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Background As intravitreal anti-VEGF injections became the mainstay of treatment for many retinal diseases, the cause of a secondary sustained elevated intraocular pressure is still unclear. The aim of our study was to study the clearance of Aflibercept from the anterior chamber angle, in a rat model, to test if an aggregation exists. Methods Choroidal neovascular lesions (CNV) were induced in the right eye of 12 brown Norway rats, using indirect laser ophthalmoscope. Intravitreal Aflibercept injection (0.12 mg/3 µl) was performed 3 days after CNV induction. Rats were euthanized at predetermine time intervals of 3, 6, 24 and 48 h post injection, with immediate enucleation for histological analysis with H&E and immunofluorescence staining. Aflibercept molecules were stained with red fluorescence thanks to the formation of the immune complex Aflibercept-Rabbit anti human IgG-Anti rabbit antibodies-Cy3. Results Immediately after the injection, a strong fluorescence signal was detected, indicating the presence of Aflibercept in the iridocorneal angle. At 3- and 6-h interval a strong signal of Aflibercept was still seen. Six hours post injection, the signal was highly concentrated in Schlemm’s canal. In the 2 eyes harvested 24 h post Aflibercept injection, red fluorescence signal intensity was decreased in one eye, occupying mainly intra scleral venous plexuses, and absent in the other eye. At 48 h there was no fluorescence signal, confirming complete clearance of Aflibercept. Conclusions In our rat model, a complete clearance of Aflibercept from the anterior chamber angle, was seen 48 h after the injection. This finding refutes the theory of possible connection between IOP elevation and mechanical obstruction. Evacuation time of Aflibercept through the angle is of the same magnitude as that of Bevacizumab in the same rat model.

Highlights • While optic nerves are part of the CSI target volume, lenses need to be spared. • Lens and optic disc movement for different gaze directions was evaluated in MRI scans. • Eye movement influence on lens and optic nerve CSI dose distribution was analyzed. • With modern radiotherapy techniques, any eye movement increases the mean lens dose. • Maximum eye movements decrease mean orbital optic nerve D98, Purpose Optic nerves are part of the craniospinal irradiation (CSI) target volume. Modern radiotherapy techniques achieve highly conformal target doses while avoiding organs-at-risk such as the lens. The magnitude of eye movement and its influence on CSI target- and avoidance volumes are unclear. We aimed to evaluate the movement-range of lenses and optic nerves and its influence on dose distribution of several planning techniques. Methods Ten volunteers underwent MRI scans in various gaze directions (neutral, left, right, cranial, caudal). Lenses, orbital optic nerves, optic discs and CSI target volumes were delineated. 36-Gy cranial irradiation plans were constructed on synthetic CT images in neutral gaze, with Volumetric Modulated Arc Therapy, pencil-beam scanning proton therapy, and 3D-conventional photons. Movement-amplitudes of lenses and optic discs were analyzed, and influence of gaze direction on lens and orbital optic nerve dose distribution. Results Mean eye structures’ shift from neutral position was greatest in caudal gaze; −5.8±1.2 mm (±SD) for lenses and 7.0±2.0 mm for optic discs. In 3D-conventional plans, caudal gaze decreased Mean Lens Dose (MLD). In VMAT and proton plans, eye movements mainly increased MLD and diminished D98 orbital optic nerve (D98OON) coverage; mean MLD increased up to 5.5 Gy [total ΔMLD range −8.1 to 10.0 Gy], and mean D98OON decreased up to 3.3 Gy [total ΔD98OON range −13.6 to 1.2 Gy]. VMAT plans optimized for optic disc Internal Target Volume and lens Planning organ-at-Risk Volume resulted in higher MLD over gaze directions. D98OON became ≥95% of prescribed dose over 95/100 evaluated gaze directions, while all-gaze bilateral D98OON significantly changed in 1 of 10 volunteers. Conclusion With modern CSI techniques, eye movements result in higher lens doses and a mean detriment for orbital optic nerve dose coverage of

Introduction: Gonial angle measurements serve as an important parameter of the craniofacial complex and are usually studied on lateral cephalograms, but recently panoramic radiographs have also been used. The aim of this study is to measure the gonial angle using orthopantomogram and lateral cephalogram based on age, gender, ethnicity, and skeletal malocclusion in a tertiary care hospital. Methods: This is a descriptive cross-sectional study comprising 350 selected radiographs of apparently healthy individuals collected for a period of one year, from the Department of Oral Radiology of a tertiary care centre of Nepal. Gonial angle measurements were recorded from digital panoramic radiograph (both right and left side) and lateral cephalogram. Data was collected in terms of age, gender, ethnicity, and skeletal malocclusion and then statistically analysed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 20. Results: The mean gonial angle for panoramic right, left and lateral cephalogram was 122.490±7.570, 123.620±7.060, and 124.150±6.910, respectively. There was a decrease in the mean values of the gonial angle observed as age advances seen in all the radiographs. The gonial angle measured in Class III malocclusion was higher in all the radiographs, followed by Class II and Class I. Gonial angles obtained in females were higher than the males in all the radiographs. Finally, the Aryan population showed a higher gonial angle compared to the Mongolian population in all the radiographs. Conclusions: Panoramic radiograph (left side), could be considered as a reliable tool to measure the gonial angle.

Background In Asian women who undergo facelift procedures, satisfying results are achieved for facial rhytides, but sometimes there are postoperative complaints concerning the mandibular angle. Unlike Caucasians, Asians generally have a prominent mandibular angle. Accordingly, bone contouring surgery must be considered, since the bones of the face serve as the frame for facelift surgery. We investigated the effects of simultaneously performing mandibular angle reduction and facelift to achieve an oval facial contour and a youthful face. Methods We evaluated 17 Asian women who simultaneously underwent mandibular angle reduction and facelift between April 2016 and May 2018. The clinical results were assessed based on preoperative and postoperative photographs and the Global Aesthetic Improvement Scale. Results Surgery was successful in all cases. Postoperatively, improvements in facial rhytides and appropriate mandibular contours were achieved. All patients were satisfied with the outcomes. Some patients experienced short-term complications, such as hematoma and numbness of the skin above the incision line; however, these complications improved. Serious long-term complications were not noted. Conclusions Highly satisfying outcomes can be achieved with combined mandibular angle reduction and facelift for Asian women with a wide and rectangular face.

Introduction: Nasal obstruction is one of the most frequent otolaryngologic complaints; and the collapse of the internal nasal valve is one the main causes of the nasal air flow obstruction. Objective: We aimed to evaluate internal nasal valve by using reformatted CT-scans pre- and post- rhinoplasty at 3 months and to assess its correlation to symptomatic improvement of nasal obstruction using the NOSE scale. Methods: A prospective observational study was conducted between March 2017–May 2018 in a tertiary care otorhinolaryngology center. We included patients suffering from nasal obstruction secondary to internal nasal angle collapse and nasal deformity. Patients with sinusitis, nasal polyposis, and nasal masses were excluded. Results: Twenty consecutive patients underwent rhinoplasty, with a mean age (22.2 ± 2.8), with majority of males (n = 14; 70%). There was no significant correlation between pre- and post- CT-scans of the internal nasal valve angle/area and NOSE scores. A high significant difference was detected between mean pre- and post- NOSE scores (p

