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Introduction Healthcare associated infections (HAIs) are prevalent and difficult to treat worldwide. Most HAIs can be prevented by effective implementation of Infection Prevention and Control (IPC) measures. A survey was conducted to assess the existing IPC practices across a network of Indian Hospitals using the World Health Organization designed self-assessment IPC Assessment Framework (IPCAF) tool. Methods This was a cross sectional observation study. Thirty-two tertiary care public and private facilities, part of the existing Indian HAI surveillance network was included. Data collected was analysed by a central team at All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, a tertiary care hospital of India. The WHO questionnaire tool was used to understand the capacity and efforts to implement IPC practices across the network. Results The overall median score of IPCAF across the network was 620. Based on the final IPCAF score of the facilities; 13% hospitals had basic IPC practices, 28% hospitals had intermediate and 59% hospitals had advanced IPC practices. The component multimodal strategies (CC5) had the broadest range of score while the component IPC guidelines had the narrowest one. Conclusion Quality improvement training for IPC nurses and healthcare professionals are needed to be provided to health facilities.

Physiological traits of wheat genotypes and their trait relation to drought conditions are important to identify the genotype in target environments. Thus, genotype selection should be based on multiple physiological traits in variable environments within the target region. This study was conducted at Punjab Agricultural University during rabi crop seasons 2012-13 and 2013-14 to study the recombinant inbred lines (RILs) of wheat genotypes derived from traditional landraces and modern cultivars (C518/2*PBW343) based on various morpho-physiological traits. A total of 175 RILs were selected for this study based on various tolerance indices. The genotype by trait (GT) biplot analysis was applied to data from seven high-yielding RILs grown under irrigated (E1) and rainfed environments (E2). The GGE biplot explained 100% of the total variation for chlorophyll content, grain filling period, peduncle length, water-soluble carbohydrates, grain number, grain yield, and 95.1% for canopy temperature, 94.9% for thousand-grain weight. GT-biplots indicated that the relationships among the studied traits were not consistent across environments, but they facilitated visual genotype comparisons and selection in each environment. RIL 84 and RIL108 were close to the average environment (ideal genotype) for all traits studied except chlorophyll content. A well-performing genotype with great environmental stability is called an "ideal genotype. Among all entries, these genotypes performed well. Therefore, among the traits studied, grain filling period, peduncle length, canopy temperature, water soluble carbohydrates, and 1000 grain weight contributed to grain yield under a stress environment. Furthermore, it may be used as a donor material in breeding programs and QTLs mapping.

Mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is an infrastructure-less, self-motivated, arbitrary, self-configuring, rapidly changing, multi-hop network that is self-possessing wireless bandwidth-conscious links without centrally managed router support. In such a network, wireless media is easy to snoop. It is firm to the surety to access any node, easier to insertion of bad elements or attackers for malicious activities in the network. Therefore, security issues become one of the significant considerations for such kind of networks. The deployment of an effective intrusion detection system is important in order to provide protection against various attacks. In this paper, a Digitally Signed Secure Acknowledgement Method (DSSAM) with the use of the RSA digital signature has been proposed and simulated. Three different parameters are considered, namely secure acknowledgment, node authentication, and packet authentication for study. This article observes the DSSAM performance and compares it with two existing standard methods, namely Watchdog and 2-ACK under standard Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) routing environment. In the end, it is noticed that the rate of detection of malicious behaviour is better in the case of the proposed method. However, associated overheads are high. A trade-off between performance and overhead has been considered.

Precipitable water vapour (PWV) is estimated using GPS data collected from the continuous operating reference station (CORS) located in Dehradun city, a valley in northwestern Himalayan region. PWV is also estimated using two well-established IGS stations observations in India to validate the retrieval process and to investigate PWV variation over these locations. Meteorological observations, required for PWV estimation, are acquired from NCEP by vertical and horizontal interpolation of grid points data for a specific station. The validation and accuracy assessment of all obtained parameters are carried out at different levels. The annual average PWV over Hyderabad (HYDE), Bangalore (IISC), and Dehradun (DEHR) are estimated to be 35.96, 31.70 and 22.10 mm, respectively. The average PWV differences are estimated to be around 1–3 mm if the comparison is made among GMET, IGS and NCEP derived PWVs. Estimated PWV over Dehradun is also compared with reanalysis data from the MERRA and an average difference of about 4 mm is observed.

