9.9±4.6 hours·week-1 were randomly allocated to either a training group (TG) or control group (CG). The TG incorporated two high-intensity aerobic interval training sessions·week-1 comprising four 4-minute intervals at 85-95% of maximal heart rate (HRmax) separated by 3-minute active breaks at 70% of HRmax. RESULTS: After six weeks, the TG increased their V̇O2max by 8±3% (95% CI=3.84, 12.73; P=0.04; ES=0.64), from 52.7 to 56.8 mL·kg-1·min-1. This was accompanied by a 1±1% reduction in absolute body fat (95% CI=-0.13, -2.2; P=0.04; ES=0.64). No changes in V̇O2max (P=0.12) or body composition (P=0.34) were detected in the CG. CONCLUSIONS: These findings reveal compelling short-term effects of low-volume high-intensity aerobic interval training on V̇O2max and body composition in active BJJ athletes. There may be a ceiling effect in terms of developing V̇O2max in supine, intermittent grappling sports, making alternative approaches to aerobic conditioning particularly relevant for this athlete population.

Exercise can be used to treat depression but there is a lack of evidence regarding the optimal intensity and mode. Our aim was to compare the effects of different exercise intensities on post-treatment depression severity. People aged 18-67years with mild to moderate depression (Patient Health Questionnaire-9 score of ≥10) participated in a single-blind, parallel randomized control trial lasting 12-weeks (Sweden 2011-2013). Four treatment arms were included: treatment as usual (TAU) (n=310), light exercise (yoga or similar n=106), moderate exercise (aerobic conditioning, n=105) and vigorous exercise (aerobic conditioning, n=99). Depression severity was measured at baseline and post-treatment using the Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS). Differences between the groups in depression severity at post-treatment were analysed using linear regression. Differences in exercise intensity were confirmed by heart rate monitoring. At post-treatment, the light (-4.05 Confidence Interval (CI)=-5.94, -2.17), moderate (-2.08 CI=-3.98, -0.18) and vigorous exercise groups (-3.13 CI=-5.07, -1.19) had reduced their MADRS scores significantly more than TAU. No significant differences were found between the exercise groups, and no significant interaction effect was observed between group and gender. In conclusion, exercise, whether performed at a low (yoga or similar), moderate or vigorous intensity (aerobic training) is effective in treating mild to moderate depression and is at least as effective as treatment as usual by a physician.

Background: A lack of research currently exists in relation to the current physical fitness testing system that is used within the Irish Naval Service, not only in relation to the tests that are used but also in relation to the scores that should be achieved in order to pass the test. As such the aim of this study was to select tests for various components of physical fitness and create a scoring system that could be used to assess individuals more comprehensively. Materials and methods: Seventy-five individuals took part in the study (71 males, 4 females). Each participant completed a battery of physical tests analysing the following physical fitness components: flexibility, power, agility, strength, speed, anaerobic conditioning and aerobic conditioning. The mean score ± 0.67 and ± 1 standard deviations were used for the selection of categories. Results: A six category scoring system was produced for each component of physical fitness. Scores were assigned to each category allowing a total cumulative score and an overall percentage of the total to be calculated. The categories are as follows: Score 5, Score 10, Score 15, Score 20, Score 25, Score 30. Conclusions: A quantitative scoring system has been produced that allows comprehensive physical fitness testing to be conducted. In order to achieve a complete picture of a participant’s physical fitness, all tests outlined should be included in the testing process. However, the flexible nature of this system allows for tests to be included or excluded to suit the needs of an individual or organisation. The fact that the scoring system is quantitative, the time involved is relatively short, multiple participants can be tested simultaneously and the pass rates can be decided upon by the host organisation makes this system versatile and comparable across multiple jurisdictions.

This study aimed to compare the biochemical markers of muscle and liver injury and total antioxidant capacity in army cadets after a traditional army physical training program and to correlate these effects with aerobic conditioning. Male army cadets (n = 87; age, 20 ± 2 years) were evaluated 12 hours before the start of training (T0), 12 hours after a 30-km march (T1), and 48 hours after military training (T2). Creatine kinase (CK), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) serum levels were measured using an autoanalyzer. Total antioxidant capacity was determined by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity (Sc%). Seventy-four percent of army cadets were classified as having excellent aerobic conditioning (53.9 ± 3.0 ml · kg(-) · min(-1) predicted VO2max from the Cooper test). The median serum concentration of all enzymes increased 12 hours after marching (T1: CK 675%; ALT 59%; AST 336%; AST/ALT ratio 85%; p = 0.001) and 48 hours after the end of training (T2: CK 878%; ALT 256%; AST 418%; AST/ALT ratio 180%; p = 0.001). Sc% was higher in T2 (31.1 ± 9.8%; p = 0.01) than in T0 (3.4% change). Maximal oxygen consumption (ml · kg(-1) · min(-1)) correlated negatively with CK (r = -0.25; p = 0.009) and ALT (r = -0.21; p = 0.03) serum levels, and positively with the change in Sc% (r = 0.22; p = 0.04) at T2. The results indicate that intense military training can cause liver and muscle injury and that aerobic conditioning can be considered as a protective factor for these injuries.