Purpose: To quantitatively assess anterior chamber and angle parameters by anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT) in myopic eyes undergoing Implantable Collamer Lens (ICL V4c) implantation. Methods: Prospective noncomparative observational case series. Pre and postoperative (1st and 3rd month) AS-OCT angle parameters (anterior chamber depth [ACD], anterior chamber angle [ACA], Angle opening distance [AOD], trabecular iris space area [TISA], scleral spur angle [SSA]) were evaluated in 32 eyes (16 patients). SPSS version 20 with paired t-test for intragroup and Mann-Whitney U value test for intergroup comparisons. Results: It included 6 (37.5%) males and 10 (62.5%) females. Preoperative ACA of 34.6 ± 2.3° reduced to 32.2 ± 2.4°, 31.9 ± 2.5° at 1 and 3 months postoperatively (P = 0.001). Preoperative mean AOD500, AOD750, TISA500, TISA750, SSA of 0.34 ± 0.06 mm, 0.52 ± 0.15 mm, 0.09 ± 0.02 mm2, 0.20 ± 0.04 mm2, 34.27 ± 4.6° decreased to 0.32 ± 0.06 mm, 0.48 ± 0.15 mm, 0.08 ± 0.02 mm2, 0.17 ± 0.05 mm2, 32.5 ± 4.3° at 1-month (P = 0.001); 0.32 ± 0.06 mm, 0.47 ± 0.13 mm, 0.08 ± 0.02 mm2, 0.17 ± 0.05 mm2 and 32.4 ± 4.6° (P = 0.001) at 3-months, respectively. Correlation analysis between preoperative ACD/intraocular pressure (IOP) was − 0.62 (P = 0.0002) [1st month], −0.40 (0.024) [third month]; between IOP/postoperative ACA, AOD500, AOD750, TISA500, TISA750, SSA was − 0.04 (0.81), −0.03 (0.85), −0.08 (0.64), −0.12 (0.48), −0.10 (0.57), −0.06 (0.73) at 1 month; −0.09 (0.58), 0.04 (0.78), 0.12 (0.48), −0.02 (0.9), −0.04 (0.79), 0.02 (0.88) at 3 months; between ICL vault/ACA, AOD500, AOD750, TISA500, TISA750, SSA was 0.38 (0.02), 0.24 (0.17), 0.21 (0.25), 0.05 (0.75), 0.15 (0.41), 0.27 (0.13) at 1st month; 0.19 (0.28), 0.06 (0.71), −0.03 (0.85), 0.005 (0.97), 0.05 (0.78), 0.07 (0.68) at 3rd month. Conclusion: Postoperatively significant angle narrowing was noted. There was a negative correlation between IOP and preoperative ACD. There was no significant correlation between IOP and ICL vault with postoperative AS-OCT angle parameters.

Background Suture anchor placement for subscapularis repair is challenging. Determining the exact location and optimum angle relative to the subscapularis tendon direction is difficult because of the mismatch between a distorted arthroscopic view and the actual anatomy of the footprint. This study aimed to compare the reliability and reproducibility of the navigation-assisted anchoring technique with conventional arthroscopic anchor fixation. Methods Arthroscopic shoulder models were tested by five surgeons. The conventional and navigation-assisted methods of suture anchoring in the subscapularis footprint on the humeral head were tested by each surgeon seven times. Angular results and anchor locations were measured and compared using the Wilcoxon signed rank test. Interobserver intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) were analyzed among the surgeons. Results The mean angular errors of the targeted anchor fixation guide without and with navigation were 17° and 2° (p Conclusions The navigation system may help surgeons be more aware of the surrounding anatomy and location, providing better guidance for anchor orientation, including footprint location and anchor angle.

Automatic facial action detection is important, but no previous studies have evaluated pre-trained models on the accuracy of facial action detection as the angle of the face changes from frontal to profile. Using static facial images obtained at various angles (0°, 15°, 30°, and 45°), we investigated the performance of three automated facial action detection systems (FaceReader, OpenFace, and Py-feat). The overall performance was best for OpenFace, followed by FaceReader and Py-Feat. The performance of FaceReader significantly decreased at 45° compared to that at other angles, while the performance of Py-Feat did not differ among the four angles. The performance of OpenFace decreased as the target face turned sideways. Prediction accuracy and robustness to angle changes varied with the target facial components and action detection system.

Despite a large body of evidence demonstrating spinal movement alterations in individuals with chronic low back pain (CLBP), there is still a lack of understanding of the role of spinal movement behavior on LBP symptoms development or recovery. One reason for this may be that spinal movement has been studied during various functional tasks without knowing if the tasks are interchangeable, limiting data consolidation steps. The first objective of this cross-sectional study was to analyze the influence of the functional tasks on the information carried by spinal movement measures. To this end, we first analyzed the relationships in spinal movement between various functional tasks in patients with CLBP using Pearson correlations. Second, we compared the performance of spinal movement measures to differentiate patients with CLBP from asymptomatic controls among tasks. The second objective of the study was to develop task-independent measures of spinal movement and determine the construct validity of the approach. Five functional tasks primarily involving sagittal-plane movement were recorded for 52 patients with CLBP and 20 asymptomatic controls. Twelve measures were used to describe the sagittal-plane angular amplitude and velocity at the lower and upper lumbar spine as well as the activity of the erector spinae. Correlations between tasks were statistically significant in 91 out of 99 cases (0.31 ≤ r ≤ 0.96, all p < 0.05). The area under the curve (AUC) to differentiate groups did not differ substantially between tasks in most of the comparisons (82% had a difference in AUC of ≤0.1). The task-independent measures of spinal movement demonstrated equivalent or higher performance to differentiate groups than functional tasks alone. In conclusion, these findings support the existence of an individual spinal movement signature in patients with CLBP, and a limited influence of the tasks on the information carried by the movement measures, at least for the twelve common sagittal-plane measures analysed in this study. Therefore, this work brought critical insight for the interpretation of data in literature reporting differing tasks and for the design of future studies. The results also supported the construct validity of task-independent measures of spinal movement and encouraged its consideration in the future.

PURPOSE: Measure the reduction quality of calcaneal fractures on 3 D segmented images. METHODS: The Ethics Review Board approved this study and written informed consent was collected from all patients. Bilateral CT scans of fifty-four patients with unilateral displaced calcaneal fracture were obtained before and after osteosynthesis. Orientation angle of the posterior subtalar joint facet (PTC) of displaced intra-articular calcaneal fractures of 54 patients was measured on segmented 3 D images before and after surgery and compared to the uninjured side. This orientation angle (OAC) is the average of every normal vector of each point of the PTC, as compared to the main calcaneal axis (calculated by first principal component analysis). The PTC is a well-known anatomical structure, relatively easy to identify on 3 D imaging. RESULTS: This OAC angle was low before surgery (mean= 95°, std dev= 6°), statistically significantly different from the uninjured side value, p

3-D blood vector flow imaging is of great value in understanding and detecting cardiovascular diseases. Currently, 3-D ultrasound vector flow imaging requires 2-D matrix probes, which are expensive and suffer from suboptimal image quality. Our recent study proposed an interpolation algorithm to obtain a divergence-free reconstruction of the 3-D flow field from 2-D velocities obtained by high-frame-rate ultrasound particle imaging velocimetry (High Frame Rate echo-Particle Imaging Velocimetry, also known as HFR Ultrasound Imaging Velocimetry (UIV)), using a 1-D array transducer. The aim of this work was to significantly improve the accuracy and reduce the time-to-solution of our previous approach, thereby paving the way for clinical translation. More specifically, accuracy was improved by optimising the divergence-free basis to reduce Runge phenomena near domain boundaries, and time-to-solution was reduced by demonstrating that under certain conditions, the resulting system could be solved using widely available and highly optimised generalised minimum residual algorithms. To initially illustrate the utility of the approach, coarse 2-D subsamplings of an analytical unsteady Womersely flow solution and a steady helical flow solution obtained using computational fluid dynamics were used successfully to reconstruct full flow solutions, with 0.82% and 4.8% average relative errors in the velocity field, respectively. Subsequently, multiplane 2-D velocity fields were obtained through HFR UIV for a straight-tube phantom and a carotid bifurcation phantom, from which full 3-D flow fields were reconstructed. These were then compared with flow fields obtained via computational fluid dynamics in each of the two configurations, and average relative errors of 6.01% and 12.8% in the velocity field were obtained. These results reflect 15%-75% improvements in accuracy and 53- to 874-fold acceleration of reconstruction speeds for the four cases, compared with the previous divergence-free flow reconstruction method. In conclusion, the proposed method provides an effective and fast method to reconstruct 3-D flow in arteries using a 1-D array transducer.