An electrical power system is designed to operate at the frequency of 50 Hz or 60 Hz. But there are certain loads which generate voltage and current that are the integer multiple of 50 or 60 Hz. Those higher frequencies form electrical network pollution called as power system harmonics. An Electric Arc Furnace (EAF) is one of such load when operated on AC affects the power quality of the power system. The power quality is degraded mainly due to the poor power factor, current and voltage harmonics and voltage fluctuation. The problems due the harmonics is getting worsen day by day due to the introduction of power electronics equipments and voltage fluctuation arise by the use of large industrial load such as EAFs and LMF (Ladle Melt Furnace) in steel meting shop. Also connecting rolling mill and forging shop generate harmonics in the adjacent electrical power system. In this paper, an extensive review of harmonics generated in EAF is presented .

The Tor anonymity network is an essential protection for those living in oppressive regimes, who may be persecuted for their speech or other activities on the Internet. However, its usability is severely affected by high latency. Furthermore, because of the difficulty associated with conducting research evaluations on the Tor network, there has been insufficient research aimed at this problem. To address this, we develop a CloudLab profile that instantiates a private Tor testing network for easy, reproducible experimental evaluations on Tor. We demonstrate how to use this CloudLab profile to measure the page load time of selected web pages over a Tor network under different network conditions representative of typical Tor usage.

As voice- and video-based services that require low latency become increasingly essential, a tremendous research effort has been devoted to improving the latency performance of networks. However, there remains a "latency divide" between those whose Internet access is subject to high latency and those with low-latency access. Furthermore, it is unclear whether the aforementioned research efforts narrow this divide (by improving the latency performance of poor-quality connections the most), maintain the divide (by improving poor- and high-quality connections equally), or even widen the divide (by mostly reducing latency of high-quality network connections). In this work, we design a reproducible experiment for evaluating the performance of Copa, a delay-based congestion control protocol, in different categories of residential broadband connections. We use empirical data from U.S. home network connections to evaluate whether Copa leads to more equitable network access. We confirm that Copa has potential to narrow the "digital divide" by improving latency performance for users with a low-quality residential broadband connection, although care must be taken to set appropriate parameters for best performance.

International audience; We present a critical study of LEDs on h-BN compared to the conventional LEDs on sapphire from materials characterizations, device fabrication to the device performances measurements performed before and after liftoff and transfer with and without intermediary adhesion layer to arbitrary substrates.

International audience; Combined photonic and electronic systems require diverse devices to be co-integrated on a common platform. This heterogeneous integration is made possible through several separation and transfer methods where the functioning epilayers are essentially released from their growth substrate. The use of 2D layered h-BN as a mechanical release layer has been demonstrated to be a promising technique for the hybrid integration of III-nitride devices. In this talk we will give an overview of our results on wafer-scale van der Waals epitaxy by MOVPE of different III-N heterostructure devices such as LEDs, HEMTs, solar cells, sensors and photodetectors. Furthermore, mechanical release and transfer techniques of crack-free III-N devices on foreign substrates will be presented along with a comparison between the device performances before and after transfer.

Selective Area van der Waals Epitaxy (SAVWE) of III-Nitride device has been proposed recently by our group as an enabling solution for h-BN-based device transfer. By using a patterned dielectric mask with openings slightly larger than device sizes, pick-and-place of discrete LEDs onto flexible substrates was achieved. A more detailed study is needed to understand the effect of this selective area growth on material quality, device performance and device transfer. Here we present a study performed on two types of LEDs (those grown on h-BN on patterned and unpatterned sapphire) from the epitaxial growth to device performance and thermal dissipation measurements before and after transfer. Millimeter-size LEDs were transferred to aluminum tape and to silicon substrates by van der Waals liquid capillary bonding. It is shown that patterned samples lead to a better material quality as well as improved electrical and optical device performances. In addition, patterned structures allowed for a much better transfer yield to silicon substrates than unpatterned structures. We demonstrate that SAVWE, combined with either transfer processes to soft or rigid substrates, offers an efficient, robust and low-cost heterogenous integration capability of large-size devices to silicon for photonic and electronic applications.

One of the major criteria which decide the real world success of new congestion control protocols is their fair coexistence in a network with traffic from heterogeneous sources. In this paper, we highlight this as a common point of difficulty for congestion control schemes designed for low latency. We propose a new solution which aims for high throughput and low delay, but at the same time can coexist in a network with traffic using different congestion controls. Our solution is a delay based end-to-end scheme which uses ideas from several popular low delay algorithms but tries to adapt itself to a variety of network conditions instead of targeting a specific use-case. In this paper we describe the current status of research, our plan for evaluation and an ongoing problem we hope to find a solution for in the near future.

As the number of user equipment (UE) in any heterogeneous network (HetNet) assisted by unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) continues to grow, so does the number of intruder nodes. The intruder/...

