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BACKGROUND: Drug-coated balloons (DCB) and drug-eluting stents (DES) represent the currently recommended treatments for in-stent restenosis (ISR). Optical coherence tomography (OCT) allows detailed neointimal characterisation which can guide treatment strategies. AIMS: The aims of this study were first, to assess the relation between neointimal pattern and clinical outcomes following in-stent restenosis (ISR) treatment, and second, to explore a potential interaction between neointimal pattern and treatment modality relative to clinical outcomes. METHODS: Patients undergoing OCT-guided treatment (DCB or DES) of ISR in three European centres were included. Based on the median of distribution of non-homogeneous neointima quadrants, patients were categorised into low and high inhomogeneity groups. RESULTS: A total of 197 patients (low inhomogeneity=100 and high inhomogeneity=97) were included. There were no significant differences in terms of major adverse cardiac events (MACE) (p=0.939) or target lesion revascularisation (TLR) (p=0.732) between the two groups. The exploratory analysis showed a significant interaction between neointimal pattern and treatment modality regarding MACE (pint=0.006) and TLR (pint=0.022). DES showed a significant advantage over DCB in the high (MACE: HR 0.26 [0.10-0.65], p=0.004; TLR: HR 0.28 [0.11-0.69], p=0.006), but not in the low inhomogeneity group (MACE: p=0.917; TLR: p=0.797). CONCLUSIONS: In patients with ISR treated with DCB or DES, there were no significant differences in terms of MACE or TLR between the low and high inhomogeneity groups. A significant interaction was observed between treatment modality and neointimal pattern with an advantage of DES over DCB in the high and no difference in the low inhomogeneity group. This warrants confirmation from prospective dedicated studies.

Objectives The aim of this study was to compare angiographic and optical coherence tomography findings following subintimal as opposed to intraplaque recanalization of chronic total occlusions (CTOs). Background There is ongoing controversy regarding outcomes of intraplaque versus subintimal CTO recanalization. Methods Consecutive patients undergoing angiography and intravascular optical coherence tomography following CTO recanalization were included in the ISAR-OCT-CTO (Intracoronary Stenting and Angiographic Results - Optical Coherence Tomography for Chronic Total Occlusions) registry. The study endpoints were percent diameter stenosis and late lumen loss as well as rate of uncovered and malapposed struts. Independent correlates of uncovered and malapposed struts were assessed by multivariate analysis. Results The study included 75 patients. Intraplaque and dissection and re-entry techniques (DART) were used in 46 and 29 patients, respectively. There were no differences in terms of in-segment percent diameter stenosis (median 36.9 [interquartile range (IQR): 26.4 to 43.1] vs. 31.2 [IQR: 23.2 to 49.5]; p = 0.656), in-stent late lumen loss (0.215 mm [IQR: 0.063 to 0.495 mm] vs. 0.230 mm [IQR: 0.060 to 0.645 mm]; p = 0.837), or in-segment late lumen loss (0.030 mm [IQR: −0.278 to 0.510 mm] vs. 0.130 mm [IQR: −0.120 to 0.500 mm]; p = 0.395) at follow-up between the 2 techniques. Optical coherence tomography analysis showed comparable strut coverage (79.9% vs. 71.3%; p = 0.255) but significantly higher strut malapposition (6.6% vs. 13.6%; p Conclusions Intraplaque and subintimal recanalization techniques are associated with comparable mid-term angiographic results. Although the rate of uncovered struts is high following CTO recanalization, the recanalization technique does not independently correlate with presence of uncovered struts. There is a high rate of strut malapposition following CTO recanalization, particularly if achieved by means of DART.

BACKGROUND: Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) as a guiding tool for edge-to-edge transcatheter tricuspid valve repair (EETVr) using MitraClip (Abbott Vascular, Santa Clara, USA) may not offer sufficient image quality in a significant proportion of patients. OBJECTIVES: Intracardiac echocardiography (ICE) as additional guiding tool in EETVr with the MitraClip device. METHODS: Appropriate angulations of the ICE catheter to visualize each commissure of the tricuspid valve were established in 3D printed heart models. In a single tertiary-care center ICE was used to support EETVr as additional guidance when TEE image quality was insufficient. Procedural safety and outcomes up to 30-days were compared between ICE/TEE and TEE only guided patients. RESULTS: In 6 of 11 patients (54.5%) undergoing EETVr with MitraClip TEE alone was unsatisfactory, necessitating additional ICE guidance. In 4 of these 6 patients ICE enabled a successful completion of the procedure. The steering maneuvers identified in the 3D models were well applicable in all patients, providing examples for potential future ICE implementation in EETVr. Under both TEE alone (n = 5) and ICE (n = 6) guidance the rate of procedural complications was 0%. According to vena contracta values at discharge significant TR reduction was achievable in the treated cohort (p = 0.011). At 30-days follow-up one patient (ICE guided) died following global heart failure, not associated with the procedure itself. CONCLUSIONS: ICE guidance may offer an additional tool to guide EETVr with the MitraClip device in patients with poor TEE quality, as it enables successful results without impairing procedural safety.

There is ongoing controversy regarding outcomes of intraplaque versus subintimal recanalization of coronary chronic total occlusions (CTOs). No optical coherence tomography (OCT) studies have been conducted to specifically compare vessel healing following these recanalization techniques.