Background: Stroke has been considered the major cause of chronic disability in the world and ranks among the leading causes of death. Despite the fact that new vascular events often happen and risk factors are the same that Cardiovascular Diseases, secondary prevention through non-pharmacological measures, are not part of the routine physical rehabilitation after stroke. Objective: The aim is to answer the following clinical question: Should aerobic fitness be part of the physical rehabilitation of individuals post-stroke? Methodological Design: The methodology used in the study was an integrative literature review. Inclusion Criteria: Articles in English are published in secondary databases: systematic reviews with or without meta-analysis, which address the question PICO: patient (post-stroke), intervention (aerobic exercise), comparison (with or without aerobic conditioning) the outcome (volume of oxygen consumed peak (VO2peak), quality of life (QoL), morbidity and mortality). Outcomes: VO2peak, QoL, complications and mortality. Analysis of Studies: The methodological quality of included studies is assessed using the tools: PRISMA and R-AMSTAR. Results: There was “good” evidence for the inclusion of aerobic exercise on physical rehabilitation of post-stroke individuals to improve their physical capacity (VO2peak), facilitating the completion of activities of daily living and gait. There was weak evidence on the association of aerobic fitness with positive results on QoL in stroke victims and insufficient results to evaluate the effect of aerobic fitness on the risk of stroke recurrence and mortality. Conclusion: The aerobic conditioning should be included in the rehabilitation of stroke victims.

Background Exercise adherence is an important element in achieving important exercise outcomes. The purpose of this study was to describe adherence in a home-based aerobic exercise program following an implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD), determine effects of adherence on peakVO2, and outline reasons for nonadherence. Methods and Results A single-blind randomized control trial of home walking compared to usual care in 160 patients with an ICD for primary or secondary prevention was conducted. This report is on adherence in the exercise arm (N = 84). Home walking exercise consisted of 8 weeks of aerobic conditioning (60 minutes/day, 5 days/week) followed by 16 weeks of aerobic maintenance (150 minutes/week, 30 minutes/session) at 60–80% of heart rate reserve. Adherence was tracked using Polar heart rate (HR) monitors, pedometers, home exercise logs, and telephone follow-up. Adherence was defined as performing at least 80% of prescribed exercise. For aerobic conditioning, there was a mean frequency of 3.81 walks/week, duration of 1,873 minutes walked, and 17.5% of exercise was in the target HR (THR) zone. For aerobic maintenance, there was a mean frequency of 2.4 walks/week, duration of 1,872 minutes/walked, and 8.7% of exercise was in the THR zone. Those who were 80% adherent achieved a 3.4 mL/kg/min (P = 0.03) improvement in peakVO2 over those who were

Introduction: It has been suggested that creatine supplementation is safe and effective for treating idiopathic inflammatory myopathies, but no pediatric study has been conducted to date. The objective of this study was to examine the efficacy and safety of creatine supplementation in juvenile dermatomyositis (JDM) patients. Methods: In this study, JDM patients received placebo or creatine supplementation (0.1 g/kg/day) in a randomized, crossover, double-blind design. Subjects were assessed at baseline and after 12 weeks. The primary outcome was muscle function. Secondary outcomes included body composition, aerobic conditioning, health-related quality of life, and muscle phosphocreatine (PCr) content. Safety was assessed by laboratory parameters and kidney function measurements. Results: Creatine supplementation did not affect muscle function, intramuscular PCr content, or any other secondary outcome. Kidney function was not affected, and no side effects were reported. Conclusions: Twelve weeks of creatine supplementation in JDM patients were well-tolerated and free of adverse effects, but treatment did not affect muscle function, intramuscular PCr, or any other parameter. Muscle Nerve, 2015

The stress of operational missions may challenge the maintenance of body homeostasis, affecting soldiers' cardiac autonomic control, promoting dehydration, and compromising performance. Therefore, we aimed to determine the effects of peacekeeper patrol operation in Haiti on soldiers' hydration status and cardiac autonomic modulation, and to determine whether fluctuations in autonomic modulation were associated with changes in hydration status, energy expenditure (EE), and aerobic fitness (V[Combining Dot Above]O2max). A group of 20 soldiers (23.5 ± 4.7 years; V[Combining Dot Above]O2max 52.9 ± 4.5 ml·kg⁻¹·min⁻¹) completed an operational patrol mission with a mean duration of 160.6 ± 28.6 minutes. Before (Pre) and after (Post) the operation, the soldiers' body masses (BMs) were measured and 5-minute heart rate interbeat (R-R) intervals were recorded at rest to estimate heart rate variability (low-frequency [LF] and high-frequency [HF] power, and sympathovagal balance [LF/HF]). During the mission, EE was estimated using heart rate (HR) monitors. Changes from Pre to Post in BM (%BM loss) and LF/HF (ΔLF/HF) were used to evaluate the soldiers' dehydration levels and autonomic modulation, respectively. The mean EE was 711.0 ± 208.7 kcal. From pre to post, increases (p < 0.01) were noted in LF normalized units (n.u.) and LF/HF and decreases (p < 0.01) were noted in BM, R-R interval, and HF n.u. The variation in ΔLF/HF correlated with EE (r = 0.49; p = 0.02), V[Combining Dot Above]O2max (r = -0.42; p = 0.05), and %BM loss (r = 0.53; p = 0.02). The results demonstrated that an operational peacekeeper patrol with an approximate duration of 160 minutes promoted both dehydration and an imbalance in the autonomic modulation of soldiers' HR. The reduction in sympathovagal balance correlated with EE, dehydration, and aerobic conditioning.