One of the major applications of the Heterogeneous Network (HetNet) is in the healthcare system. Deploying HetNet in healthcare systems enables patients, physicians, and other stakeholders to communicate easily with each other. Due to the large growth in the network’s subscribers, the security of the stored health data became one of the major concerns because unauthorized access to this data may lead to very serious complications, and unreliable transmission of data may lead to fatal risks to the patient’s life. Therefore, taking data integrity into consideration, user authentication has become one of the main factors. However, significant research work has been performed at HetNet’s physical layer to secure communication, but the result of this leads to an increase in hardware components. The increasing hardware components not only costs money but also power consumption. Therefore, this paper presents an alternate way of securing communication in HetNet at the network layer. However, resolving security problems at the network layer increases computational complexity. Nevertheless, earlier, some encryption techniques like identity-based encryption (IBE), symmetric key encryption (SKE), and public-key encryption (PKE) have been utilized for securing data. Due to their own disadvantages, this paper utilizes an attribute-based encryption (ABE) authentication scheme for securing health data in medical applications. With the help of this method, access to the intruders is denied which results in reduced communication overhead. This authentication scheme helps protect the essential information against attacks by the intruders. It includes a third party server that helps to authenticate and store patient’s information. The whole security technique has been written in the form of HLPSL (high-level protocol specification language) codes, and the results are then validated with the help of AVISPA (automated validation of Internet security protocols and applications) tool.

Applications that require extremely low latency are expected to be a major driver of 5G and WLAN networks that include millimeter wave (mmWave) links. However, mmWave links can experience frequent, sudden changes in link capacity due to obstructions in the signal path. These dramatic variations in link capacity cause a temporary “bufferbloat” condition during which delay may increase by a factor of 2–10. Low latency congestion control protocols, which manage bufferbloat by minimizing queue occupancy, represent a potential solution to this problem, however their behavior over links with dramatic variations in capacity is not well understood. In this paper, we explore the behavior of two major low latency congestion control protocols, TCP BBR and TCP Prague (as part of L4S), using link traces collected over mmWave links under various conditions. Our evaluation reveals potential problems associated with use of these congestion control protocols for low latency applications over mmWave links.

This paper provides a review of the comparative study of Electrocardiogram (ECG) waveforms noise removal methods. Several methodologies involving the denoising of ECG signals are explored. The noise artifacts namely low frequency baseline wander, muscle artifacts and interference due to operating electrical current (Power Line Interference) are studied and discussed. To address these noise issues, adaptive data driven techniques such as Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD), Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition (EEMD) approaches are employed. The process includes decomposing a noisy ECG signal into various Intrinsic Mode Functions (IMFs). These IMFs are further processed to extract the essential signal content and thereby reducing the noise components. Also, a comparative study of many other methods is listed and summarized.

In this era of rapid global change, biodiversity monitoring and improving species repository to meet requirements toward conservation is costly affairs and needs a practical solution to identify and locate species with habitats. The integrated approach of citizen science and information technologies has proven to be effective solution for geographical and taxonomical data collection with public engagement, covering local to national scale. As a first step, a mobile app is designed and developed for the IBIN (Indian Bioresource Information Network), a digitized collection of the biological resources of India that serves as a common platform to access spatial and non-spatial information on biorecources can host their data through this single and intuitive platform with full privileges and authenticity. IBIN mobile app can be seen as an efficient and rapid solution to record data on species, utilizing GPS and camera features of mobile devices. Present paper deals with the citizen science approaches, its contribution in biodiversity field, outlines the design and development of IBIN mobile app and its first case study carried out at foothills of Himalaya.

Climate change threatens the global agriculture sustainability. Among different kinds of abiotic stresses, water stress is the most devastating component which curtails potato crop productivity. Our recent knowledge is limited concerning water stress tolerance and water use efficiency in potato. Many efforts are being made by the scientific community to reduce water use and to produce “more crop per drop”. This review elaborates quantitative and qualitative aspects of multiple stress mechanisms and their regulating system related to present scenario of water use efficiency (WUE) requirements. WUE can only be improved by using multidisciplinary promising research approaches like molecular breeding, high throughput genotyping, multi-gene transfer and bioinformatics applications to unleash the information needed to exploitation of required traits in potato.

Due to suppression of central administration in WMN, network functioning like network controls, management, routing, switching, packet forwarding etc. are distributed among nodes, either collectively or individually. So, cooperation among nodes is highly solicited. However, there may exist node's malicious activities because of its open characteristics and limited available battery power. The nodes may misbehave by refusing to provide service or dropping down the packets because of its selfishness and malicious activity. The identification of misbehaving nodes and prevention from them can be one of the biggest challenges. Hence, the prime target of the chapter is to provide an overview of existing intrusion detection and prevention approaches, and secure routing or framework that can recognize and prevent from the malicious activities. The digital signature-based IDS to offer secure acknowledgment and an authentication mechanism has also been discussed. The expectation is the digital signature-based IDS will overcome the weakness of existing IDS.

