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Medicine pays great attention to the study of microbial organizations on surfaces and in body cavities. In dentistry, it is scientifically proven that plaque microorganisms are the cause of the appearance and development of dental caries. Representatives of the microflora that causes dental caries belong to the normal flora of the oral cavity. Regarding the microbial beginning, a paradigm is currently being developed that this pathology arises due to a violation of the dynamic balance between the forces of opposing, opposing biological objects macroand microorganisms. Recently, studies have begun to address the problem of the symbiosis of microorganisms on biological objects in the form of biofilms. Depending on the tasks that researchers in this field set themselves, the attitude towards microorganisms changes from negative to exactly opposite. This situation makes it relevant to consider the relationship between representatives of the oral microflora. Understanding the interactions between them can help in choosing a therapeutic effect with optimal parameters (type, method, strength, duration). The purpose of this article is to consider the possibility of representing the relationship between the associates of an oral biotope using mathematical analysis. n general, when processing dynamic statistics use similar mathematical formulas. The formula of adhesion index Lactobacillus paracasei 1 is most adapted to the purposes of our research. We will replace in it PA on antagonistic activity, DK1 on number of microorganisms at lower KPU, DK2 on number of microorganisms at higher KPU, Dop on number of microorganisms at the minimum KPU possible for acceptance for the norm. In this case, we get an expression by which we can assess with a certain degree of accuracy the antagonistic activity of the microorganisms-associates of the oral habitat studied by the staff of UMSA. The calculation of the formula can be done using mathematical online calculators. The authors, on the basis of studies carried out at the bases of the departments of therapeutic dentistry, microbiology, virology and immunology (UMSA, Poltava), as well as the methods of mathematical accounting used in medicine in such studies, put forward their own approach to accounting for the relationship between the associates of oral biocenosis. One type of symbiotic relationship is antagonism. The antagonistic activity of representatives of the oral biotope was taken as the basis for determining intermicrobial interactions: corynebacteria (Corinebacterium), Candida fungi, hemolytic streptococci (S. γ-haemolyticus, to which S. Mutans belongs). The determination of the antagonistic activity of the representatives of the oral biotope was carried out at different intensities of the carious process. It showed that in most cases this is possible. Symbiotic relationships within the oral biocenosis can manifest as antagonism, as indicated by the antagonistic activity index, which in most cases can be calculated. Antagonistic activity can be determined more precisely, for which it is necessary to choose the most suitable methods. Populations of bacteria, plants, animals any living species, getting into favorable conditions, increase their numbers exponentially. After some time, due to the excessive size of the population, the habitat is depleted and destroyed. There is an ecological crisis, during which the population is rapidly declining to a level lower than the degraded capacity of the environment. There is a collapse. If during the collapse of the environment is gradually restored, then the population increases. It is in the stabilization phase, and its number will fluctuate at a level set by the capacity of the environment. If not, the population is extinct. The antagonistic activity of the biocenosis associates can serve as an indicator of their transition to the “conditionally pathogenic pathogenic” line. An insignificant increase in S. γ-haemolyticus colonies with an increase in the intensity of caries forces us to pay more attention to the study of the cariogenic representative of this group of microorganisms. The data on antagonistic activity can be used in carrying out hygienic measures and in the use of methods of influencing the oral microbiocenosis in the treatment of caries. These data on antagonistic activity may have predictive value.

Analysis of bioinformatics data is an actual problem in modern computational biology and applied mathematics. With the development of biotechnology and tools for obtaining and processing such information, unresolved issues of the development and application of new algorithms and software have emerged.Authors propose practical algorithms and methods for processing transcriptomic data for efficient results of annotation, visualization and interpretation of bioinformatics data.

This review is devoted to the analysis of the impact of electromagnetic radiation on biological objects, primarily on humans. The work of domestic and foreign scientists on the study of the dangers of electromagnetic radiation to humans, especially the work of American scientists and the data of official reports of the US government.