Background High-level lower extremity amputation (HLLEA) has significant impact on an individual's ability to ambulate and maintain cardiovascular fitness for extended periods of time. Objective The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether body weight support (BWS) would improve energy efficiency in an individual with HLLEA to achieve appropriate target cardiovascular intensity for aerobic training. Design This was an exploratory single-subject study. Methods The participant was a 45-year-old woman, 4.5 years after left hip disarticulation secondary to necrotizing fasciitis with resultant organ failure and cardiomyopathy. She was wearing a well-fitted prosthesis and had a goal of ambulating in the community with less fatigue. Vital signs and expiratory gases were recorded, and oxygen uptake efficiency slope was calculated during treadmill walking at 0%, 20%, and 40% unweighting. An age-matched control completed 0% unweighting baseline testing. Results Under all conditions of treadmill walking, the participant's heart rate, blood pressure, and rate of perceived exertion consistently increased as speed and time increased. The participant's oxygen uptake efficiency slope was most efficient at 20% unweighting, and the economy of movement improved as the percentage of BWS increased, bringing values closer to the age-matched control. The participant reported only minimal pain immediately following 20% unweighting. Limitations The primary limitation of this study is generalizability of findings because of minimal information for comparing the effects of BWS on aerobic capacity in individuals with HLLEA. Additionally, the percentages of unweighting using BWS were extrapolated based on corollary preexisting research; thus, there were no set parameters defined for this specific population. Conclusions BWS allowed the participant to work more efficiently, which suggests that if used during an intervention, BWS might enable individuals with HLLEA to achieve recommended levels of training for aerobic conditioning. In future studies, it is recommended that 20% BWS be used at a speed that results in moderate-intensity exercise for individuals with HLLEA as determined by 50% to 70% of maximum heart rate for 20 to 30 minutes.

Presented is a two-group RCT evaluating a multi-component exercise program for hip fracture patients to determine if it is effective in improving the ability to walk independently in the community. Hip fracture patients age ≥60 years (N=210) were assessed and randomized within 26 weeks of hospitalization, and reassessed 16 and 40 weeks later. The primary outcome was ability to walk 300m in six minutes. PUSH (active treatment) included aerobic conditioning, strengthening, balance and functional training. PULSE (attention control) included transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation, flexibility and active range of motion exercises. Both groups received 2-3 visits per week for 16 weeks in their residences from a physical therapist. 22/96 in PUSH (22.9%) and 18/101 in PULSE (17.8%) (difference 5.1%; 95% CI: -6.1%, 16.3%; P=.37) became community ambulators. We conclude that advancing substantial proportions of hip fracture patients to community ambulation will require more than the intervention evaluated in this study.

Objectives Arterial stiffness, peripheral wave reflection and pulse pressure predict cardiovascular disease risk. Regular aerobic exercise training is a recommended non-pharmacological approach to lower cardiovascular disease risk, including lowering blood pressure and attenuating age-related increases in arterial stiffness (AS). However, it remains unclear whether sex differences differentially modulate vascular adaptations to exercise training and/or influence vascular compliance. Thus, we sought to examine the independent and combined effects of aerobic conditioning and an acute bout of dynamic exercise, a known nitric oxide stimulus, on AS in healthy middle-aged men and postmenopausal women (PMW). Methods Two age-matched (54±1 years; mean±SEM) groups of habitually aerobically trained men (n=6; VO2peak 49.8±1.2 ml/kg/min) and postmenopausal women (n=6; VO2peak 38.5±1.4 ml/kg/min) were studied. Pulse wave analysis using applanation tonometry methods was used to assess arterial stiffness (augmentation pressure [AP; mmHg] and augmentation index corrected for heart rate [AIx75;%]). Central measures of blood pressure (systolic BP, SBP; diastolic BP, DBP; pulse pressure, PP; mmHg) were determined using a validated transfer function. AS and BP were recorded at baseline and 60 min after an acute bout of moderate intensity exercise (45 min of brisk walking at 60% VO2peak). Results Our preliminary findings (see table 1) demonstrate that baseline AP and AIx75 were higher, (p 0.05) for baseline measures of central BP but brachial SBP and PP were lower (p Conclusions Our preliminary findings suggest that compared with habitually aerobically trained PMW, trained men demonstrate lower peripheral wave reflection yet higher PP amplification both before and after an acute bout of exercise. Associations between PP and AIx75 were observed in men but not women. While the clinical significance of these findings cannot be determined, these observations suggest: i) arterial stiffness is lower in aerobically trained men versus women, and ii) the relationship between PP and arterial stiffness may differ between men and women. Such differences may be of relevance to the known sex differences in the development and progression of hypertension with ageing.

Chromium (Cr) and L-carnitine (LC) are potentially ergogenic substances for athletic horses since they are suggested to increase energy availability for the exercise and postpone the onset of fatigue. The present study aimed to assess the effect of supplementation with chelated chromium or L-carnitine on markers of energy metabolism in Mangalarga Marchador (MM) fillies subjected to marcha treadmill tests. Thirteen fillies were randomly assigned to three groups: Cr (n¼4; 10 mg/day chelated chromium), LC (n¼4; 10 g/day L-carnitine), and Control (n¼5; no supplementation). The research followed a completely randomized split-split-plot design. Each marcha test represented a plot, each nutritional supplementation group represented a split plot, and each moment in marcha tests represented a split-split-plot. The animals were exercised on the treadmill and automated walker on alternate days from Tuesday to Sunday for 42 days. Treadmill marcha tests took place on days 7 (Test 1), 21 (Test 2), and 42 (Test 3) with 5 min of warmup (1.7 m s � 1 ) followed for 30 min of marcha (3.5 m s � 1 and 3% slope). Heart rate (HR), blood lactate (Lac), blood glucose (Glu), and serum triglyceride levels (Trigl) were assessed before exercise and every 5 min during the marcha tests. The data underwent repeated measures analysis of variance and the means were compared by Tukey's test (Pr0.05). The Cr group had lower HR (Po0.05) at 20 min in Test 1; higher Lac (Po0.05) in Test 1 (from 10 to 35 min), Test 2 (at 10, 30, and 35 min), and Test 3 (at 10 min); and higher Glu (Po0.05) in Test 1 (from 20 to 35 min) and Test 2 (at 15 and 25 min). The LC group had higher (Po0.05) Glu in Test 1 (0 min) and lower Trigl (Po0.05) in Test 2 (at 25 and 30 min). As early as 21 days into conditioning (Test 2), a reduction (Po0.05) was found on HR, Lac, and Glu, however, Trigl was not affected by the conditioning (P40.05). The treadmill marcha tests showed a mild effect of chromium or L-carnitine supplementation on the energy metabolism markers of MM fillies subjected to an aerobic conditioning program. LC or Cr supplementation associated with an aerobic conditioning program did Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Background There is little research exploring training effects of engaging in active video gaming activities. Objectives This study sought to determine the cardiovascular and metabolic responses, changes in flexibility and exercise adherence to an aerobic dance exercise programme using the XBOX Kinect over a 6 week training period. Methods Training was conducted using the Just Dance 4 disc on the XBOX Kinect 360. Participants attended five, 30 minute sessions per week for the first two weeks, four 45 minute sessions per week for the next two weeks and three 60 minute sessions per week for the last two weeks. Outcomes assessed included flexibility, body mass index (BMI), percentage body fat, maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max), resting and post exercise blood pressure, heart rate and blood lactate levels. Results There were significant improvements in flexibility, maximal oxygen consumption and resting heart rate. There were no significant changes in BMI, percentage body fat or blood lactate levels. Nine (37.5%) participants continued to engage in this form of exercise at least 3-days per week over the 3-month post intervention follow-up period. Conclusion Engaging in dancing using dance videogames can lead to improved cardiovascular conditioning and flexibility in sedentary female university students.