The healthcare sectors have many difficulties and challenges in finding diseases. Healthcare organizations are collecting bulk amount of patient data. The Data mining methods are utilized to decide covered data that is valuable to healthcare specialists with effective analytic decision making. Data mining strategies are utilized in the field of the healthcare industry for different purposes. The objective of this paper is to assess and analyze using three unique data mining arrangement methods, for example, Naive Bayes (NB), Support Vector Machine (SVM) and Decision Tree to decide the potential approaches to predict the possibility of heart disease for diabetic patients dependent on their predictive accuracy.

Medical science has come a long way in improving the life span and its quality. However, we still face challenges regarding a range of incurable diseases, developing resistance to current prognosis, as well as in the lack of new sources for drug development. Consequently, pharmaceutical industries are constantly in the search for new and advanced resources to produce safe and functional drugs to combat these challenges. Marine biosphere is one of the largest and intricate biospheres as water covers more than 70% of the earth inhabiting a number of flora and fauna. In the hostile marine environment, as part of their adaptation mechanisms, organisms produce specific secondary metabolites to survive in the ocean. These metabolites have very high biological activity and are explored for their potential therapeutic application. To date, seven marine-derived drugs have been approved as “first-in-class drugs” and several are in the clinical and pre-clinical pipeline. These drugs are successfully used in the market for the treatment of cancer, viral diseases, chronic pain, and to lower blood triglyceride levels. This chapter presents an overview of biodiversity in marine life, drug development, marine bioactive agents, and challenges faced in drug discovery, elucidating that the ocean is a largely untapped source of new-era pharmaceuticals.

All-Optical Network is a promising technology to alleviate the bottleneck of present data traffic congestion because of high demand in data to cater the day-to-day internet need. To support the critical and scalable performance, Optical Wavelength Division Multiplexing Network has been used in telecommunication industry. The proposed Dijkstra’s shortest path algorithm has been improvised based on a hypothetical network having number of nodes as 14 and 64 wavelengths. Simulation result shows that random topology has been computed to achieve reduced call blocking ratio.

Fishes available in the market may be cultured either in fresh or contaminated water bodies. Heavy metals are one of those contaminants which may cause menace to fish health and thereby affect the health of living beings consuming them. The identification of heavy metal residues in fish samples is a challenging task and may require expensive and sophisticated instruments and testing. This paper investigates visual changes which may be used as benchmark for differentiating between fresh water and heavy metal exposed fishes. The proposed method is an automated non-destructive image processing method for identifying visual changes which can be used to differentiate between controlled (untreated) and heavy metals exposed (treated) fishes. The eye of the fish from digital images is considered as focal tissue that was automatically segmented using the Circular Hough Transform and adaptive intensity thresholding. Post segmentation, a potential feature is identified and transformed into mathematical parameters for classification of a fish sample as fresh or heavy metal exposed water fish. The proposed method can identify and translate the potential visual feature for ease of understanding. The accuracy of the proposed method is high, and computation time elapsed indicates the possibility of using such algorithm for real time detection in related field.

The development and adopting of advanced communication technologies provide mobile users more convenience to connect any wireless network anytime and anywhere. Therefore, a large number of base stations (BS) are demanded keeping users connectivity, enhancing network capacity, and guarantee a sustained users Quality of Experiences (QoS). However, increasing the number of BS leads to an increase in the ecological ad radiation hazards. In order to green communication, many factors should be taken into consideration, i.e., saving energy, guarantee QoS, and reducing pollution hazards. Therefore, we propose tethered balloon technology that can replace a large number of BS and reduce ecological and radiation hazards due to its high altitude and feasible green and healthy broadband communication. The main contribution of this paper is to deploy tethered balloon technology at different altitude and measure the power density. Furthermore, we evaluate the measurement of power density from different height of tethered balloon comparison with traditional wireless communication technologies. The simulation results showed that tethered balloon technology can deliver green communication effectively and efficiently without any hazardous impacts.

Bee-keeping is an age-old practice of maintaining bee hive colonies for obtaining honey and other bee-hive based products and is technically termed as apiculture. This paper proposed a system that detects swarming using two different approaches. The first being, using auditory analysis of the sound produced by the bees during swarming. And the second approach, detection by monitoring microclimatic surges and variations in the weight. Once swarming is detected the system is designed to alert the apiculturist through cloud services. The raw data such as brood temperature, brood humidity, ambient temperature and weight of the hive can also be accessed from the cloud server by the beekeepers, hence making the beehive monitoring process free from human intervention.