In some cases, the material provided for a forensic vehicle examination may be insufficient to answer the questions placed before the experts. However, sometimes there are some multimedia files presented which by means of forensic video examination can help to discover the information missing for implementation of the vehicle expertise. This article reviews the potential of forensic video and vehicle investigations when conducting an integrated research including the investigation of circumstances of a road traffic accident. The examples from the state experts’ practice of the forensic institutions of the Russian Ministry of Justice are provided. This review is intended to introduce the video experts and the vehicle experts to the opportunities there are in the integrated research of the mechanism of road accidents.

Background To compare the quality of the ultra-widefield images acquired by Optos® 200Tx to those acquired by Optos® California. Methods Images of the posterior surface of a Gullstrand’s model eye obtained by Optos® 200Tx were compared to those obtained by Optos® California in terms of the angular field of view and the symmetry of the image, i.e., vertical and horizontal aspect ratios at the center (0°) and at the periphery (40° and 80°) in each direction. In addition, we compared the enlargement of the image on the posterior surface as the square ratio, and the differences in the contrasts. Results No significant differences were detected in the angular field of view between the two instruments. The aspect ratios showed that the Optos® California had more symmetrical images than the Optos® 200Tx at the center (0.98 vs 0.89, P

© 2018 Elsevier B.V. The quantitative determination of radionuclides by gamma ray spectrometry requires a high accuracy of detection efficiency determination. Different software codes for efficiency determination are available. The aim of this work was to compare different methods and software used for efficiency calibration modeling and analyses. For that purpose, same samples of vegetation and soil of known activities were measured using HPGe detectors in two laboratories which are employing different software for mathematical efficiency calibrations and analyses, LabSOCS which is based on purely mathematical calculations and Angle which uses a semi-empirical approach. The codes were also tested on samples with unknown reference values (different geometries and matrices). The main advantages and disadvantages of both software were compared. Both Angle and LabSOCS gave comparable and consistent results for different detectors, matrices and geometries used. Deviations of the order of 10% or less obtained from the comparison of different sets of parameters are acceptable and imply that Angle and LabSOCS can be considered reliable for gamma ray detector efficiency calibrations. The main limitation of LabSOCS is in its inability to be used on newly installed detectors (factory characterization needed first), as for Angle the main drawback is in its demand for reference materials which can be costly as well as the need for plenty detector characteristics which are not always provided by the manufacturer.

BackgroundSitting involves many activities of daily life and requires most motion in the hip joint. Asians have more hip flexion and external rotation motions than Westerners owing to cultural and lifestyle differences. Being aware of the normal range of hip motion is essential in clinical practice. Limited research has focused on the hip motions of common sitting positions. The objective was to determine the hip motions of 10 common sitting positions, and to determine whether gender or being overweight affects the range of hip motions.MethodsAn experimental cross-sectional study was conducted to determine hip motions by using a standard, three-dimensional, motion-analysis system. Healthy subjects performed 10 sitting positions during 3 trials. All hip-kinematic data were measured on the dominant leg of each participant, except for the right- and left-monk positions (both hips were analyzed). Density plots were constructed and statistical analyses were performed to detect the differences between groups (male and female; non-overweight and overweight).ResultsThe 48 participants comprised 24 males and 24 females. Most were right-leg dominant (45 participants, 93.8%). Of the 22 participants in the overweight group (body mass index ≥23 kg/m2), 18 (75%) were male. Squatting showed the highest flexion angle (99.7°, 47.3°–122°). Cross-legged sitting had the highest abduction angle (28.9°, 9.9°–45.7°) and the largest external rotation angle (62°, 37.6°–81.7°). In the female group, there were trends toward a greater flexion angle (4 out of 10 sitting positions) and a smaller abduction angle (6 out of 9 positions), withPvalues Pvalue ConclusionsThis study provided the functional hip motions of common Asian sitting positions. The kinematic data can be utilized in clinical practice as reference values to determine safe positions. Gender and being overweight affected the hip angles in the sagittal and frontal planes.Trial registrationNumberTCTR20181021004, retrospectively registered at the Thai Clinical Trials Registry (http//:www.clinicaltrials.in.th).

Lateral wall paraclinoid aneurysms (LPA) are a rare type of aneurysm located on the lesser curve side of the internal carotid artery (ICA) bend, at the level of the anterior clinoid process. The objective of this study was to assess the influence of flexion of the ICA on the morphology of aneurysms and outcome of endovascular treatment. Between 2003 and 2018, we treated 643 cases of unruptured paraclinoid aneurysms with endovascular therapy in our institution. Of those cases, aneurysms projecting laterally on preoperative angiography were defined as LPA. The degree of bending of the ICA (ICA angle) was measured and statistically analyzed in relation to the aneurysm characteristics and the occlusion status after treatment. In all, 43 aneurysms were identified. ICA angle was positively correlated with the maximum dome size of the aneurysm (P

Visual comfort and energy consumption for lighting in large office buildings is an area of ongoing research, specifically focusing on the development of a daylight control technique (light shelf) combined with solar energy. This study aims to investigate the optimum performance of light shelf photovoltaics (LSPV) to improve daylight distribution and maximize energy savings for the hot desert-like climate of Saudi Arabia. A radiance simulation analysis was conducted in four phases to evaluate: appropriate height, reflector, internal curved light shelf (LS) angle, and the integrated photovoltaic (PV) with various coverages (25%, 50%, 75%, and entirely external LS). The results revealed that the optimum is achieved at a height of 1.3 m, the addition of a 30 cm reflector on the top of a window with an internal LS curved angle of 10&deg, with 100% coverage (LSPV1, LSPV2). Such an arrangement reduces the energy consumption by more than 85%, eliminates uncomfortable glare, and provides uniform daylight except for during the winter season. Hence, the optimization of the LSPV system is considered to be an effective solution for sustainable buildings.

Background To evaluate changes in anterior segment morphology on anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT) following pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) without tamponade. Methods Patients who underwent PPV without tamponade for epiretinal membrane were evaluated. Eligible patients underwent intraocular pressure (IOP) measurement and AS-OCT preoperatively as well as 1 month and 6 months post-operatively. Anterior chamber width (ACW), anterior chamber depth (ACD), trabecular iris angle (TIA), angle opening distance at 500 and 750 µm (AOD), and trabecular iris space area at 500 and 750 µm (TISA) at four quadrants were recorded and analyzed. Additionally, the mean values of TIA (MTIA), AOD (MAOD), and TISA (MTISA) for each eye (mean of four quadrants) were analyzed. Results 23 patients completed the study. The mean age of participants was 56.4 ± 3.6 years of age and 13/23 (56%) were female. Mean IOP of patients was 18.1 ± 1.1, 18.3 ± 1.1, and 18.1 ± 1.2 preoperatively,1 month post-operatively, and 6 months post-operatively, respectively. (p = 0.83). No difference was detected post-operatively in measurements of ACW, ACD, MTIA, MAOD500, MAOD750, MTISA500, and MTISA750. Conclusion Pars plana vitrectomy without tamponade was not associated with changes in anterior chamber morphology.