The paper considers the possibilities of using in medical practice various cryomethods and techniques of cryopreservation of biological objects to treat the patients with purulent chronic wounds (PCW). The variety of methods and approaches to apply cold in medical practice: general and local cryotherapy, cryosurgery etc. has been emphasized. As a result of using each of these methods, regenerative processes begin, which promote the healing of PCW. Particular attention is paid to cryotechniques, ensuring the preservation of cord blood at low temperatures. Cord blood cells and serum have been shown to have immune modulatory and trophic-stimulating therapeutic effects, that is extremely important when treating the patients with PCW. The issue of combined use of cord blood serum and innovative vacuum therapy for the patients with PCW has been considered. Probl Cryobiol Cryomed 2021; 31(2): 109–115

Питання біологічної безпеки та біозахисту мають важливе значення для репутації та відповідальності кожної наукової установи, будь то дослідницька, наукова чи виробнича. Кожен ризик – яким би малим він не був – повинен бути врахований, оцінений та належним чином пом’якшений. У цій статті ми проводимо огляд основних патогенних біологічних об’єктів, надаємо статистику співвідношення виявлених випадків захворювання та смертності серед основних лабораторно-набутих інфекції (Laboratory-acquired infections) (LAI) та співвідношення виявлених випадків захворювання та смертності серед основних умовно-патогенних біологічних агентів. Розглядаємо підбір заходів, що керують впровадженням біобезпеки та біозахисту в обмежених середовищах, і те, як вони застосовуються в Україні, серед чого визначаємо, які заходи проводять у лабораторії кожного рівня біологічної безпеки (Biological safety levels) (BSL). Коротко характеризуємо особливості контролю за мікробіологічним забрудненням біотехнологічної та фармацевтичної продукції. В результаті проведеного аналізу можемо зробити висновок, що хоча біобезпека та біозахист направлені на здійснення різних цілей, вони часто вирішуються разом, особливо в умовах обмеженого використання, призначені для забезпечення безпеки працівників лабораторій, включають використання різних первинних та вторинних бар’єрів, багато з яких зумовлені появою нових технологій у галузі матеріалознавства та техніки. Biosafety and biosecurity issues are important to the reputation and responsibility of every institution, whether it is research, scientific or industrial. Every risk, no matter how small, must be considered, assessed, and mitigated properly. In this article, we review the main pathogenic biological objects, provide statistics on the ratio of detected cases of disease and mortality among the main laboratory-acquired infections (LAI) and the ratio of detected cases of disease and mortality among the main opportunistic biological agents. We consider the selection of measures that manage the implementation of biosafety and biosecurity in limited environments, and how they are applied in Ukraine, among which we determine what measures are carried out in the laboratory of each biological safety levels BSL level. Briefly describe the features of control over microbiological contamination of biotechnological and pharmaceutical products. As a result of the analysis, we could conclude that although biosafety and biosecurity are aimed at achieving different goals, they are often used together, especially in conditions of limited use. Designed to ensure the safety of laboratory staff, including the use of various primary and secondary barriers, many of which are due to the emergence of new technologies in the field of materials science and technology. Вопросы биологической безопасности и биозащиты имеют важное значение для репутации и ответственности каждого научного учреждения, будь то исследовательское, научное или производственное. Каждый риск – каким бы малым он ни был – должен быть учтен, оценен и должным образом смягчен. В этой статье мы проводим обзор основных патогенных биологических объектов, предоставляем статистику соотношения выявленных случаев заболевания и смертности среди основных лабораторно-приобретенных инфекций (Laboratory-acquired infections) (LAI) и соотношение выявленных случаев заболевания и смертности среди основных условно-патогенных биологических агентов. Рассматриваем подбор мероприятий, управляющих внедрением биобезопасности и биозащиты в ограниченных средах, и то, как они применяются в Украине, среди чего определяем, какие мероприятия проводятся в лаборатории каждого уровня биологической безопасности BSL. Коротко характеризуем особенности контроля за микробиологическим загрязнением биотехнологической и фармацевтической продукции. В результате проведенного анализа можно сделать вывод, что хотя биобезопасность и биозащита направлены на осуществление различных целей, они часто решаются вместе, особенно в условиях ограниченного использования. Предназначены для обеспечения безопасности работников лабораторий, включают использование различных первичных и вторичных барьеров, многие из которых обусловлены появлением новых технологий в области материаловедения и техники.