In this paper we have proposed a system which allows us to generate a medical gauze-like composition made of Nano-fibers. The structure protects a wound or burn from external harm. The proposed method can be used in many different scenarios and terrains. It can work with AC supply as well as its own rechargeable battery. The proposed design is working on the principles of electrospinning and ion wind. A very high voltage is supplied to a needle, and the solution is fed through this needle. At the other side of the needle, the high voltage causes the solution molecules to become ionized. These ionized molecules are now attracted to the ground. The attraction between the needle and ground causes the molecule to arrange themselves into Nano-fibers. The solution we have used is Poly Vinyl Alcohol solution, and this can be made using most of the common anti-septic solutions available in the market and PVA powder. The wounded body part must be placed near electrical ground, and the gun nozzle aimed at the wound. Within 5 minutes, most wounds can be effectively coated. The gun can be places in a stand and used or it can be hand in the operator's hand.

In the present day scenario, wind energy holds great importance as it is available in abundance, cheap to harvest and most significantly it is a non-polluting source of energy. Doubly Fed Induction Generators are employed chiefly for extraction of energy from wind flow as it makes the system more adaptable and reliable. However, due to presence of PWM converters in wind energy conversion system (WECS) employing DFIG, harmonics are injected in the system which is highly undesirable and causes reduction in power quality of the system. Hence, these harmonics need to be suppressed by use of suitably designed filter parameters. Now-a-days LCL-Filters are mostly preferred over L-Filters as its performance is superior for high power and low frequency applications. The proposed paper discusses a detailed systematic procedure for designing of LCL-filter used in DFIG based WECS. The paper also includes filter modeling and simulation through MATLAB/SIMULINK software using FFT analysis to verify the effectiveness of designed parameters of the LCL-filter under normal and fault conditions.

A solar eclipse occurs when the Sun, Moon and Earth are aligned in such a way that shadow of the Moon falls on the Earth. The Moon׳s shadow also falls on the Earth orbiting spacecraft. In this case, the alignment of the Sun, Moon, and spacecraft is similar to that of the Sun, Moon, and Earth but this phenomenon is often referred as a lunar eclipse falling on the spacecraft. Lunar eclipse is not as regular in terms of times of occurrence, duration, and depth as the Earth shadow eclipse and number of its occurrence per orbital location per year ranges from zero to four with an average of two per year; a spacecraft may experience two to three lunar eclipses within a twenty-four hour period [2] . These lunar eclipses can cause severe spacecraft operational problems. This paper describes two lunar shadow eclipse prediction models using a projection map approach and a line of intersection method by extending the Earth shadow eclipse models described by Srivastava et al. [10] , [11] for the Earth orbiting spacecraft. The attractive feature of both models is that they are much easier to implement. Both mathematical models have been simulated for two Indian low Earth orbiting spacecrafts: Oceansat-2, Saral-1, and two geostationary spacecrafts: GSAT-10, INSAT-4CR. Results obtained by the models compare well with lunar shadow model given by Escobal and Robertson [12] , and high fidelity commercial software package, Systems Tool Kit (STK) of AGI.

The uncertainties which occur in wind energy generation system (WECS) due to fault causes severe effects on the grid stability and potentially degrades the reliability of system. These suspicions make the generating system to be disconnected from grid. However, disconnection of WECS is not allowed under such scenarios as it shares a significant portion of grid load. Modern grid code puts some constraint on the system which defines blue print for continuity of wind system operation. Not only the grid code but even the wind system based doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) indicate rotor over current, DC-Link over voltage situations. These abnormalities must be carefully examined and properly handled. To accomplish these objectives, this paper proposes a combined scheme incorporating supercapacitor energy storage system (SCESS) and DC-super conducting fault current limiter (DC-SFCL). The SCESS will be able to manage the surplus power during fault condition at DC-Link capacitor and hence restricts the DC-Link over voltage. It also helps to improve the power quality under normal steady state operation. The DC-SFCL will be able to restrict the rotor over current, electromagnetic torque oscillations under prescribed threshold limits. The restriction of fault resulting from the proposed scheme ensures the generator safety and allows continuous operation of system even in case of severe grid fault. The proposed scheme is validated by using MATLAB/SIMULINK based environment.

Dual-band C-shaped circular slot substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) antennas are proposed in this paper. The C-shaped structure is constructed using slot region oriented along the longitudinal as well as the transversal directions to feed line. A C-shaped circular slot SIW antenna is designed and fabricated to achieve larger bandwidth, higher gain and low cross polarization level. The designed C-shaped circular slot SIW antenna produces dual band measured response in the frequency range of 11.05 GHz to 11.30 GHz and 12.80 GHz to 13.30 GHz, with the center frequencies of 11.19 GHz, and 13.06 GHz, respectively. At these center frequencies measured gain is 8.81 dBi and 8.70 dBi, respectively.