Rate of force/torque development scaling factor (RFD-SF/RTD-SF) was recently introduced as a tool to quantify the neuromuscular quickness, and it could have potential for interlimb asymmetry identification. Moreover, positive relationships in RFD-SF ability among different muscle groups were shown, but not in the lower extremity. The first aim of our study was to use RTD-SF for interlimb asymmetry identification. The second aim was to determine associations between plantar flexors (PF) and knee extensors (KE). Forty young healthy athletes (14.8 ± 1.2 years) performed explosive isometric contractions to a span of torque levels for PF and KE. From rapid isometric contractions, the RTD-SF and linearity (r2) of the regression line were calculated. Using RTD-SF we identified 10% (PF) and 15% (KE) of subjects with contralateral asymmetries (>15% criterion). The results revealed significant positive moderate correlation in RTD-SF between PF and KE (r = 0.401,p< 0.05). We supported that RTD-SF can be a useful tool for interlimb asymmetry identification. Future research about observed asymmetry in rapid submaximal contractions deserves more attention, as most of the functional sport specific activities put high demands on rapid force production. Our study as first confirmed positive associations in RTD-SF ability between muscle groups in lower limbs.

Objectives: Reconstruction plates, used to bridge segmental defects of the mandible after tumor resection or traumatic bone tissue loss, are subjected to repeated stresses of mastication. High stress concentrations in these plates can result in hardware failure. Topology optimization (TO) could reduce the peak stress by computing the most optimal material distribution in a patient-specific implant (PSI) used for mandibular reconstruction. The objective of this study was biomechanical validation of a TO-PSI.Methods: A computer-aided design (CAD) model with a segmental defect was created based on the geometry of a polyurethane mandible model. A standard-PSI was designed to bridge the defect. A TO-PSI was then designed with a maximum stress equal to the ultimate tensile stress of Ti6Al4V (930 MPa) during a loading condition of 378 N. Finite element analysis (FEA) was used to analyze stresses in both PSI designs during loading. The standard-PSI and TO-PSI designs were produced in triplicate by selective laser melting of Ti6Al4V, fixated to polyurethane mandible models with segmental defects identical to the CAD model, and subsequently subjected to continuous compression with a speed of 1 mm/min on a universal testing machine, while recording the load. Peak loads before failure in the TO-PSI group within a 30% range of the predicted peak load (378 N) were considered a successful biomechanical validation.Results: Fracture of the TO-PSI occurred at a median peak load of 334 N (range 304-336 N). These values are within the 30% range of the predicted peak load. Fracture of the mandible model in the standard-PSI group occurred at a median peak load of 1100 N (range 1010-1460 N). Failure locations during biomechanical testing of TO-PSI and standard-PSI samples corresponded to regions in the FEA where stresses exceeded the ultimate tensile strength of titanium and polyurethane, respectively.Conclusion: This study demonstrates a successful preliminary biomechanical validation of TO in the design process for mandibular reconstruction plates. Further work is needed to refine the finite element model, which is necessary to ultimately design TO-PSIs for clinical use.

Objectives: To quantify mediastinal shift in isolated congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH), by the introduction of a new ultrasonographic (US) marker, defined as mediastinal shift angle (M...

International audience; INTRODUCTION:The aim of this study was to evaluate episiotomy technique, in particular suture angles, and any correlation between suture angle and severe perineal tears.MATERIAL AND METHODS:An observational questionnaire-based study was conducted between 01 August 2015 and 30 April 2016 among accoucheurs performing episiotomies in a French maternity unit with facilities for high-risk pregnancies. For each patient included, accoucheurs were asked to measure the episiotomy suture angle, and to record the angle at which they thought they had cut, the length of the episiotomy, its distance from the anus, and whether the woman sustained a sphincter injury.RESULTS:The centre's episiotomy rate during the study period was 15%. We analyzed the characteristics of episiotomies performed on 89 women (68 by doctors and 21 by midwives). Only 43% of suture angles were between 45° and 60° (45.6% of those performed by doctors vs 38.1% by midwives, p=0.8623), whereas 91% of accoucheurs thought they had cut within the correct range. Doctors made longer incisions than midwives (4 [4.2-5.0] vs 3 [2.5-3.5] cm, p=0.0006). Only 40.5% of accoucheurs correctly estimated the incision angle. Twelve (13.64%) of the 88 women sustained a third-degree perineal tear. The risk of sphincter injury was higher with suture angles

Purpose To assess if postponing surgery of paediatric supracondylar humerus fractures (SCHF) without compromised blood circulation to office hours can improve the quality of reduction and pin fixation and decrease complications. Methods In 2004, night-time (0am to 7am) surgery was allowed only for children with compromised blood circulation. Number of open reductions, surgeons experience, operation time, quality of reduction (Baumann angle, anterior humeral line crossing point with capitellum) and pin fixation as well as the number of complications were compared in 100 children before (A) and 100 after (B) the new protocol. Surgery was commenced during office hours (8am to 3pm) in 27% (A) versus 55% (B) and delay to surgery from admission exceeded six hours in 25% (A) versus 52% (B) of the children. Results Open reduction was performed in eight (A) versus 11 (B) children. In group A, 40% were operated on by a registrar alone compared with 14% in group B. Mean operation room time decreased by 11 minutes in group B. Radiographic alignment was satisfactory at fracture union in 68% (A) versus 68% (B) and radiologically stable pin fixation in 42% (A) versus 55% (B) of children (p = 0.08). The was no statistical difference in admission time, re-reductions, infections, permanent iatrogenic nerve injuries or corrective osteotomies between the patient groups. Conclusions No statistical difference in quality of reduction or pin fixation or in number of complications was observed. Postponing operative treatment of SCHF without vascular compromise increased consultant attendance in operations and decreased operative room time. Level of Evidence III - retrospective comparative study

Background Total hip arthroplasty (THA) is considered a successful surgical procedure. It can be performed by several surgical approaches. Although the posterior and anterolateral approaches are the most common, there has been increased interest in the direct anterior approach. The goal of the present study is to compare postoperative leg length discrepancy and acetabular cup orientation among patients who underwent total hip arthroplasty through a direct anterior (DAA) and anterolateral (ALA) approaches. Methods The study included 172 patients undergoing an elective THA by a single surgeon at our institution within the study period. Ninety-eight arthroplasties were performed through the ALA and 74 arthroplasties through the DAA. Preoperative planning was performed for all patients. Assessment of the two groups included the following postoperative parameters: abduction angle, cup anteversion angle and leg length discrepancy (LLD). Additional analysis was done to evaluate component positioning by comparing deviation from the Lewinnek zone of safety in both approaches. Results For the DAA the absolute LLD was 11 mm, ranging from -6 mm to 5 mm. For the ALA, the absolute LLD was 36 mm, ranging from -22 mm to 14 mm. None of the DAA patients had an absolute LLD greater than 6 mm. Comparatively, 7.4% of the ALA group exceeded 6 mm of LLD in addition to 2.1% with LLD greater than 10 mm. 15% of the ALA group resided out of the Lewinnek abduction zone compared to 3% of the DAA group (P = 0.016). 17% of the ALA group were out of the Lewinnek anteversion zone as opposed to 8% of the DAA group (P = 0.094). Conclusion Our study demonstrates good component positioning outcomes and LLD values in patients following THA through the DAA compared to the ALA.