The combination of 3D printing and synthetic biology is a sustainable strategy to fabricate biological objects and systems that behave in a preprogrammed manner. Many microorganisms have been genetically engineered as cell factories for the biosynthesis of chemicals using fermentation, and 3D printing of living materials using these cells could lead to a new paradigm for biomanufacturing.

This work presents a review of the available experimental and theoretical data on the effects of electromagnetic radiation from the global mobile communications system (GSM) on a living organism. Radiation exposure has long been a problem for the public, health policymakers, and researchers. Recently, the effect of radiofrequency radiation on biological objects has increased significantly. In 2011, the International Agency for Research on Cancer reviewed the published literature and classified this type of radiation as a potent (group 2B) carcinogen for humans. To date, research results indicate a wide range of adverse effects on human health associated with radiation in the radio range. Of particular concern is the effects of this factor on reproductive function and the nervous system, particularly in children’s developing brains. Radiation from a cell phone, leaning against the head of a child, has a more detrimental effect on brain structures than in the case of an adult. Experimental studies also show men wearing cell phones in their trouser pockets lead to a significant decrease in sperm cells and the deterioration of mobility and morphology. Based on the accumulated evidence, we suggest Federal Service on Customers’ Rights Protection and Human Well-being Surveillance (Rospotrebnadzor) and Federal Agency for the Supervision in Education and Science (Rosobrnadzor) introduce control over the use of cell phones by children under 16 years of age and pregnant women and review the place of radiofrequency radiation in the systematics of hazardous environmental factors.

The work is devoted to the development of medical systems for monitoring biomedical indicators. The problem of developing a universal hardware software-controlled control system for the diagnosis of biological objects is solved. The main requirements for such a system are a wide range of functionality for combining different methods of measurement transformation and compliance with modern trends in the development of microelectronic sensors. Given the requirements for modern microcircuitry, in particular for sensing devices of the Internet of Things, the signal path of the sensors is implemented on the basis of PSoC family 5LP Family Cypress. Approbation of the developed system is carried out in the course of research of the character of optical radiation in the course of measurement of biomedical indicators.

The complexity of biological objects makes the development of computerized medical systems a difficult algorithmic decision due to the natural uncertainty inherent in these objects. Human thinking is based on vague and approximate data that can be analyzed to form clear decisions. An exact mathematical model of biological objects may not exist in practice, or such a model may be too complex to implement. In this case, fuzzy logic is a suitable tool for solving the specified problem. The problem of medical diagnosis can be viewed as a classification problem. The article presents a literature review of the use of fuzzy classifiers in diagnostics of cardiovascular diseases. The main advantage of fuzzy classifiers in comparison with other artificial intelligence methods is the ability to interpret the resulting classification result. The review aims to expand the knowledge of various researchers working in the field of medical diagnostics.

The design of a thermoelectric refrigerator for short-term storage and transportation of biological substances based on a cascade thermoelectric battery (TEB) is assessed. One feature of the device is the ability to store several types of biological objects with different temperature conditions simultaneously. Relationships between changes in temperature at monitoring points within the device over time at different TEB supply currents are addressed. Organization of the required temperature regime for storage of biological materials can be achieved using standard manufactured TEB.

A novel technological approach based on ion implantation for obtaining nanostructured substrates for the visual characterization of ultrasmall biological objects and microorganisms has been described. By means of argon-ion implantation of silicate glasses through surface masks made of copper wire mesh, periodic microstructures in the form of gratings with mesh sizes of 50 × 50 μm were formed. The novel substrates were tested by scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray analysis, as well as atomic force microscopy, using bacteria of the genera Bacillus and Staphylococcus deposited onto their surface.

The guidelines for carrying out a forensic medical examination in cases of alcohol poisoning are developed by the working group of the Association of Forensic Medical Experts and posted in the information system of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Electronic rubric of clinical recommendations, Guidelines section).The presented guidelines contain structured information on the issues of forensic medical examination in cases of alcohol poisoning: terms and definitions; stages of ethanol biotransformation and variants of thanatogenesis; factors affecting the acceleration or deceleration of ethanol resorption and elimination; principles underlying the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of alcohol poisoning; rules regarding sampling, storage and transportation of biological objects intended for forensic chemical analysis; issues pertaining to the filling-in of a medical certificate of death and assigning a code to it; as well as making a forensic diagnosis.Differential diagnosis of the cause of death using the procedures given in the guidelines can improve the comprehensiveness, completeness and validity of the forensic medical examination of a corpse in the event of death caused by alcohol poisoning.

Atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) is one of the most widely used and available methods for analysis of substances and materials. It allows one to determine about 70 elements from the periodic table and is characterized by rapidity, high accuracy and sensitivity, as well as simplicity of analytical techniques. A feature of AAS is simultaneous determination of only one element due to the use of a measurement design with a line source (hollow-cathode lamps, high-frequency electrodeless lamps, optical quantum generators, etc.). To make AAS more competitive, the first commercially available continuum source atomic absorption spectrometer was designed in 2004. Unique analytical capabilities of the new instruments found application first of all in the analysis of food, pharmaceuticals, waste and drinking water, oil and petrochemicals, biological objects, etc. This review covers publications on the application of continuum source AAS in analytical chemistry and provides a development outlook of the method.

The system of Jones matrix mapping of blood plasma films for medical diagnosis of pathologies of biological objects was considered in this paper. The system of decision support on the basis of a neural network for differentiation of nosologies was constructed and analyzed.Keywords: Jones matrix, polarimetry, blood plasma, neural network.

Обсуждается возможность применения бортовых платформ с целью поддержки наземных сетей для использования ресурсов автономных транспортных средств как части критичных к задержкам приложений. Бортовые платформы могут повысить безопасность поездок транспортных средств, доставляя на них своевременную информацию об окружающей обстановке даже в отдаленных районах земного шара. Обсуждаются требования и потенциальные решения для поддержки инфраструктуры автономных транспортных средств как части интеллектуальной транспортной системы. Предлагается использовать вдоль дороги энергоэффективные сенсоры, которые могут объединяться друг с другом в Mesh-сети. Кроме того, предлагается новый подход к обнаружению активности биологических объектов на обочине дороги, основанный на технологиях искусственного интеллекта. The article discusses the possibility of using onboard platforms to support the terrestrial networks for autonomous vehicles resources as a part of delay-critical applications. Onboard platforms can improve the safety of vehicle rides by delivering time-critical information about the environment to the vehicles, even in remote areas of the world. In this paper, we discuss requirements and potential solutions for supporting the autonomous vehicle infrastructure, as a part of an intelligent transportation system. It is proposed to use energy-efficient sensors along the road, which can connect with each other in a Mesh network. In addition, a new approach for the detection of biological objects activity on the roadside, based on artificial intelligence technologies is suggested.

A device is proposed for measuring color characteristics, which, using a measuring transducer, assigns to each radiation three signals proportional to color coordinates. Existing devices have many drawbacks, among them low speed, due to the use of inert elements, which makes it impossible to measure rapidly changing light fluxes. In this device, the authors tried to minimize the shortcomings. Also in this article, a mathematical model of the device is proposed. Attention is paid to the psychophysiological perception of color.

Automatically recognition and classification of biological objects under microscope methods are shown in paper. Problem of separated of white-black and color images is studied. Method of separation of different type of objects (visual diapason of specter) with compare results is shown in the paper. Quality of segmentation methods analyses is presented in the paper. Schemes and table results of segmentation are exist. Methods of pattern recognition applicability for Computer Vision Systems of analysis and pattern recognition scenes in the visual spectrum are studied in the paper. The methods and algorithms can be used in Real-time Sensing, white-black and color patterns, reasoning and adaptation for Computer Vision Systems too. Example of such systems is the glasses for people with visual impairments; when the camera mounted in glasses receives and transmits environment data, and the contact plate with electrical leads via e-pulse transmits data to the eye retina. Author analyzed several pattern recognition methods that will allow to process data of the environment for the brain. This will make the visually impaired persons with sub reality vision better orientation in environment. Theoretical basic, algorithms and their compared for apply is presented in paper.