The purpose of this investigation was 2-fold: (1) to investigate the effects of a translational 12-week community-based multimodal exercise program on quality of life (QoL) in breast cancer survivors (BCS) and (2) to examine the influence of a start delay on physical function and QoL in BCS. Fifty-two female BCS completed a 12-week program consisting of 90-minute supervised exercise sessions at a frequency of 2 supervised sessions per week. Exercise sessions consisted of three 30-minute components: (1) aerobic conditioning, (2) resistance exercise training, and (3) balance and flexibility training. Significant ( P < .05) improvements in QoL were identified post-program completion. Cohort stratification comparison between the early start (1 year since completion of oncologic treatment) revealed no significant ( P > .05) differences between the early start and late start groups on improvements in physical function. Regarding the influence of start delay on QoL, the early start group showed significant ( P < .05) improvement in emotional well-being. No other significant differences in improvement in QoL were detected between the early start and late start groups. Regardless of start delay, meaningful improvements in physical function and QoL were found after completing the community-based multimodal exercise program. Early participation in community-based exercise programming may benefit BCS’ emotional well-being compared to later participation.

Background Low back pain (LBP) is one of the most common musculoskeletal conditions and can lead to disability. Aerobic fitness exercises have recently been suggested as important in the management of pain and physical disability of LBP patients, but there are still no studies that prove the best exercise modality for this condition. One proposed modality is the Deep Water Running (DWR) which are aquatic conditioning exercises that simulates normal running on soil. Objectives To evaluate the effectiveness of Deep Water Running in the treatment of chronic nonspecific low back pain. Methods It was a randomized controlled trial with a duration of 16 weeks with evaluations performed before the intervention and 8 and 16 weeks after the beginning of the training. The population was composed of 60 patients aged over 18 years with diagnosis of chronic nonspecific low back pain. The intervention group performed aerobic conditioning exercise (Deep Water Running) in a heated pool. The sessions had duration of 50 minutes and frequency of 3 times a week for 16 weeks and with 70% of the maximum heart rate, with 10 bpm less for the difference in the behavior of HR in aquatic environment. The control group underwent aerobic conditioning by treadmill exercise for 50 minutes, 3 times a week for 16 weeks, and also with 70% of maximal heart rate. Evaluation instruments: Visual analog pain scale (EVA) in cm; Likert Scale of pain improvement and worsening according to the patient and according to the evaluator; Functional capacity through the Roland-Morris questionnaire and 6-minute walk test; SF-36 for general quality of life; And amount of anti-inflammatories used during the study period. Evaluations were performed by an evaluator who was unaware of the patient allocation group. Results The two groups were homogeneous regarding most clinical demographic characteristics in the initial evaluation. The two groups showed statistically significant improvement in the variables Roland Morris, EVA for pain and Time up and go, but no statistically significant differences were found between groups. At the Likert scale, the 6-minute walk test and the amount of anti-inflammatories used during the study, no significant differences were found, the two groups remained unchanged. No adverse events were observed in either group during the exercise program. Conclusions Deep water running aerobic exercise is as effective as treadmill walking in improving pain and functional capacity in patients with chronic nonspecific low back pain. References Abenhaim L, Rossignol M, Nordin M, Avouac B, Blotman F, Charlot J. The role of activity in the therapeutic management of back pain. Report of the International Paris Task Force on Back Pain. Brendon J, Bloess K, Oppermann J, Boese CK, Lohrer L, Eysel P. Conservative treatment of nonspecific, chronic low back pain: Evidence of the efficacy- a systematic literature review. Orthopade. 2016 jul;45 (7): 573–8. Cuesta-Vargasai, Adams N, Salazar JA, Belles. sPINE 2000; 25 (4SUPPLI): 1S-33S. A, Hazanas S, Arroyo Morales. Deep water running and general practice in primary care for non- specific low back pain versus geeneral practice alone: randomized controlled trial. Clin Rheumatol. 2012 jul; 31 (7): 1073–8. Disclosure of Interest None declared