Drones are being increasingly used in conservation to tackle the illegal poaching of animals. An important aspect of using drones for this purpose is establishing the technological and the environmental factors that increase the chances of success when detecting poachers. Recent studies focused on investigating these factors, and this research builds upon this as well as exploring the efficacy of machine-learning for automated detection. In an experimental setting with voluntary test subjects, various factors were tested for their effect on detection probability: camera type (visible spectrum, RGB, and thermal infrared, TIR), time of day, camera angle, canopy density, and walking/stationary test subjects. The drone footage was analysed both manually by volunteers and through automated detection software. A generalised linear model with a logit link function was used to statistically analyse the data for both types of analysis. The findings concluded that using a TIR camera improved detection probability, particularly at dawn and with a 90° camera angle. An oblique angle was more effective during RGB flights, and walking/stationary test subjects did not influence detection with both cameras. Probability of detection decreased with increasing vegetation cover. Machine-learning software had a successful detection probability of 0.558, however, it produced nearly five times more false positives than manual analysis. Manual analysis, however, produced 2.5 times more false negatives than automated detection. Despite manual analysis producing more true positive detections than automated detection in this study, the automated software gives promising, successful results, and the advantages of automated methods over manual analysis make it a promising tool with the potential to be successfully incorporated into anti-poaching strategies.

Study DesignA retrospective, cross-sectional study of 213 patients who presented for abdominal computed tomography (CT) scans to assess coccygeal morphology in the Indian population.PurposeThere have been relatively few studies of coccygeal morphology in the normal population and none in the Indian population. We aimed to estimate coccygeal morphometric parameters in the Indian population.Overview of LiteratureCoccygeal morphology has been studied in European, American, Korean, and Egyptian populations, with few differences in morphology among populations.MethodsA retrospective analysis of 213 abdominal CT scans (114 males and 99 females; age, 7–88 years; mean age, 47.3 years) was performed to evaluate the number of coccygeal segments, coccyx type, sacrococcygeal and intercoccygeal fusion and subluxation, coccygeal spicules, sacrococcygeal straight length, and sacrococcygeal and intercoccygeal curvature angles. Results were analyzed for differences in morphology with respect to sex and coccyx type.ResultsTypes I and II coccyx were the most common. Most subjects had four coccygeal vertebrae; 93 subjects (43.66%) had partial or complete sacrococcygeal fusion. Intercoccygeal fusion was common, occurring in 193 subjects. Eighteen subjects had coccygeal spicules. The mean coccygeal straight length was 33.8 mm in males and 31.5 mm in females; the mean sacrococcygeal curvature angle was 116.6° in males and 111.6° in females; the mean intercoccygeal curvature angle was 140.94° in males and 145.10° in females.ConclusionsType I was the most common coccyx type in our study, as in Egyptian and Western populations. The number of coccygeal vertebrae and prevalence of sacrococcygeal and intercoccygeal fusion in the Indian population were similar to those in the Western population. The mean coccygeal straight length and mean sacrococcygeal curvature angle were higher in males, whereas the intercoccygeal curvature angle was higher in females. Information on similarities and differences in coccygeal morphology between different ethnic populations could be useful in imaging and treating patients presenting with coccydynia.

[EN] Different air management strategies, Miller timing and internal EGR (iEGR), have been studied on internal combustion engines with the objective of decreasing NOx emissions. This paper explores heavy duty diesel engine performance by the application of both strategies separately through two different camshaft configurations, mounted and tested in the same engine. On one side, in the case of Miller timing, the early intake valve closing is explored, and on other side, for iEGR, the study is carried out opening the exhaust valve during the intake process. The engine emission and performance study is achieved through the application of a methodology which begins with the selection of the operating points focusing on medium to high loads. It continues with the exploration of different camshaft profiles by mean of a 1D model. Through the 1D model, two camshaft profiles are selected and tested in the test cell, determining the intake valve closing conditions followed by the identification of the thermodynamic behavior during the compression stroke before the injection. Later on, the combustion and emissions formation analysis is performed to conclude with the fuel consumption study for each implemented strategy taking into consideration the important influence of each camshaft profile in the pumping loop. A short discussion on the transient performance effect of each air management strategy completes the scope of the study., Daniel Estepa is partially supported through contract FPI-S2-2015-1091 of Programa de Apoyo para la Investigacion y Desarrollo (PAID) of Universitat Politecnica de Valencia.

BACKGROUND Rotational deformities of the lower limbs are very common. There is increasing evidence that abnormal torsion in the tibia is associated with severe knee and ankle arthritis. Primary knee osteoarthritis is a leading cause of disability in older persons. Varus or valgus alignment increases the risk of osteoarthritis. Coexistence of tibial torsional deformity may increase the risk further. Variability in the tibial torsion has been reported and is due to the torsional forces applied on tibia during development. The aim of the study is to estimate the angle of tibial torsion on both sides and both sexes. The present study was an attempt to provide baseline data of tibial torsion in the East and South Indian population. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study was conducted mechanically on 100 dry adult unpaired human tibia, i.e. 50 male and 50 female bones. The measurements were recorded and statistically analysed using Student’s unpaired t-test using GraphPad Prism 5.0 (free trial version). RESULTS Out of the 100 tibia undertaken, mean value of tibial torsion angle obtained is 25.8°. In males, it is 23.68° and in females it is about 27.86°. Statistical analysis revealed significant greater average angle of tibial torsion in female bones. The angle of the right-sided bones was more and this was statistically significant. CONCLUSION The gender variation for the angle could be the result of the difference in lifestyle in day-to-day activities. The knowledge of the angle in a population could be helpful in understanding the incidence of pathogenesis related to gait and knee osteoarthritis and in view of reconstructive surgeries in orthopaedic practice.

Background Trabeculotomy with the Trabectome® is an effective surgical procedure to lower intraocular pressure (IOP). However, in some patients it does not lead to a significant IOP reduction despite a gonioscopically well visible opening of Schlemm’s canal. This study investigated whether the size of the trabeculotomy opening and other parameters, including anterior chamber depth (ACD) are related to IOP reduction. Methods Retrospective observational case series with 93 eyes of 93 patients who underwent Trabectome surgery. Trabeculotomy opening and ACD were measured with an anterior segment swept source OCT. IOP was taken pre-operatively and at a single follow-up visit [follow-up time 125 ± 66 days (mean ± SD)]. The relationship between IOP reduction and OCT parameters and possible confounding factors was analyzed in a multiple linear regression model. Results The trabeculotomy opening size did not correlate with IOP reduction (slope of regression line = 0.0016; 95% confidence interval of slope: −0.025 to 0.028). The same applied for all other parameters tested, including ACD, which showed a tendency towards better IOP reduction with a deeper AC (slope = −1.9; 95% confidence interval: −5.54 to 1.73). Comparison between the 1st and 4th quartile of the trabeculotomy opening showed a significantly higher ACD in the largest trabeculotomy opening quartile (3.32 ± 0.05 mm vs. 3.16 ± 0.04 mm; p = 0.031). Conclusions The fact that the trabeculotomy opening size did not correlate with IOP reduction points to the poorly understood role of the intrascleral aqueous outflow pathway in glaucomatous IOP elevation. A deeper AC might be a factor promoting a larger trabeculotomy opening. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00417-017-3683-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Nowadays, the world is more focused on hydraulic energy, which scientists have initiated thorough analyses of hydropower resources. The potential of wind power generation is immense. It is an historical source of energy but wind power is not applicable in this case. In India, water can be used for both - as a source of electricity and for irrigation and agricultural use. Impulse type water wheels were employed until flow is accessible. According to available literature, there are three types of water wheels and the application of a particular type of water wheel depends upon the stream of water. In this article, an extremely uncomplicated category impulse water wheel is fabricated. To fabricate this water wheel, little engineering is required. The experimental results obtained indicate that intensity of generated power depends upon the angle of water impact on the turbine blade, height, quantity of water flowing in pipe etc. The aim of this article is to suggest an alternative source of economical and environmentally friendly green energy for a small quantity of fluid flowing. There are various sources of small quantity water such as large society storage tank water, sewer line water, canals water and many more. The construction cost of water wheels is not as much since it does not have an intricate blade profile.