A new method of forming substrates (devices) with periodic micron surface grids for statistical analysis and visual characterization of ultra-small biological objects and microorganisms is suggested. For this aim an implantation by Ar+ of silicate glasses through surface masks as wire meshes is used to form surface periodic structures in the form of grating with cell sizes of 25 μm and a depth of 100 nm. Testing of novel types of devices was carried out applying scanning electron and atomic force microscopy, as well as EDX analysis using substrates with deposited bacteria as Bacillus subtilis.

Formalized approach to the analysis of biomedical signals and images with locally concentrated features is developed on the basis of matched morphological filtering taking into account the useful signal models that allowed generalizing the existing methods of digital processing and analysis of biomedical signals and images with locally concentrated features. The proposed matched morphological filter has been adapted to solve such problems as localization of the searched structural elements on biomedical signals with locally concentrated features, estimation of the irregular background aimed at the visualization quality improving of biological objects on X-ray biomedical images, pathologic structures selection on mammogram. The efficiency of the proposed methods of matched morphological filtration of biomedical signals and images with locally concentrated features is proved by experiments.

Актуальность исследования определяется необходимостью выявления индикаторных свойств химического состава компонентов природной среды, локальных и региональных особенностей их состава с учетом природных и антропогенных факторов воздействия в целях проведения экологической оценки и районирования на территориях, испытывающих специфическое воздействие объектов ядерного техногенеза. Экологическое районирование исследуемых территорий ранее проводилось только с учетом дозовых нагрузок населения, полученного в результате деятельности бывшего Семипалатинского испытательного полигона. В этой связи необходимо изучение природной геохимической специфики, что позволило бы более точно подходить к вопросу экологической оценки изучаемых территорий с учетом комплексного воздействия природных и техногенных факторов. Цель: комплексное изучение элементного состава компонентов природной среды на территории, прилегающей к бывшему Семипалатинскому испытательному полигону. Объекты: компоненты природной среды (почва, солевые отложения питьевой воды, продукты питания, биологические объекты). Методы. Комплекс компонентов природной среды отбирался в жилых дворах – максимально сближено во времени и пространстве. Главным критерием при выборе исследуемых жилых дворов был факт проживания респондентов в них не менее 10 лет. После соответствующей подготовки образцы отобранных компонентов исследовались с помощью инструментального нейтронно-активационного анализа. Результаты. Показаны результаты комплексного изучения элементного состава компонентов природной среды (почва, солевые отложения питьевой воды), биологических объектов и продуктов питания на территориях, испытывающих воздействие бывшего Семипалатинского испытательного полигона. В исследуемых компонентах природной среды установлены элементы-индикаторы воздействия ядерного техногенеза, а также региональная специфика химического состава природной среды исследуемой территории в целом, проявляющаяся в накоплении U и Zn.

The proposed correction allows to refine the surface temperature determined by a standard noninvasive thermographic method based on IR images for the human skin with a nonuniform in depth temperature distribution. The nonuniformity is due to the biophysical necessity of normal functioning of the organism, as well as to a possible presence of pathological processes in certain areas of the body. The measured brightness can be spectral or polychromatic. The value of the correction is analyzed depending on the size, shape, and thermal power of the source of pathology, as well as the depth of its location, thermophysical and optical characteristics of the biological environment.

Detection systems with deferred registration of luminescence signals are promising for performing complex tasks of imaging of biological objects due to their simplicity and low cost. In the present work, β‑NaYF4:Tm3+Yb3+/NaYF4 nanocrystals with anti-Stokes photoluminescence have been used in deferred registration systems. It has been shown that there is a significant time delay between the exciting laser pulse and luminescence signal, which makes it possible to use this class of nanoparticles in the creation of wide-field imaging systems with deferred registration. The possibility of using nanoparticles for detecting a photoluminescence signal in the second transparency window of biotissue has been demonstrated. This system can be based on the resonance excitation and detection of the photoluminescence signal of Yb3+ ions.

The distribution of free water and water associated with molecules of biological matter determines its state. The electrophysical properties of free and bound water are significantly different, and the relaxation frequency of molecules lies in the microwave range. Therefore, microwave methods of measurement are effective. The microwave sensor circuit is analyzed, for which it is possible to create a rigorous analytical model. The results of calculations of the electromagnetic field components and the transfer function of the sensor are discussed, and the dimensions of its working area are estimated.