Physical activity has been proposed as a promising intervention to improve cognition and decrease the risk of dementia in older adults. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) appears to mediate, at least partially, these effects of exercise. However, intervention studies of the effects of multimodal exercises on cognition and BDNF levels are scarce and composed by small samples. Thus, the generalization of the conclusions of these studies depends on the reproducibility of the results. In order to contribute to the knowledge on the field, the present study evaluated the effects of a physical activity intervention composed by muscle strengthening and aerobic conditioning on BDNF levels and cognition in older women. Independent and non-demented subjects (≥75 years) were assigned to a 3-month physical activity intervention (n = 22, 60 min exercise sessions three times a week) or to a control condition (n = 10, no exercise). Clinical (anxiety and depression symptoms), neuropsychological (Digit Span, Stroop, Trail Making, and Contextual Memory tests), physical (upper and lower limb strength, aerobic conditioning), and physiological (serum BDNF) parameters were evaluated immediately before, 1 month, and 3 months after starting intervention. Results indicated that controls had stable levels for all measured variables, whereas the intervention group improved on physical fitness, depressive symptoms, cognitive performance, and BDNF levels. Moreover, a linear regression identified an association between aerobic conditioning and BDNF levels. In conclusion, combined muscle strengthening and aerobic conditioning was able to improve cognitive performance and increase BDNF levels. Aerobic conditioning seems to be an important mediator of these outcomes.

Aging is accompanied by a decrease in aerobic capacity. Therefore, physical training has been recommended to soften the effects of advancement age. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of a short-term water-based aerobic training on resting heart rate (HRrest), heart rate corresponding to anaerobic threshold (HRAT), peak heart rate (HRpeak), percentage value of HRAT in relation to HRpeak and test duration (TD) of mature women. Twenty-two women (65.91 ± 4.83 years) were submitted to a five-week water-based interval aerobic training. Aerobic capacity parameters were evaluated through an aquatic incremental test. After training, there was an increase in TD (16%) and HRAT percentage in relation to HRpeak (4.68%), and a reduction of HRrest (9%). It is concluded that a water-based aerobic interval training prescribed through HRAT of only five weeks is able to promote improvements in aerobic capacity of mature women.

A fighter pilot's physical training programme should consist of a combination of strength, muscular endurance, aerobic and stretching exercises. The workout protocol for strength can include leg presses, bench presses, lat pulls, arm curls, triceps extensions, sit ups and a series of neck exercises including rotation, flexion/extension and lateral flexion. The physical ability to execute the fatiguing straining manoeuvres necessary when exposed to high, sustained and repeated G-loads is crucial. Gains in muscle strength and muscle endurance of various muscle groups from strength training seem to increase G-force tolerance. Strength training should make a pilot able to strain more productively and with less effort than he or she could without such conditioning. Some findings showed statically nonsignificant improvements in the strength measures on +Gz tolerance in flight personnel using a centrifuge. A certain amount of endurance training is also helpful for maintaining G-force tolerance, but high levels of aerobic conditioning decrease orthostatic tolerance.

RESUMEN: Introducción: en pacientes con falla cardiaca se han descrito múltiples patologías asociadas, en especial las de origen musculoesquelético que pueden limitar la capacidad funcional, independiente de la función ventricular y deteriorar la calidad de vida de los pacientes, por lo que su detección permite realizar cambios en la prescripción del ejercicio y en el acondicionamiento aeróbico, aplicar medidas fisioterapéuticas y ergonómicas en los programas de rehabilitación cardiaca acorde con el diagnóstico específico. Material y métodos: estudio descriptivo, de corte transversal y retrospectivo de los pacientes que ingresaron a la Clínica de Falla Cardiaca de la Universidad de Antioquia y el Hospital Universitario San Vicente de Paúl Fundación en un periodo de un año, con el objetivo de establecer la presencia de patología musculoesquelética. Resultados: se ingresaron 151 pacientes durante el periodo de estudio. El 55.6% fueron hombres y la mediana de edad fue de 68 años. La primera causa de falla cardiaca fue la enfermedad coronaria, seguida de la hipertensión arterial. El 33.1% estuvieron en clase funcional de la Asociación de Corazón de Nueva York (NYHA) II y el 32.5% en NYHA III. El 66.9% de los pacientes que asisten a la Clínica de Falla Cardiaca no tenían actividad laboral. Se demostró patología musculoesquelética en 31.8%, siendo la más común la osteoartritis, bien sea de cadera o rodillas, con una frecuencia de 6.6%, seguida de la tendinitis del manguito rotador (4,6%). Otras alteraciones encontradas fueron dolor lumbar, dolor miofascial, neuropatía periférica, disfunción patelofemoral y síndrome de túnel carpiano. El 35.8% de los pacientes se lograron vincular al programa de rehabilitación cardiaca y establecer un programa dirigido, de acuerdo con las comorbilidades encontradas. Conclusiones: la patología osteomuscular en pacientes con falla cardiaca es frecuente, posiblemente por cambios metabólicos e hipoperfusión asociados a la falla cardiaca. El desacondicionamiento físico asociado aumenta el imbalance muscular y facilita síndromes por sobreuso como la tendinitis del manguito rotador. La vinculación a una Clínica de Falla Cardiaca con un programa de rehabilitación establecido, permitirá la detección temprana y la intervención adecuada durante el mismo de las patologías músculoesqueléticas asociadas haciendo que disminuya la discapacidad y mejore la calidad de vida de estos pacientes ABSTRACT: Introduction: in patients with heart failure, multiple associated diseases have been described, especially those of musculoskeletal origin which may limit the functional capacity independent of ventricular function and deteriorate quality of life of patients; therefore, its detection allows changes in exercise prescription and aerobic conditioning, physiotherapy and to apply physiotherapeutic and ergonomic measures in cardiac rehabilitation programs according to the specific diagnosis. Materials and methods: a descriptive, cross-sectional and retrospective cohort study of patients admitted to the Heart Failure Clinic of Antioquia University and the University Hospital San Vicente de Paul Foundation over a period of one year with the aim of establishing the presence of musculo- skeletal pathology. Results: 151 patients were admitted during the study period. 55.6% were men and the median age was 68 years. The leading cause of heart failure was coronary heart disease, followed by hypertension. 33.1% were in functional class II of the New York Heart Association (NYHA) and 32.5% in NYHA III. 66.9% of patients attending the heart failure clinic did not have work activity . Musculoskeletal pathology was demonstrated in 31.8%, being osteoarthritis the most common, either of hip or knee, with a frequency of 6.6%, followed by rotator cuff tendinitis (4.6%). Other alterations found were low back pain, myofascial pain, peripheral neuropathy, patellofemoral dysfunction and carpal tunnel syndrome. 35.8% of patients were able to link the cardiac rehabilitation program and establish a program targeted according co-morbidities found. Conclusions: musculoskeletal pathology in patients with heart failure is common, possibly due to metabolic changes and hypoperfusion associated with heart failure. Physical deconditioning associated increases muscle imbalance and facilitates overuse syndromes such as rotator cuff tendinitis. Linking of a heart failure clinic with an established rehabilitation program will allow early detection and appropriate intervention during it of the musculoskeletal pathologies associated, reducing in this way disability and improving the quality of life of these patients. COL0135865 COL0015599