BACKGROUND Femoral Neck Anteversion (FNA) is an important parameter for diagnosis of gait abnormality in children, risk of various congenital and acquired orthopaedic disorders as well as corrective osteotomy and hip arthroplasty. Femoral anteversion is the lateral rotation of the neck of the femur to the long axis of its shaft. Variability in FNA has been reported and is due to torsional forces applied on femur during development. The aim of this study was to estimate the angle of anteversion of femur in both genders on both sides. The present study was an attempt to provide baseline data of FNA in South Indian population, in particular, Andhra Pradesh. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study was conducted mechanically on 70 dried adult unpaired human femora, i.e. 48 male and 22 female bones. The Kingsley Olmsted 1 method was used for the study and the data was analysed. Statistical analysis - Statistical analysis was done using student unpaired ‘t’ test. The data was analysed using GraphPad Prism 5.0 (Free Trial Version). RESULTS Out of the 70 femora undertaken, mean value of FNA obtained in male is 15.95, 14.1 on right and 17.8 on left sides and in female it is 19.2, 21.8 on right and 16.6 on left side. Statistical analysis revealed significant (p < 0.05) greater average anteversion in female bones and right-left variations being greater on the left side. CONCLUSION In the present study, the mean FNA was 17.8 deg. There was a gender variation for the FNA values in the population studied with females showing higher value than the male with a statistically significant difference. The reason for the difference obtained could be the small sample size of female femora due to the rarity of the donated female bodies. The value was higher on the left side than the right; 50% of the femora had the range of 16 - 25 deg of FNA. The overall mean of femoral anteversion determined is very much different from the studies in various regions in India.

Background and purpose - The quality of pin fixation of displaced supracondylar humerus fractures in children has not been assessed, and the clinical value of radiographic examinations after pin fixation is unclear. We evaluated pin configuration, quality of osteosynthesis, and outcome in 264 supracondylar fractures. The clinical significance of postoperative radiographs was analyzed. Patients and methods - 252 Gartland-III and 12 flexion-type supracondylar humerus fractures were pin-fixed in the periods 2002-2006 and 2012-2014. During 2012-2014, staff were intructed that postoperative radiographs should not be taken. Quality of reduction was assessed by measuring Baumann and lateral capitellohumeral angles (LCHA) and also by recording the crossing point of the anterior humeral line (AHL) with bony capitellum. Rotatory alignment was registered as normal or abnormal. Pin configuration and quality of osteosynthesis were evaluated. The clinical significance of postoperative radiographs was analyzed. Results - Postoperatively, Baumann angle was normal in 66% of the fractures, AHL crossed the capitellum in 84%, and no malrotation was evident in 85% of the fractures. Crossed pins were used in 89% of the cases. 2 or more pins fixed both fracture fragments in 66%. Radiographic examinations were inadequate for assessment of LCHA in 13%, of Bauman angle in 8%, of AHL in 2%, of rotation in 1%, and of pin fixation in 2% of the cases. Postoperative radiographs did not give useful information except in 1 patient who had corrective osteotomy. All 94 patients with follow-up (97%) who were treated during 2012-2014 were satisfied with the outcome. Interpretation - Despite pin fixation being deemed unsatisfactory in one-third of the cases, significant malunion was rare. Postoperative radiography did not alter management or outcome.

Based on the analysis of known methods of separation of bar mix to length determined that the most effective method of forming an annular groove therein plastic tapered section, with a gradual deformation of the metal disc blades recess which is destroyed in the mix zone. In order to reduce the depth of the groove after its shaping proposed to produce in the same local area flexural bar. Based on experimental data obtained an empirical formula relating the dependence of bending rod axis angle on the depth of the annular groove. It is found that the greatest effect on the angle of local bending rod axis in the annular groove zone occurs when changing its depth from 0.5 to 3.0 mm. And this dependence is exponential in nature. Reducing the local axis of the workpiece bending angle for the specified range of the groove depth will be between 8.83o to 2.23o. A further increase in the depth of the annular groove is not practical, because the angle of bending the rod axis with reduced insignificantly. The dependence is valid for the separation process rods tapered disc blades with a local curvature of its axis is almost independent of the original diameter shared assortment. Therefore, the process can be carried out efficiently when the groove depth is not greater than 3.0 mm.

We propose a model and then demonstrate a technique that can be used to optimize pump absorption in active multimode fibers with different cladding geometries, by varying the angle of pump light excitation. The analysis of the contribution of different ray groups at different wavelengths enables the design optimization of active and passive fiber components in fiber lasers. Refereed/Peer-reviewed

[EN] This Letter presents a simple temperature-insensitive optical tilt sensor based on a single eccentric-core fiber Bragg grating (ECFBG). By partly inserting an ECFBG into a ceramic ferrule, the reflection spectrum of the ECFBG splits into two peaks as a result of the applied tilt angle. The magnitude and direction of inclination in one dimension can be determined by monitoring the wavelength separation between both peaks, which is inherently insensitive to temperature. The proposed tilt sensor has a good linear response within a wide dynamic range of +/- 45 degrees, with a sensitivity of 0.012 nm/degrees, with a resolution of 0.83 degrees, and with an accuracy of 0.41 degrees. Being free from any inherent mechanical joint/friction, along with the advantages of a compact structure, good repeatability, and low cost, the proposed sensor is highly suitable for practical engineering applications. (C) 2019 Optical Society of America, National Natural Science Foundation of China (61405166, 61775185); Sichuan Province Science and Technology Support Program (2018HH0002); Higher Education Discipline Innovation Project (B18045); Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad (DIMENSION TEC2017 88029-R); Horizon 2020 Framework Programme (722509).

Aims: QT variability is a promising electrocardiographic marker. It has been studied as a screening tool for coronary artery disease and left ventricular hypertrophy, and increased QT variability is a known risk factor for sudden cardiac death. Considering that comprehensive normal values for QT variability were lacking, we set out to establish these in standard 10-s electrocardiograms (ECGs) covering both sexes and all ages.Methods: Ten-second, 12-lead ECGs were provided by five Dutch population studies (Pediatric Normal ECG Study, Leiden University Einthoven Science Project, Prevention of Renal and Vascular End-stage Disease Study, Utrecht Health Project, Rotterdam Study). ECGs were recorded digitally and processed by well-validated analysis software. We selected cardiologically healthy participants, 46% being women. Ages ranged from 11 days to 91 years. After quality control, 13,828 ECGs were available. We assessed three markers: standard deviation of QT intervals (SDqt), short-term QT variability (STVqt), and QT variability index (QTVI).Results: For SDqt and STVqt, the median and the lower limit of normal remained stable with age. The upper limit of normal declined until around age 45, and increased strongly in the elderly, notably so in women. This implies that a subset of the population, small enough not to have appreciable effect on the median, shows a high degree of QT variability with a possible risk of arrhythmias or worse, especially in women. Otherwise, sex differences were negligible in all three measurements. For QTVI, median, and normal limits decreased until age 20, and steadily went up afterwards except for the lower limit of normal, which flattens off after age 65.Conclusion: We report the first set of normal values for QT variability based on 10-s ECGs, for all ages and both sexes.