An instrument has been developed for measuring the force of affine interactions, in particular, in biological systems. The structure of the instrument is described. It includes a replaceable cartridge with a quartz resonator for analyzing various biosystems by measuring the signal of detachment of molecules from the resonator surface. The instrument is a sensor device with which it is possible to analyze various biological objects, including viruses and bacteria, as well as to carry out DNA identification. Software has been developed to automate the processing of results and the identification of objects. The instrument can be used to carry out express analysis in medical institutions and research laboratories.

Classification of methods and means of laser polarimetry of biological tissues (liquids) is described, methods and means of imaging mueller-matrix polarimetry for reproduction of anisotropic characteristics of biological layers are analyzed. According to the results of the analysis factors of possible increase of reliability of diagnostics of pathological changes of biological objects in application of polarization technologies are determined.

This article discusses the possibility of applying the principles of Fourier polarimetry to the study of optically anisotropic networks of biological objects. The possibility of using statistical analysis to study the coordinate distributions of polarization states in the Fourier plane, the field of scattered laser radiation by virtual polycrystalline networks is demonstrated. The polarization-inhomogeneous structure of the Fourier transform of laser images of ensembles of optical-anisotropic biproenescent crystals has been revealed.

The radiophysical installation designed to study the effect of microwave radiation on biological objects, with an operating frequency of 915 MHz, was used to influence mice with Ehrlich ascites carcinoma. The laboratory animals were exposed to microwave EM radiation of different intensity. The experimental results obtained revealed the dependence of the tumor growth on the intensity of the microwave radiation exposure.

Raman spectroscopy provides a non-invasive, chemically-specific optical imaging of biological objects without relying on endogenous labels. Nonlinear Raman spectroscopy allows non-invasive imaging at much faster speed with an improved spatial resolution and axial sectioning capability. In this report we propose a novel use of nonlinear Raman spectroscopy as a sensor of local nano-environment. Time-resolved coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectrograms are found to be sensitive to small variations of local structural changes, which are not normally observed using conventional Raman spectroscopy.

Parametric curve models are convenient to describe and quantitatively characterize the contour of objects in bioimages. Unfortunately, designing algorithms to fit smoothly such models onto image data classically requires significant domain expertise. Here, we propose a convolutional neural network-based approach to predict a continuous parametric representation of the outline of biological objects. We successfully apply our method on the Kaggle 2018 Data Science Bowl dataset composed of a varied collection of images of cell nuclei. This work is a first step towards user-friendly bioimage analysis tools that extract continuously-defined representations of objects.

This paper describes the results of work on developing the mobile application for recognition of faces and other biological objects. The application is designed with a focus on loading external machine learning models over the Internet, which allows you to change the model without making any modifications to the application. With such realization, the application can be used in many cases. For example, at carrying out conferences: organizers just need to train a model and send out the link for its downloading to all participants of the conference without any changes in source code. Participants will be able to find out the information about other members they are interested in, as well as contact them directly from the application, both by phone and by e-mail. Instructions are given for teaching your own face recognition model using the Microsoft Custom Vision cloud service, which allows you to train regardless of the power of your local computer. As an example, a classification model was trained and the following assessments of recognition quality indicators were obtained precision: 97.8% and recall: 95.8%. In our future work we consider adding the functionality of emotion recognition based on the pattern recognition algorithm, described in this paper.

Purpose: Extension of the method of surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy to the case of polarized laser radiation.

From the start of digital video microscopy over 20 years ago, single particle tracking has been dominated by algorithmic approaches. These methods are successful at tracking well-defined particles in good imaging conditions but their performance degrades severely in more challenging conditions. To overcome the limitations of traditional algorithmic approaches, data-driven methods using deep learning have been introduced. They managed to successfully track colloidal particles as well as non-spherical biological objects, even in unsteady imaging conditions.