In the modern era, Disaster Management has become an important field of study. With the advent of telecommunication system and their possible integration with the existing disaster management system, it is possible to minimize the after effects of disaster. In this paper we present a study of available and possible disaster management system based on wireless mobile telecommunication. In order to use such a system in the actual world security requirements such as availability, accountability, integrity and confidentiality must be ensured by the disaster management system.Â

Excellent station keeping characteristics and relative insensitivity with increasing water depth make triangular tension leg platforms (TLPs) a proven concept in deep water oil exploration. TLPs are often subjected to less probable forces which arise due to collision of ships, icebergs or any other huge sea creature. Dynamic analysis of two triangular TLP models at water depths 1200 and 527.8 m is performed under regular waves along with impulse load acting at an angle of 45 degrees at the TLP column. Hydrodynamic forces on these TLPs are evaluated using modified Morison equation, based on water particle kinematics arrived at using Stokes’ fifth order wave theory. Based on numerical studies conducted, it is seen that impulse loading acting on corner column of TLP significantly affect its response while that acting on pontoons dose not affect TLPs behaviour.

Marine organisms are constituted of compounds with several properties and characteristics. In the last decade lot of biomaterials like various types of polymers and bioactive ingredients have been identified, isolated, and characterized. These biomaterials have a vast range of applications in the medical sector including controlled drug delivery, tissue engineering, and diagnostic device etc. In this chapter, biomaterials have been defined and classified in general, followed by an account of mainly various polymers like collagen, chitin, chitosan, chondroitin sulfate, hyaluronic acid, alginate, biosilica, calcium carbonate and phosphate. Their structure, source, and application in the medical field have been discussed. A brief account of bioactive compounds as therapeutic agents has also been given. Marine biomaterials are also emerging as promising materials for the development of biosensors for medical diagnostics. This chapter also discusses biosensors and the role of biomaterials from marine origin in the development of biosensors for medical diagnostics. The chapter concludes with the scopes of the biomaterials in near future.

In a post disaster situation, movement of rescue teams should be modelled effectively to ensure proper communication and co-ordination amongst different teams. For this it is necessary that movement is modelled effectively. In this paper we propose an emergency scenario movement modelling by managing the co-ordination task by a four way directional movement. The communication between the stages is considered to be provided by a MANET based network setup, since they are easy to deploy and do not require elaborate infrastructure. Mobility of MANET nodes between the stages has been modeled with random waypoint mobility model (RWM). Performance of the scenario is analyzed for three routing protocols viz. LAR [1], DYMO [2] and AODV [3]. Packet delivery ratio, end to end delay, normalized routing load and data packets forwarded is estimated for these protocols. From the results it is observed that for such situations, performance of geographic routing protocols is better than other reactive protocols.

Dual-band L-shaped substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) Slot antenna is proposed in this paper. The proposed L-shaped structure is constructed using two different slots oriented along longitudinal and transversal direction to feed. The longitudinal slot produces single band measured response with frequency range of 13.16 GHz to 13.38 GHz with 13.28 GHz as the center frequency. Along with, the transversal slot produces single band measured response with frequency range of 10.18 GHz to 10.34 GHz with 10.25 GHz as the central frequency. These two different slots are combined into a single L-shaped slot, which produces dual band measured response with frequency range of 10.84 GHz to 11.01 GHz and 12.60 GHz to 12.78 GHz. The center frequencies are 10.93 GHz and 12.69 GHz. The gain of the designed antenna is 6.58 dB and 6.82 dB at 10.93 GHz and 12.69 GHz, respectively. The analysis is carried out using the HFSS software, and the simulated results are verified using the measurements.

Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET) is infrastructure less networks which can be rapidly deployed. This property makes MANET suitable in disaster management and such emergency situations. To analyse such scenarios, the node movements have been modelled variously as random waypoint, random walk, Manhattan grid model etc. Reference Point Group Mobility (RPGM) model is used in situations where nodes move in a group and has been found suitable to analyse situations like disaster and vehicular networks. In this paper we have compared three routing protocols viz. AODV, OLSR, ZRP for Reference point group mobility model (RPGM) based on attraction level. Our simulation studies conducted on Qualnet indicates that both the mobility model and routing protocols affect the communication between the stages.

Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET) is a readily deployable wireless network suitable as a communication backbone during emergency response operations. These networks are infrastructure less. The goal of this paper is to simulate the scenarios for emergency situations. Various routing protocols have been proposed for MANETs like AODV, DSDV, LAR, DYMO, TORA etc. They are classified as proactive (table driven), reactive (on demand), geographic (based on GPS) etc. We have chosen three reactive routing protocols viz. LAR [1], DYMO [2], AODV [3] for performance evaluation. The mobility scenario is generated with random waypoint mobility model. Packet delivery fraction and end to end delay is estimated for these protocols. From the results it is observed that for such situations, performance of geographic routing protocols is better than other reactive protocols.

Drought is a major abiotic stress affecting wheat production worldwide. Present study was conducted to identify drought tolerant wheat lines. In this study, field screening was done in multi-environment for four years followed by validation at molecular level for identifying stable drought tolerant wheat genotypes. In field screening, based on eleven quantitative traits including drought susceptibility index (DSI) under irrigated and non-irrigated conditions in two successive years, 44 wheat genotypes were selected from an initial set of 177 genotypes. These selected lines were further screened for two more years against drought stress. Stability analysis and AMMI biplot was also performed to analyze the stable performance of genotypes across the environments and years. The studied genotypes were also evaluated for the presence of six drought-linked molecular markers. Based on drought susceptibility index, other physiological parameters and molecular analysis, the genotypes namely, ET127225, ET127230, EC531185, ET127236, ET127267 and ET127269 were found to be potential genetic resources for drought tolerance, which can be further used in wheat improvement programme.

Present retrospective study was carried out at the mortuary of J.L.N. Medical College, Ajmer from January 2015 to 31st December 2015. A total of 953 dead bodies were received for post-mortem examination during the study period. Out of them 49 cases were of Hanging The incidence rate of hanging is 5.14% (49 out of 953) in the present study with a male: female ratio of 3.9: 1 and 21–30 years age group being most commonly (46.93%) involved population. All 49 cases under the study were suicidal in nature no cases were of Homicidal Hanging. Personal reasons (22(44.89%)) and family problems (10(20.40%)%) were encountered to be the common reasons for committing suicide. Soft material 79.59%) was more commonly used as ligature than the hard one (20.40%). In these cases 47(95.91) were recovered completely hanging from a higher point (complete hanging), whereas only 2(4.08%) were recovered in kneeling down position or with toes or feet touching the ground (partial hanging); In 41 (83.67%) cases the lividity was noticed on back side.14(28.57%) victims (27.5%) presented with ecchymosis along the edges of the ligature mark because of violent movements at the terminal event. Discharge of semen was seen in08 (16.32%) cases whereas discharge of urine/faeces was noticed in 07 (14.28%) cases. La facie sympathetic and defence wounds were noticed in none of the cases under the study. On internal examination all 49 cases (100%) presented with white-glistening subcutaneous tissue and neck muscle no contusion was detected. In present study rupture of the strap muscles, fracture of thyroid cartilage or hyoid bone or tear in the intima of the carotid artery was not detected. The dribbling of saliva is considered as surest sign of ante-mortem hanging was noticed in only 36(73.46%)cases.