Abstract Background This comparative study aimed to demonstrate the differences between swept source OCT (SS-OCT) (1310nm) and spectral domain OCT (SD-OCT) (840nm) for the identification and measurement of anterior chamber angle (ACA) structures. Methods 67 eyes from 67 healthy subjects underwent ACA imaging at the nasal and temporal sides using SS-OCT and SD-OCT with different wavelength (Tomey, 1310nm and RTvue, 840nm). Images were evaluated for the ability to distinguish angle structures including the Schwalbe’s line (SL), the Schlemm’s canal (SC) and the scleral spur (SS). The length of trabecular meshwork (LTM), the angle-opening distance (AOD500 and AOD750) and the length of Schlemm’s canal (LSC) were also measured. Results The nasal/temporal identification rate for angle structures by SS-OCT and SD-OCT were 91.04%/86.57% (SL), 50.75%/68.66% (SC), 100.0%/100.0% (SS) and 89.55%/91.04% (SL), 40.30%/70.15% (SC), 74.63%/65.67% (SS), respectively. Differences between SS-OCT and SD-OCT were found in terms of the visualization of the SS. With respect to the measurements of angle, the evaluation of LTM at the nasal side, LSC at the temporal side and AOD500/750 at both sides showed significant difference between the two devices. However, there existed good correlation between the AOD500/750 measured by SS-OCT and SD-OCT (Spearman's rank correlation coefficient > 0.8, p

El presente trabajo propone una idea de emprendimiento llamada Angle, la cual se basa en una plataforma interactiva o aplicación móvil la cual busca congregar emprendedores, inversionistas y mentores en un mismo escenario. Con el fin de facilitar la interacción entre los usuarios, exponer sus ideas de negocio y fomentar la cultura del emprendimiento. Para la elaboración de este trabajo se investigaron y describieron generalidades y especificidades de la idea de negocio, las necesidades para desarrollar dicha idea, el marco jurídico correspondiente, los posibles riesgos y un plan financiero que permita llevar esta idea del papel a la realidad. Este documento se desarrolla en ocho capítulos de contenido, diferenciados por temas y alimentados por veintidós subtítulos acordes a la temática en cuestión. The present work exposes an entrepreneurship idea called Angle, which is based on an interactive platform or mobile application (APP); which seeks to congregate entrepreneurs, investors and mentors in the same scene. Hence, this APP facilitates the interaction between users to expose their business ideas and to promote the entrepreneurship culture. For the production of this research there were investigated and described generalities and specificities of the business idea, the needs to develop the mentioned idea, the corresponding legal frame, the possible risks and the financial plan. It was proposed in order to take this idea from paper to reality. This document is organized in eight chapters, differentiated by topics and fed by twenty-two subtitles according to the subject matter in question. Comunicador Social Pregrado

It is of great importance to decode motion dynamics of the human limbs such as the joint angle and torque in order to improve the functionality and provide more intuitive control in human-machine collaborative systems. In order to achieve feasible prediction, both the surface electromyography (sEMG) and A-mode ultrasound were applied to detect muscle deformation and motor intent. Six abled subjects were recruited to perform five trails elbow isokinetic flexion and extension, and each trail contained five repetitions, with muscle deformation and sEMG signals recorded simultaneously. The experimental datasets were categorized as: the ultrasound-EMG combined datasets, ultrasound-only datasets and EMG-only datasets. The support vector machine (SVM) regression model was developed for both elbow joint angle and torque prediction, based on the above three kinds of datasets. The root-mean-square error (RMSE) and the correlation coefficients (R) were applied to evaluate the prediction accuracy. The results across all the subjects for different datasets indicated that the combined datasets and the ultrasound datasets were superior to the sEMG datasets both on elbow joint angle and torque prediction, and there were no significant differences between the combined datasets and the ultrasound datasets. It turns out that elbow angle and torque can be reconstructed by A-mode ultrasound, and the significant findings pave the way towards the application of musculature-driven human-machine collaborative systems.

The aim of this systematic review was to assess the stability of rigid internal fixation (RIF) techniques in sagittal split ramus osteotomy (SSRO) based on in vitro biomechanical assessments, with particular interest in large mandibular advancements. In general, RIF methods can be divided into three groups: bicortical screws, miniplates, and a combination of the two. An electronic search of the PubMed, CINAHL, and Embase databases was performed, and studies published between January 2003 and March 2018 were screened for inclusion. Comparative studies with an in vitro experimental design, using biomechanical assessments to measure the stability of RIF methods in SSRO, were included. Of 104 unique studies identified in the initial search, 24 were included. Twenty-two of these 24 studies analyzed an advancement of the mandible of 7 mm or less. The use of a single four-hole or six-hole miniplate was less stable than the use of bicortical screws, hybrid techniques, double miniplates, or grid plates. Two studies analyzed advancements of 10 mm, for which two miniplates placed in parallel and a grid plate showed most stability. Although there was agreement between studies with regard to results, more biomechanical studies are required to quantify the stability of fixation methods in larger mandibular advancements.

Background The position and angulation of mandibular third molars (M3) have been found to influence the angle and condylar fractures. Due to variation in the results of relevant studies, this relationship remains not fully understood. Objective To identify the association between the depth and angulation of M3 and the risk of fracture of the mandibular angle and condyle. Methodology A total of 527 patients were assessed from January 2012 to June 2020. Study variables included the presence, position and angulation of M3. The outcome variables were angle and condylar fractures. Results Mean age was 28.5 years with 93.2% (n = 499) were male. Angle fractures were significantly more frequent with an impacted M3 (p = 0.023) whereas condylar fractures were more commonly associated with a fully erupted M3. The highest incidence of angle fractures was observed with M3 classified as class II (p = 0.026) and position B (p = 0.05). In contrast, class I M3 were more frequently associated with condylar fractures. With regards to the angulation, M3 between 80° – 100° were highly correlated with angle fractures (p = 0.020) whereas M3 angulations of 60° – 80° were related to condylar injuries (p = 0.025). Conclusions Fractures of the mandibular angle were significantly associated with Class II and position B wisdom teeth whereas class I were associated with fracture of the condyles. The likelihood of angle and condylar fractures almost doubled when M3 angulations were (80ᵒ-100ᵒ) and (60ᵒ-80ᵒ) respectively.

Objective: To analyze cases of compound, unfavorable and non-comminuted mandibular angle fractures treated by trans-osseous wiring, presenting postoperative complications, in a low resource center.Materials and methods: This was a 13-year retrospective study of 1,324 fractures in 1,317 subjects. The predictor variables were age, gender, aetiology, time lag between injury and treatment, and concomitant mandibular and midfacial fractures. The outcome variable was the development of complication(s) after treatment. Descriptive and bivariate statistics were computed with EPI INFO 7 version software, and the P value was set at 0.05.Results: The sample size was composed of 63/1317 (4.8%) of patients with complications. There were 48 males and 15 females with male: female ratio of 3.2:1. The age of the patients ranged from 21 to 62 years (mean 37.4± 5.6 years). The test of significance showed statistically significant association between complications of mandibular angle fractures and increasing age (P

Background: Preservation of structure and reestablishment of function is the guiding principle during an endoscopic intervention. Especially, when a partial middle turbinectomy is unavoidable, middle turbinate can lose its stability. Variations of middle turbinate like severe anterior bulging, posterior protrusion beyond the inferior turbinate and the larger size than inferior turbinate have significant impact on its stability. Aim: To study surgical anatomy of the middle and inferior turbinates. Method: The distances and angles between the limen nasi and posterior ends of the middle and inferior turbinates were studied in 100 hemisected adult Indian cadaveric heads. Results: The mean angles between the line passing through the lowermost portion of limen nasi and posterior ends of middle turbinate and inferior turbinate respectively are bl was 19.87° and b2 was 10.57°. The mean distance between the lowermost portion of limen nasi and posterior ends of middle turbinate and of inferior turbinate were xi is 55.88 ± 3.61 mm and x2 was 52.69 ± 3.57 nnn.The mean distances between the lowermost portion of limen nasi and the perpendicular from the posterior ends of middle turbinate and inferior turbinate to the hard palate were yl= 52.47 ± 3.33 mm (range: 44.16 to 59.92 mm) and y2= 51.75 ± 3.45 mm (range 43.32 to 61.22 mm) respectively. In 52% cases middle turbinate extends more posterior with respect to inferior turbinate i.e.M > I and in 48% cases inferior turbinate extends more posterior with respect to middle turbinate of M < I. Conclusion: The documentation of these parameters and the related variations is likely to be useful for the endoscopic surgeons.