Data on the detection of joint presence of pregabalin and lorazepam in the biological objects and material evidence. Aim of this study is to develop a method of the detection of pregabalin and lorazepam in urine. The proposed approach to sample preparation of a biological object and the detection of lorazepam and pregabalin allows the detection of toxicants in cases of their joint presence. It can be used in the analysis of urine in cases of acute poisoning for detoxification therapy or chemical toxicological analysis as a preliminary and confirmatory study for the presence of abuse of these drugs.Приведены данные об определении в биологических объектах и вещественных доказательствах совместного присутствия прегабалина и лоразепама. Цель исследования - разработка способа обнаружения в моче присутствия прегабалина и лоразепама. Предложенный подход к пробоподготовке биообъекта и обнаружению лоразепама и прегабалина позволяет определять токсиканты при совместном присутствии. Он может быть использован при анализе мочи в случаях острых отравлений для проведения детоксикационной терапии или при химико-токсикологическом анализе в качестве предварительного и подтверждающего исследования на наличие злоупотребления указанными лекарственными средствами.

An ideal self-healing material is supposed to automatically, without any external action, recover its characteristics and integrity in a minimum amount of time necessary after the suffering damage and repeat this countless times. Inspired by nature, self-healing materials represent the forefront of recent developments in materials chemistry and engineering. Artificial self-healing materials that would be similar to biological objects in terms of restoring characteristics would offer huge opportunities, especially in the cases where it is necessary to provide the reliability of materials in not easily accessible zones as long as possible during their service life. Biocompatible self-healing composite may extend the service life of artificial bone, artificial teeth, and so on. Self-healing hydrogels are widely use as drug delivery, tissue engineering, wound dressing and 3D printing applications. Self-healing rubber could find applications in toy industry. Since it is a growing area, these materials find applications in various fields. But this chapter discusses the main applications of self-healing materials such as wound healing, tissue engineering, 3D printing, drug delivery, anticorrosion coatings, aerospace and electronics applications.

Facial graft transplantation remains the operation of choice for patients with extensive tissue defects in the maxillofacial region. This study aimed to set up an experiment on biological objects, develop and test a combined facial graft cross-transplantation technique, select the anesthetic aid allowing to reduce the risks of perioperative complications, improve survivability of the subjects by reducing the duration of surgical intervention, develop a postoperative therapy and rehabilitation protocol, assess detection of an acute rejection reaction and develop the immunosuppressive therapy protocol. We conducted three series of facial graft transplantation surgeries on 26 minipigs and tested the typical component combinations and flap designs. At all stages of the experiment, we managed to have the subjects surviving for over 30 days without disrupting their vital functions. The immunosuppression procedure was developed and tested. The chosen technique allows transplanting two grafts within a single surgery on one pair.

Plenoptic cameras use arrays of micro-lenses to capture multiple views of the same scene in a single compound image. They enable refocusing on different planes and depth estimation. However, until now, all types of plenoptic computational imaging have been limited to visible light. We demonstrate an x-ray plenoptic microscope that uses a concentrating micro-capillary array instead of a micro-lens array and can simultaneously acquire from one hundred to one thousand x-ray projections of imaged volumes that are located in the focal spot region of the micro-capillary array. Hence, tomographic slices at various depths near the focal plane can be reconstructed in a way similar to tomosynthesis, but from a single x-ray exposure. The microscope enables depth-resolved imaging of small subvolumes in large samples and can be used for imaging of weakly absorbing artificial and biological objects by means of propagation phase-contrast., Comment: The following article has been accepted by Applied Physics Letters

Bioinformatics is a multidisciplinary field of managing health information digitally, which can be used further for analyzing and justifying the biological behavior of the nature. In the advancement of different computational tools and algorithms, these biological data can be managed very efficiently, and by analyzing those data, it is very much possible to find and discover different unknown mysteries of nature like the cause of happening any disease, the evolution of biological objects like virus, bacteria or any kind of living species, customized drug management, prediction of protein structure, DNA sequencing, etc. In the era of digitization, there are huge amount of biological data that are now possible to store in digital platform, and these can be processed through various computational tools that can analyze those data and produce various statistical reports. Machine learning in the domain of artificial intelligence is now a common tool for different bioinformatics applications. The main advantages of machine learning techniques are to predict the optimized results based on the previous data record. In this paper, we will discuss about the different tools and its application on bioinformatics and the artificial intelligence approach to the bioinformatics application.

