Search

ABSTRACT The study analyzes the impacts of Brazilian Securities and Exchange Commission (Comissão de Valores Mobiliários [CVM]) Instruction n. 476, January 16th, 2009 on the financing of Brazilian companies. This regulatory change may have reduced financial constraints by lowering the costs of issuing debentures in the domestic capital market, increasing the speed of access to capital, and removing a regulatory barrier for private corporations, which were previously prevented from issuing debentures in the domestic capital market. There are few studies that analyze specific frictions in the domestic capital market, and none that focus on this particular regulatory change and its differential impact on private corporations. The introduction of CVM 476 is treated as a natural experiment capable of provoking an exogenous shock to reduce the financial constraints faced by Brazilian corporations. Difference-in-differences models are used to identify the causal effects of interest, using limited liability companies as a control group and examining the differential effects between public and private firms. There is a growing academic and social interest in the effects of market frictions on firm decisions and performance. In this context, it is particularly relevant to assess the impact of regulatory changes such as the one focused on in this research. The results are relevant for regulators and other capital market agents interested in understanding the relevance of market frictions for access to external financing and how they can be mitigated through regulatory change, potentially contributing to the optimization of firms' capital structure. The results indicate that CVM 476 was able to increase the total leverage and especially the long-term leverage of corporations, with the effect being greater for private corporations, which is unprecedented in the literature.

The aim of this study is to determine whether the size of a business, classified as small, medium or micro establishment (SMME), has an impact on its management of the compliance burden placed on it by taxation laws. A survey was conducted amongst small, medium and micro establishments in the business services sector in Gauteng province, South Africa. The study finds that the majority of SMMEs in the business services sector outsource their tax responsibilities due to lack of skills and time. Also, the significance of taxation inputs for making business decisions and preferences for administrative relief measures varies according to the size of the organisation.

ABSTRACT The study examined the effects of mandatory International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) adoption on the quality of accounting information from three perspectives: the ability of accounting figures to explain credit ratings and their evolution after IFRS adoption; the difference in information gains from mandatory IFRS adoption between emerging and developed countries; and the identification of aspects of national governance capable of explaining these information gains. This article differs from the existing literature in three respects: it uses a more comprehensive and heterogeneous sample of emerging and developed countries; it uses the bootstrapping resampling method for a consistent analysis of the results; and it examines the heterogeneity of the effects of IFRS adoption as a function of country-level development and governance characteristics. The study reinforces the relevance of accounting information for analyzing companies' credit risk and makes new contributions to the literature on the heterogeneity of the effects of IFRS adoption. By using a multi-country sample, the article has potential implications for national and international accounting and finance literature, and is also useful for regulators and international portfolio managers. The analyses were based on the ratings and annual accounting data of 566 companies domiciled in 36 countries over the period from 2005 to 2017, using a bootstrapping resampling method. This article documented that mandatory IFRS adoption increased the ability of accounting data to explain the credit ratings assigned by rating agencies. Moreover, it was found that this relationship is, on average, more pronounced in emerging economies. The analysis also showed a positive relationship between the control of corruption and the information gain associated with IFRS adoption.

Presentation of papers from the Behavioral Finance Forum.

Dentre as principais questões que vêm sendo debatidas em Finanças está a validade das premissas assumidas por suas teorias mais tradicionais, em particular a da racionalidade dos agentes econômicos. Nesse contexto, surgiram diversos trabalhos com o objetivo de aprimorar os modelos teóricos dominantes, incorporando aspectos comportamentais antes desconsiderados. Essas linhas de pesquisa deram origem a um novo e promissor campo de estudo denominado Finanças Comportamentais. O notável crescimento dessa abordagem não ortodoxa tem sido motivado, em especial, pela tentativa de explicação satisfatória de uma gama de fenômenos regularmente observados nos mercados financeiros e incompatíveis com as predições dos modelos tradicionais. Este ensaio apresenta uma introdução sucinta aos conceitos fundamentais da área de Finanças Comportamentais e comenta duas aplicações pioneiras que incorporam dois dos vieses cognitivos mais bem documentados - otimismo e confiança excessiva.A subject often debated in Finance is the validity of assumptions regarding traditional theories, especially in relation to the rationality of economic agents. Studies endeavoring to improve theoretical models have incorporated behavioral aspects previously disregarded thereby creating the new and promising field of behavioral finance. The remarkable growth of this unorthodox approach has been spurred by attempts to explain phenomena in the financial markets which are incompatible with traditional model forecasts. A brief introduction to the concepts of behavioral finance was presented with comments on pioneer applications that incorporated two frequent examples of cognitive biases, namely optimism and excessive confidence, for the purpose of building a new theoretical paradigm.

Este artigo enfoca os possíveis determinantes da concentração do direito de voto e do direito sobre o fluxo de caixa por parte dos acionistas controladores das companhias abertas brasileiras. A análise investiga se variáveis endógenas das firmas e setoriais fazem com que algumas empresas tenham estrutura depropriedade mais concentrada do que outras submetidas ao mesmo ambiente contratual. Ao se aplicarem testes empíricos a um painel com 161 empresas entre os anos de 1998 e 2002, as variáveis testadas como possíveis determinantes não parecem influenciar a concentração acionária dos controladores das empresas analisadas. Os resultados oferecem evidência em favor da hipótese de influência da exogeneidade da estrutura de propriedade sobre o desempenho corporativo, adotada em trabalhos recentes.

A governança corporativa visa a aumentar a probabilidade de os fornecedores de recursos garantirem para si o retorno sobre seu investimento, por meio de um conjunto de mecanismos no qual se inclui oConselho de Administração. Este artigo investiga se a estrutura de governança foi relevante para o valor das companhias abertas no Brasil entre 1998 e 2000. Três variáveis de governança foram consideradas:separação dos cargos de diretor executivo e presidente do conselho (DE), tamanho do conselho (TOT) e grau de independência do conselho (INDEP). Utilizou-se uma regressão múltipla do tipo seção transversal. DE foi a variável com os resultados mais importantes, apresentando evidência de que, em média, as empresas que têm pessoas distintas ocupando os cargos de diretor executivo e presidente do conselho são mais valorizadas pelo mercado.

Abstract The objective of this study was to document the relationship between the two mechanisms of state action (credit earmarking and corporate control of banks) and the granting of bank credit in Brazil during the 2008 global financial crisis. There is an intense debate in the literature about the effectiveness of the State’s role in the financial system and its effects on the economy. One aspect of this issue is identifying whether the state presence contributes to stabilizing the granting of credit and softening financial crises’ economic impact. The studies carried out to date have not considered the differences between free and earmarked credits at the bank level, nor their possible interaction with the type of bank property. The study’s subject is relevant because it can help guide counter-cyclical public policies to face crises, including the use of changes in credit earmarking or state-owned banks’ performance. The analyses carried out can inform the debate about the pros and cons of the state’s presence in the credit market. The study analyses data from 2005 to 2012 from financial institutions that capture deposits from the public. Inferences are based on linear regression models, including a wide range of control variables. This study documents a significant reduction in credit granted by private banks in Brazil and state-owned banks’ expansion during the 2008 crisis. This evidence is not only due to differences in the funding rate during the period or to economic fundamentals, suggesting that the effect of corporate control is possibly related to the counter-cyclical performance of state-owned banks. The results show that the credit earmarking mechanisms were not particularly relevant in smoothing the contraction resulting from the financial crisis.