BackgroundThe athlete's heart represents a reversible structural and functional adaptations of myocardial tissue developed through physical conditioning. Surface electrocardiogram (ECG) has the capability to detect myocardial hypertrophy but has limited performance in monitoring physical conditioning-induced myocardial remodeling. The aim of this study was to develop an ECG-derived test for detecting incipient myocardial hypertrophy in well-conditioned athletes based on a principal components (PC) analysis.MethodsTwo groups of study composed of 14 sedentary healthy volunteers (Control group) and 14 professional long distance runners (Athlete group) had their maximal metabolic equivalents (MET) estimated (mean±SD: Control group: 9±2 METs vs. Athlete group: 20±1 METs, p

Purpose. There is limited documentation regarding the potential quality of life (QOL) benefits associated with use of a worksite wellness center. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine the relationship between potential QOL change and use of a worksite wellness center during a 12-month period. Design. Analysis of an annual QOL wellness center member survey and wellness center use during a 12-month time period. Setting. A worksite wellness center. Participants. A total of 1151 employee wellness center members, average age of 39.5 years, 69.7% female, and 43.5% reported being overweight. Intervention. Members of the worksite wellness center have access to a range of fitness options, including exercise classes, water aerobics, an indoor track, strength training, and aerobic conditioning equipment. Additionally, nutritional classes are offered, and there is a wellness café. For resiliency, members can participate in wellness coaching or a stress-reduction group program. Method. Participants completed a baseline QOL survey and a second QOL survey 1 year later. An electronic entry system tracked use of the wellness center. Results. Participants were divided into four wellness center use quartiles: low users (less than once every 2 weeks), below-average users, above-average users, and high users (two to three visits per week). High users reported experiencing improvements in their physical QOL (p < .0001) compared with the low users. Additionally, low users experienced a greater decline in their mental QOL (p = .05) compared with high users. Conclusion. In a large sample of employees, use of a wellness center during a 12-month period was associated with benefits for physical QOL. QOL is an important domain of wellness; therefore, in addition to measuring physiologic changes, examining potential QOL changes may be another important outcome measure for wellness centers.

In brief: To determine the heart rate responses of a football official to both physical and psychological stress during actual game conditions, a head referee was telemetered continuously from one- half hour before until the end of a college football game. The referee's cardiac system was stressed throughout the monitoring period: The highest average heart rate was 161 beats min(-1) (85% of maximum), and the lowest average heart rate was 140 beats min(-1) (74% of maximum). Because officiating is largely anaerobic, the sustained sinus tachycardia was probably caused by psychological stress. Football officials should have a maximal ECG stress test every year and participate in an aerobic conditioning program on a regular basis.

In brief: Training on rebound exercise equipment (minitrampolines) is a popular new approach to aerobic conditioning, but its physiological benefits have been a matter of debate. This study was designed to determine if rebound aerobic dancing is an effective way to improve aerobic capacity and body composition. A group of previously sedentary college women who trained on rebound equipment three times a week for eight weeks showed a 9% increase in max but no significant change in percent body fat. A control group showed no significant changes. The improvement was similar to results produced by conventional aerobic dance programs of like intensity but moderate in comparison to other established forms of aerobic exercise.

This study sought to determine the relationships among American-style football (ASF) participation, acquired left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy, and LV systolic function as assessed using contemporary echocardiographic parameters.Participation in ASF has been associated with development of hypertension and LV hypertrophy. To what degree these processes impact LV function is unknown.This was a prospective, longitudinal cohort study evaluating National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I football athletes stratified by field position (linemen: n = 30; vs. nonlinemen, n = 57) before and after a single competitive season, using transthoracic echocardiography. LV systolic function was measured using complementary parameters of global longitudinal strain (GLS) (using 2-dimensional speckle-tracking) and ejection fraction (EF) (2-dimensional biplane).ASF participation was associated with field position-specific increases in systolic blood pressure (SBP) (a Δ SBP of 10 ± 8 mm Hg in linemen vs. a Δ SBP of 3 ± 7 mm Hg in nonlinemen; p 0.001) and an overall increase in incident LV hypertrophy (pre-season = 8% vs. post-season = 25%, p 0.05). Linemen who developed LV hypertrophy had concentric geometry (9 of 11 [82%]) with decreased GLS (Δ = -1.1%; p 0.001), whereas nonlinemen demonstrated eccentric LV hypertrophy (8 of 10 [80%]) with increased GLS (Δ = +1.4%; p 0.001). In contrast, LV ejection fraction in the total cohort, stratified by field position, was not significantly affected by ASF participation. Among the total cohort, lineman field position, post-season weight, SBP, average LV wall thickness, and relative wall thickness were all independent predictors of post-season GLS.ASF participation at a lineman field position may lead to a form of sport-related myocardial remodeling that is pathologic rather than adaptive. Future study will be required to determine if targeted efforts to control blood pressure, minimize weight gain, and to include an element of aerobic conditioning in this subset of athletes may attenuate this process and translate into tangible downstream health benefits.