The industrial sector accounts for about 30% of the global final energy use and accounts for about 115 EJ of final energy use in 2005. 1Cement, iron and steel, chemicals, pulp and paper and aluminum are key energy intensive materials that account for more than half the global industrial use. There is a shift in the primary materials production with developing countries accounting for the majority of the production capacity. China and India have high growth rates in the production of energy intensive materials like cement, fertilizers and steel (12–20%/yr). In different economies materials demand is seen to grow initially with income and then stabilize. For instance in industrialized countries consumption of steel seems to saturate at about 500 kg/capita and 400–500 kg/capita for cement. The aggregate energy intensities in the industrial sectors in different countries have shown steady declines – due to an improvement in energy efficiency and a change in the structure of the industrial output. As an example for the EU-27 the final energy use by industry has remained almost constant (13.4 EJ) at 1990 levels. Structural changes in the economies explain 30% of the reduction in energy intensity with the remaining due to energy efficiency improvements. In different industrial sectors adopting the best achievable technology can result in a saving of 10–30% below the current average. An analysis of cost cutting measures for motors and steam systems in 2005 indicates energy savings potentials of 2.2 EJ for motors and 3.3 EJ for steam. The payback period for these measures range from less than 9 months to 4 years. A systematic analysis of materials and energy flows indicates significant potential for process integration, heat pumps and cogeneration for example savings of 30% are seen in kraft, sulfite, dairy, chocolate, ammonia, and vinyl chloride. An exergy analysis (second law of thermodynamics) reveals that the overall global industry efficiency is only 30%. It is clear that there are major energy efficiency improvements possible through research and development (R&D) in next generation processes. A comparison of energy management policies in different countries and a summary of country experiences, program impacts for Brazil, China, India, South Africa shows the features of successful policies. Energy management International Organization for Standardization (ISO) standards are likely to be effective in facilitating industrial end use efficiency. The effective use of demand side management can be facilitated by combination of mandated measures and market strategies. A frozen efficiency scenario is constructed for industry in 2030. This implies a demand of final energy of 225 EJ in 2030. This involves an increase of the industrial energy output (in terms of Manufacturing Value Added (MVA)) by 95% over its 2005 value. Due to normal efficiency improvements the Business as Usual scenario results in a final energy demand of 175 EJ. The savings possibilities in motors and steam systems, process improvements, pinch, heat pumping and cogeneration have been computed for the existing industrial stock and for the new industries. An energy efficient scenario for 2030 has been constructed with a 95% increase in the industrial output with only a 17% increase in the final energy demand (total final energy demand for industry (135 EJ)). The total direct and indirect carbon dioxide emissions from the industry sector in 2005 is about 9.9 GtCO 2 . Assuming a constant carbon intensity of energy use, the business as usual scenario results in carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emissions increasing to 17.8 GtCO 2 annually in 2030. In the energy efficient scenario this reduces to 11.6 GtCO 2 . Renewables account for 9% of the final energy of industry (10 EJ in 2005). If an aggressive renewables strategy resulting in an increase in renewable energy supply to 23% in 2030 is targeted (23 EJ), it is possible to have a scenario of constant greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by the industrial sector (at 2005 levels) with a 95% increase in the industrial output. Several interventions will be required to achieve the energy efficient or constant GHG emission scenario. For the existing industry measures include developing capacity for systems assessment for motors, steam systems and pinch analysis, sharing and documentation of best practices, benchmarks and roadmaps for different industry segments, access to low interest finance etc. A new energy management standard has been developed by ISO for energy management in companies. Its adoption will enable industries to systematically monitor and track energy efficiency improvements. In order to level the playing field for energy efficiency a paradigm shift is required with the focus on energy services not on energy supply per se. This requires a re-orientation of energy supply, distribution companies and energy equipment manufacturing companies. Planning for next generation processes and systems needs the development of long term research agenda and strategic collaborations between industry, academic and research institutions and governments.

Efficient routing protocols can provide significant benefits to MANETs for both performance & reliability. Many routing protocols [1] for such networks have been reported. Amongst the most popular ones are Dynamic Source Routing (DSR), Ad-Hoc on demand distance vector (AODV) & Temporary ordered routing algorithm (TORA). In this paper we compare MANET Protocols DSDV & AODV individually using Network Simulator NS2. The performance matrix includes Delay and Throughput. We are comparing the performance of routing protocols on changing the parameters packet size, time interval between packet sending.

Band-to-band Tunneling Field Effect Transistors (TFETs) are emerging as a solution to break classical 60mV/dec sub-threshold slope limit of conventional MOSFETs. In this work, we present for the first time multi-scale simulation results of partially unzipped Carbon Nanotube heterojunction TFET. Compared to the CNT and GNR homojunction TFETs, GNR/CNT heterojunction TFETs demonstrate superior sub-threshold region characteristics - 104x smaller I off , 61% smaller Subthreshold Swing (SS) which lies in the range of 22∼26mV/dec and the I–V ambipolarity is completely eliminated.

Evaluation of RIL Population Derived from Traditional and Modern Cultivar of Wheat (C 518/2* PBW 343) for Yield Potential under Drought Stress Conditions Present study was carried out to assess the yield potential of C518 and their potential utility in context of drought tolerance when introgressed in to a modern day wheat variety (PBW 343). These two cultivars (PBW 343 and C 518) belongs to distinct adaptation groups, offer several morpho-physiological and biochemical contrasts. C518 is tall and adapted to low input rainfed conditions whereas PBW 343 is semi-dwarf and input responsive. 175 recombinant inbred lines (C 518/2* PBW 343) along with parents and checks were evaluated for drought tolerance in account of yield potential under irrigated and rainfed environments during 2013 to 2014. Water stress was created by withholding irrigation. Different drought tolerance indices viz., stress susceptibility index, relative drought index, mean productivity, stress tolerance index, geometric mean productivity, yield stability index, drought resistance index were evaluated based on grain yield under irrigated and rainfed conditions. Out of 175 inbred lines, seven lines recorded higher grain yield under irrigated as well as rainfed environments. STI, DRI and MP showed highly significant positive correlation with yield in both stress and nonstress environments and with other drought tolerance indices. Thus application of these indices could be appropriate while screening the varieties for drought tolerance and on the basis of theses indices, the inbred lines 108, 84, 80 and 32 were found tolerance lines with high yield under both environments better than the parents...