Solving the problem of increasing plant resistance, the development of environmentally-friendly technologies is particularly important, which also contribute to the reduction of resource costs for production and load on the environment. The research results indicate a positive effect from the treatment of plants and seeds with electrochemically activated (ECA) water, electric fields, and impulse pressure (IP). Pre-sowing treatment of seeds with ECA water increases the germination rate and seed germination energy, improves the development of plants, improves morphological parameters, etc. The reactions of economically dangerous pests and causative agents of infectious plant diseases to the use of ECA water are identified. The combination of pre-sowing seed treatment with the treatment of vegetative plants provides the highest possible result.

This paper reports a feedback-based manoeuvre planning approach for automated nonprehensile selective micromanipulation of large, microscopic biological objects ( ∼ 100 μ m ). We employ ferromagnetic micro-particles as microrobots actuated via a global magnetic field produced by electromagnetic coils placed in quadrupole configuration. The microrobot motion is programmed to push the target object to the goal location. We employ a three-step approach comprising: (a) generate a collision-free optimal path between the initial and the commanded goal location, (b) generate a manoeuvre planning algorithm that invokes one of the three motion manoeuvres, namely, ‘approach’, ‘push’, and ‘align’ depending upon the instantaneous locations of the microrobot, target object, and the desired waypoint, and (c) deploy a simple proportional controller that determines the currents required in the electromagnetic coils that can produce a suitable magnetic field for executing the manoeuvre invoked by the manoeuvre planner. This paper reports a number of validation experiments conducted on both zebrafish, i.e., Danio rerio embryos and silica beads as target objects. We envisage that the developed inexpensive approach can be useful in robotic manipulation of biological objects with sizes in hundreds of microns including large biological cells, polyploid giant cancer cells (PGCC), multicellular spheroids, Dictyostelium slug, human oocytes, and autophagy candidates. We also believe that functionalising the microrobots with living cells or suitable chemicals will make it possible to perform on-chip biological experiments in future.

Background Quantitative analysis of mitochondrial morphology plays important roles in studies of mitochondrial biology. The analysis depends critically on segmentation of mitochondria, the image analysis process of extracting mitochondrial morphology from images. The main goal of this study is to characterize the performance of convolutional neural networks (CNNs) in segmentation of mitochondria from fluorescence microscopy images. Recently, CNNs have achieved remarkable success in challenging image segmentation tasks in several disciplines. So far, however, our knowledge of their performance in segmenting biological images remains limited. In particular, we know little about their robustness, which defines their capability of segmenting biological images of different conditions, and their sensitivity, which defines their capability of detecting subtle morphological changes of biological objects.

This review addresses questions of the specific characteristics of power supply to implanted devices (ID), including the service life of supply elements and the level of power consumption of contemporary devices, the acceptable weight and size characteristics of ID, and priority areas for implantation. Known methods of energy transmission and transformation are compared and the ranges of potential specific power for these are determined −0.1-100 mW/cm2 for wireless energy transmission, 0.0001-0.1 mW/cm2 for transformation of energy for sources specific to biological objects, and less than 0.0001 mW/cm2 for isotope power sources.

The spread of almost all diseases caused by living pathogens is determined primarily by environmental conditions. These pathogens like any other biological objects are the components of the certain natural ecosystems. An essential part of any medico- geographical assessment is the search for links between the spread of diseases and factors of the geographical environment. The role of factors that affect the spread of the natural diseases is unequal. The climatic factor is deemed one of the main determinants for the spread of naturally-determined diseases. This factor manifests itself at all levels of territorial differentiation. The goal of these studies was to identify the natural and climatic suitability of the certain territory for spread of diseases in order to assess the possible influence of the climatic factor on the medico-geographical situation in the context of the regional environment. The objectives are to estimate the role of climatic and weather parameters in the functioning of natural foci inRussia; to assess the natural and climatic suitability of the territory for spread of diseases; and to identify the climatic preconditions of spread of particular climate-dependent infections. In this study, on the example of several climate- depended diseases different approaches to medico-geographical assessment have been implemented and number of new methodological solutions have been proposed.