Research supports the favorable effects of exercise on physical and psychosocial outcomes in those with arthritis. Few easily disseminated, multi-component, arthritis-specific programs have been evaluated using both physical function and psychosocial measures. Fitness and Exercise for People with Arthritis (FEPA) is a new community-based, 3-month, instructor supervised multi-component exercise program for individuals with arthritis designed to increase strength, flexibility, balance, and aerobic conditioning, while emphasizing joint-protection and proper biomechanics.To conduct a preliminary evaluation of the effects of the FEPA program on physical function and arthritis-related outcomes in individuals with arthritis.Middle-aged (n = 31, M(age) = 54.8 ± 7.2) and older (n = 79, M(age) = 76.0 ± 6.6) adults with arthritis completed the instructor led FEPA program in community senior centers, churches, and adult education settings. Changes in physical function, measured using the arm curl, back-scratch test, 8-foot up-and-go, and 6 min walk and self-reported arthritis-related pain, perceived physical function, affect, and self-efficacy for symptom management were assessed using RM ANOVA.Significant improvements (ps.05) in all physical function measures were found in the older group. In the middle-aged group, significant improvements (ps.05) were found in the 8-foot up-and-go and 6 min walk. Self-reported physical function, pain perceptions, and self-efficacy for pain management significantly improved (ps.05) in middle-aged participants, while only self-reported pain perceptions significantly improved in the older group.FEPA shows promise for improving health-related outcomes in those with arthritis, and has potential for sustainability in community settings.

Objective. This pilot study was designed to evaluate the impact of a home-based aerobic conditioning program on symptoms of fibromyalgia and determine if changes in symptoms were related to quantitative changes in aerobic conditioning (VO2 max). Methods. Twenty-six sedentary individuals diagnosed with fibromyalgia syndrome participated in an individualized 12-week home-based aerobic exercise program with the goal of daily aerobic exercise of 30 minutes at 80% of estimated maximum heart rate. The aerobic conditioning took place in the participants' homes, outdoors, or at local fitness clubs at the discretion of the individual under the supervision of a physical therapist. Patients were evaluated at baseline and completion for physiological level of aerobic conditioning (VO2 max), pain ratings, pain disability, depression, and stress. Results. In this pilot study subjects who successfully completed the 12-week exercise program demonstrated an increase in aerobic conditioning, a trend toward decrease in pain measured by the McGill Pain Questionnaire—Short Form and a weak trend toward improvements in visual analog scale, depression, and perceived stress. Patients who were unable or unwilling to complete this aerobic conditioning program reported significantly greater pain and perceived disability (and a trend toward more depression) at baseline than those who completed the program. Conclusions. Patients suffering from fibromyalgia who can participate in an aerobic conditioning program may experience physiological and psychological benefits, perhaps with improvement in symptoms of fibromyalgia, specifically pain ratings. More definitive trials are needed, and this pilot demonstrates the feasibility of the quantitative VO2 max method. Subjects who experience significant perceived disability and negative affective symptoms are not likely to maintain a home-based conditioning program, and may need a more comprehensive interdisciplinary program offering greater psychological and social support.

Almost 27 million adults in the United States experience some form of osteoarthritis (OA). An epidemic of arthritis-associated disability is expected in the United States during the next 2 decades, largely fueled by the aging population and the tremendous growth in the prevalence of knee OA. Regular physical activity (PA), particularly strengthening and aerobic activity, can reduce pain and improve function and health status among patients with knee and hip OA. The focus of this review is on the impact of aerobic activity on the progression and symptom control of OA. In general, both strengthening and aerobic exercise are associated with improvements in pain, perceived physical function, and performance measures for persons with lower limb OA, although comparisons of strengthening versus aerobic exercise on these outcomes are unusual. Structural disease progression in persons with established OA has been directly evaluated by a limited number of PA clinical trials for persons with knee OA, but these protocols focused on strength training exclusively. In healthy subjects, it appears that overall PA is beneficial, rather than detrimental, to knee joint health. Possibly the most important reason for engaging in PA is to prevent obesity, which independently has been associated with many serious chronic diseases, including the incidence and progression of OA. More research is needed to determine the optimal types and dosing of aerobic conditioning.

Because physical exercise is an efficient means to improve maximum consumption of oxygen (VO(2max)) and reduce body fat, the objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of 4 months of a guided physical activity program on BMI, BP and estimated VO(2max) of older participants of the FHP. The sample was composed of 70 older participants who were divided into two groups: the experimental group (EG) (26 women and 9 men) and the control group (CG) (20 women and 15 men). The program of physical activity included walking, hydrogymnastics, weight-training exercises and stretching exercises. The intensity of the aerobics exercises was set such that participants would achieve 55-65% of the estimated maximum heart rate, with the corresponding effort to be subjectively rated by the participant as 12-13 points on a 6-20 point scale. After 4 months of guided physical activity, there was a significant 19.26% improvement in the VO(2max) in the EG (p ≤ 0.001), and the diastolic pressure in the EG was significantly lower than that in the CG (p ≤ 0.001). In conclusion, the 16-week program of physical activity significantly improved the cardiorespiratory capacity of older individuals.