This paper presents pin-ended compression tests on steel equal angles. Three nominal section sizes were tested. Detailed measurements of material properties, residual stresses, and geometrical imperfections were conducted. The pin ended specimens were tested with a minimal eccentricity of L/1,000 applied about the minor axis to cause compression at the tips of the legs. The test data are compared with the Indian specifications for hot-rolled steel structures. The section capacities obtained from the column tests are found to be between 15 and 40% higher than those calculated according to the specifications. It is concluded that there is no need to include the additional eccentricity specified in the steel structures standards accounting for the shift of the effective centroid, and that the eccentricity of L/1,000, specified for all section classes, should be applied to slender sections only.

A powerful angle-resolved method is presented for characterizing ray-group attenuation in cylindrical multimode waveguides that can be used for the design optimization of fiberoptic sensors. It is supported by an in-depth theoretical model that is accurate yet simple for describing the propagation of meridional and skew rays in passive cylindrical multimode waveguides. In particular, the transmitted power of different ray groups and the near-and far-field profiles can be simulated. Also, the individual parameters contributing to the attenuation of light can be extracted from the experimental results. Refereed/Peer-reviewed

In most cases, the analysis of small-angle and wide-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS and WAXS, respectively) requires a theoretical model to describe the sample's scattering, complicating the interpretation of the scattering resulting from complex heterogeneous samples. This is the reason why, in general, the analysis of a large number of scattering patterns, such as are generated by time-resolved and scanning methods, remains challenging. Here, a model-free classification method to separate SAXS/WAXS signals on the basis of their inflection points is introduced and demonstrated. This article focuses on the segmentation of scanning SAXS/WAXS maps for which each pixel corresponds to an azimuthally integrated scattering curve. In such a way, the sample composition distribution can be segmented through signal classification without applying a model or previous sample knowledge. Dimensionality reduction and clustering algorithms are employed to classify SAXS/WAXS signals according to their similarity. The number of clusters, i.e. the main sample regions detected by SAXS/WAXS signal similarity, is automatically estimated. From each cluster, a main representative SAXS/WAXS signal is extracted to uncover the spatial distribution of the mixtures of phases that form the sample. As examples of applications, a mudrock sample and two breast tissue lesions are segmented., Journal of Applied Crystallography, 51, ISSN:0021-8898, ISSN:1600-5767

WOS: 000442417100004, In this study, a novel octagonal shaped metamaterial based broadband absorber is proposed for energy harvesting at WIMAX wireless communication band. The proposal has an absorption of 99.97 % at 5.5 GHz with a bandwidth of 1 GHz between 5 GHz and 6 GHz in Transverse Electric (TE) mode. Transverse Electric (TE), Transverse Magnetic (TM) and Transverse Electromagnetic (TEM) modes are studied numerically in this paper. In TM and TEM modes, proposed structure has absorption of nearly 96 % and 98 % respectively at 6 GHz. The proposed structure is polarization angle independent which is important for energy harvesting applications. Energy harvesting application is realized by using resistive loads on the design, simulations are parametrically studied on resistive loads and experimental study is realized for reflection coefficient measurement and compared with simulated results. Both experimental and simulated results are complying with each other. The proposed structure has different usage areas in stealth areas, detection and imaging.

The emergence of tidal energy as a key renewable energy source requires the development of computational design models for accurate prediction of turbine performance and wake effects whilst also being computationally efficient. In this paper, we develop and validate a three-dimensional CFD model for vertical axis turbines, which achieves high accuracy. We also investigate the limitations of two-dimensional models and present a blockage correction for improved prediction. The two-dimensional blockage correction model is potentially attractive for preliminary design studies due to its computational advantage over three-dimensional models. Published by AIP Publishing. This material is based upon work supported by the Science Foundation Ireland under Grant No. 12/RC/2302 through MaREI, the national centre for Marine and Renewable Energy Ireland. The authors wish to acknowledge the contribution of Professor Martin Wosnik of the School of Marine Science and Ocean Engineering from the University of New Hampshire, USA, for providing all experimental data for this research. The authors also wish to acknowledge the DJEI/DES/SFI/HEA Irish Centre for High-End Computing (ICHEC) for the provision of computational facilities and support. peer-reviewed

The critical shoulder angle and acromion index are conventional radiological tools employed as predictors of shoulder degeneration. As they represent the static components of glenohumeral stability, the scapulo-humeral geometry and underlying subacromial tissue appear as the resultant cause-effect factors. Consequently. the purpose of this study was to investigate the critical shoulder angle and acromion index as interrelated parameters within the South African population. The measurement of both biomechanical parameters was conducted on two-hundred and sixty (n = 260) true AP radiographs. This was a cross-sectional study that also incorporated the demographic representation of the population group which was analysed accordingly. The mean values recorded for both the critical shoulder angle (36.31 +/- 5.84 degrees) and acromion index (0.74 +/- 0.13) suggested rotator cuff arthropathy. The results confirmed the theories of Nyffeler et al. (2006) and Moor et al. (2012) who alluded to glenoid inclination and the acromial coverage over the humeral head. A significant proportionality correlation, verified by a P value of 0.000, was established between the acromion index and critical shoulder angle which may assist to differentiate between normal asymptomatic shoulders and those with cuff disease. Furthermore, these predictors of shoulder degeneration may present as a preventative tool against tear progression.

PurposeTo assess the prevalence and severity of preoperative and postoperative astigmatism in patients with cataract in the UK.SettingData from 8 UK National Health Service ophthalmology clinics using MediSoft electronic medical records (EMRs).DesignRetrospective cohort study.MethodsEyes from patients aged ≥65 years undergoing cataract surgery were analysed. For all eyes, preoperative (corneal) astigmatism was evaluated using the most recent keratometry measure within 2 years prior to surgery. For eyes receiving standard monofocal intraocular lens (IOLs), postoperative refractive astigmatism was evaluated using the most recent refraction measure within 2–12 months postsurgery. A power vector analysis compared changes in the astigmatic 2-dimensional vector (J0, J45) before and after surgery, for the subgroup of eyes with both preoperative and postoperative astigmatism measurements. Visual acuity was also assessed preoperatively and postoperatively.ResultsEligible eyes included in the analysis were 110 468. Of these, 78% (n=85 650) had preoperative (corneal) astigmatism ≥0.5 dioptres (D), 42% (n=46 003) ≥1.0 D, 21% (n=22 899) ≥1.5 D and 11% (n=11 651) ≥2.0 D. After surgery, the refraction cylinder was available for 39 744 (36%) eyes receiving standard monofocal IOLs, of which 90% (n=35 907) had postoperative astigmatism ≥0.5 D and 58% (n=22 886) ≥1.0 D. Visual acuity tended to worsen postoperatively with increased astigmatism (ρ=−0.44, PConclusionsThere is a significant burden of preoperative astigmatism in the UK cataract population. The available refraction data indicate that this burden is not reduced after surgery with implantation of standard monofocal IOLs. Measures should be taken to improve visual outcomes of patients with astigmatic cataract by simultaneously correcting astigmatism during cataract surgery.