Vibration exercise (VbX) has received a lot of attention as an exercise modality, which evokes muscular work and elevates metabolic rate that could be a potential method for weight reduction. Popular press has purported that VbX is quick and convenient, and 10 min of VbX is equivalent to 1 h of traditional exercise, where it has been marketed as the new weight-loss and body toning workout. However, research studies have shown that muscle activation occurs but the energy demand in response to VbX is quite low, where exhaustive VbX reported a metabolic demand of 23 mL/kg/min compared with 44 mL/kg/min from an exhaustive cycle test. Different vibration frequencies with varying amplitudes and loads have been tested, but only small increases in metabolic rate have been reported. Based on these findings, it has been indirectly calculated that a VbX session of 26 Hz for three continuous minutes would only incur a loss of ≈ 10.7 g fat/h. Following a 24-week program of VbX, no observed differences were found in body composition, and following 12 months of VbX, the time to reach peak V ˙O2 was significantly higher in conventional exercise compared with VbX. However, one study has reported that percentage body fat decreased by 3.2% after 8 months after VbX in comparison with resistance and control groups that performed no aerobic conditioning. The evidence to date suggests that VbX can increase whole and local oxygen uptake; however, with additional load, high vibration frequency, and/or amplitude, it cannot match the demands of conventional aerobic exercise. Therefore, caution is required when VbX programs are solely used for the purpose of reducing body fat without considering dietary and aerobic conditioning guidelines.

Professional dancers are artistic athletes who require high aerobic conditioning to perform at their best. Moreover, high aerobic conditioning may control overtraining and prevent injuries. A submaximal exercise test that is easy to administer and allows prediction of maximal oxygen consumption in dancers would be a powerful tool for coaches, physiotherapists, and sports medicine physicians to screen physical fitness and evaluate the effects of aerobic exercise training. In the present study, the values recorded for a submaximal exercise test called the Aerobic Power Index were compared with peak aerobic power values in 44 dance students. The Aerobic Power Index proved to be an acceptable submaximal field test for evaluating aerobic power and predicting peak oxygen consumption in dancers.

An exercise modality that requires little time and physical exertion whilst providing the benefits of increased force, power, balance, flexibility, and weight loss would appeal to most people that may be at risk from an imbalanced lifestyle. One such exercise modality that has received a lot of attention has been vibration exercise (VbX), which evokes muscular work and elevates metabolic rate could be a potential method for weight reduction. Popular press has purported that VbX is quick, convenient, and 10 minutes of VbX is equivalent to one hour of traditional exercise, where it has been marketed as the new weight-loss and body toning workout. However, research studies have shown that muscle activation is elicited but the energy demand in response to VbX is quite low. Exhaustive VbX has been reported to produce a metabolic demand of 23 ml/kg/min compared to 44 ml/kg/min from an exhaustive cycle test. Different vibration frequencies have been tested with varying amplitudes and loads, but only small increases in metabolic rate have been reported. Based on these findings it has been indirectly calculated that a VbX session of 26Hz for 3 continuous minutes would only incur a loss of ~ 10.7g fat/hr. Following a 24-week programme of VbX, no observed differences were found in body composition and following 12 months of VbX the time to reach peak O 2 was significantly higher in conventional exercise compared to VbX. However, one study has reported that percentage body fat decreased by 3.2% after eight months after VbX in comparison to resistance and control groups that performed no aerobic conditioning. The evidence to date, suggests that VbX can increase whole and local oxygen uptake; however, with additional load, high vibration frequency and/or amplitude it cannot match the demands of conventional aerobic exercise. Therefore, caution is required when VbX programmes are solely used for the purpose of reducing body fat without considering dietary and aerobic conditioning guidelines.

Submitted by Vitor Silverio Rodrigues (vitorsrodrigues@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2014-05-27T11:24:43Z No. of bitstreams: 0Bitstream added on 2014-05-27T14:35:50Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 2-s2.0-77957087406.pdf: 321018 bytes, checksum: 2411be5b164eb37f6468a4a70fabd8bc (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-27T11:24:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-07-01 To evaluate the effect of acute exercise and exercise training at the anaerobic threshold (AT) intensity on aerobic conditioning and insulin secretion by pancreatic islets, adult male Wistar rats were submitted to the lactate minimum test (LMT) for AT determination. Half of the animals were submitted to swimming exercise training (trained), 1 h/day, 5 days/week during 8 weeks, with an overload equivalent to the AT. The other half was kept sedentary. At the end of the experimental period, the rats were submitted to an oral glucose tolerance test and to another LMT. Then, the animals were sacrificed at rest or immediately after 20 minutes of swimming exercise at the AT intensity for pancreatic islets isolation. At the end of the experiment mean workload (% bw) at AT was higher and blood lactate concentration (mmol/L) was lower in the trained than in the control group. Rats trained at the AT intensity showed no alteration in the areas under blood glucose and insulin during OGTT test. Islet insulin content of trained rats was higher than in the sedentary rats while islet glucose uptake did not differ among the groups. The static insulin secretion in response to the high glucose concentration (16.7 mM) of the sedentary group at rest was lower than the sedentary group submitted to the acute exercise and the inverse was observed in relation to the trained groups. physical training at the AT intensity improved the aerobic condition and altered insulin secretory pattern by pancreatic islets. © 2010 Landes Bioscience. Department of Anatomy; Cellular Biology; Physiology and Biophysics Unicamp, Campinas Department of Physical Education Unesp, São Paulo Department of Physical Education Unesp, São Paulo