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The experience of carrying out reforms in the field of property relations regulation both in Ukraine and other countries shows the need to develop clear concepts taking into account the specifics of the country. Nowadays, we often find that the laws governing the institution of property rights, especially land ownership, do not meet the real needs of the producer of agricultural products. That is why the absence of contradictions between the demands of the population and existing legislation must be achieved at the legislative level. The article examines the development of legal regulation of land ownership in Ukraine. The process of reforming property relations in Ukraine since 1991 has been studied, in particular: the privatization process, the mechanism of acquiring property rights to real estate, registration of property rights and other rights to real estate, legal regulation of land cadastre. Legal regulation of the ownership of agricultural land in some EU member states is revealed. Using the forecasting method, the authors formulated recommendations for improving the legal regulation of land ownership in Ukraine.

A bottom-up electricity characterisation methodology of the building stock at the local level is presented. It is based on the statistical learning analysis of aggregated energy consumption data, weather data, cadastre, and socioeconomic information. To demonstrate the validity of this methodology, the characterisation of the electricity consumption of the whole province of Lleida, located in northeast Spain, is implemented and tested. The geographical aggregation level considered is the postal code since it is the highest data resolution available through the open data sources used in the research work. The development and the experimental tests are supported by a web application environment formed by interactive user interfaces specifically developed for this purpose. The paper’s novelty relies on the application of statistical data methods able to infer the main energy performance characteristics of a large number of urban districts without prior knowledge of their building characteristics and with the use of solely measured data coming from smart meters, cadastre databases and weather forecasting services. A data-driven technique disaggregates electricity consumption in multiple uses (space heating, cooling, holidays and baseload). In addition, multiple Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) are derived from this disaggregated energy uses to obtain the energy characterisation of the buildings within a specific area. The potential reuse of this methodology allows for a better understanding of the drivers of electricity use, with multiple applications for the public and private sector. This work emanated from research conducted with the fi-nancial support of the European Commission through the H2020project BIGG , grant agreement 957047, and the JRC Expert Con-tractCT-EX2017D306558-102.D.ChemisanathanksICREAfortheICREA Acadèmia. Dr J. Cipriano also thanks the Ministerio deCiencia e Innovación of the Spanish Government for the Juan dela Cierva Incorporación grant

Purpose: The paper presents an analysis of changes in the management and use of agricultural land. The comparative study dealt with the state before Poland’s accession to the EU (ex ante) and the state after nearly two decades (ex post). Design/Methodology/Approach: A statistical analysis demonstrated changes in the methods of land use, which was shown in graphs. A comparative analysis of two objects on a micro-scale was performed in north-eastern Poland. Fifteen features were analysed for each state ex post and ex ante of a plot under analysis. These features applied both to land covered by EU subsidies and to land not eligible for such subsidies. The data used in the analysis included cadastral data and LPIS data. Findings: The findings show that the changes in the land-use methods are not identical in each area. Currently, owing to modern methods of data acquisition, users can demonstrate different methods of land use with greater precision. Owing to regular measurements, databases on agricultural land reflect the state in the field as close to reality as possible. Practical implications: The use of databases on agricultural land allows a precise evaluation of the changes. Local strategies preventing the excessive transformation of land for non-agricultural purposes can be prevented owing to permanent monitoring on a micro-scale. Originality/value: The study shows changes in land use in agricultural areas after Poland accessed the European Union. The analysis performed on a micro-scale shows the actual situation in the field, which can provide the basis for implementing a strategy of land management adapted to the local conditions.

This paper (Part 1) describes the development of a new online system that estimates long-term carrying capacity (LTCC) for grazing properties across Queensland, Australia. High year-to-year and multi-year rainfall variability is a dominating feature of the climate of Queensland’s grazing lands, and poses major challenges for extensive livestock production. The use of LTCC is one approach used by graziers to reduce the impact of rainfall variability on land condition and financial performance. Over the past 30 years, scientists, graziers and their advisors have developed a simple approach to calculating LTCC ((average annual pasture growth × safe pasture utilisation) ÷ annual animal intake). This approach has been successful at a property scale (regional south-west Queensland) and in a wider application through Grazing Land Management (GLM) regional workshops. We have built on these experiences to develop an online system (as described in detail in Part 2; Zhang et al. 2021; this issue) that incorporates the simple LTCC approach with advances in technology and grazing science to provide LTCC information for Queensland grazing properties. Features of the LTCC system are: (1) assimilation of spatial datasets (cadastral data, grazing land types, climate data, remotely-sensed woody vegetation cover); (2) a pasture growth simulation model; (3) land type parameter sets of biophysical attributes; and (4) estimates of safe pasture utilisation. The ‘FORAGE LTCC report’ is a major product of the system, describing individual property information that allows detailed analysis and explanation of the components of the LTCC calculation by land type and land condition. The online system rapidly analyses property spatial data and calculates paddock/property LTCC information. For the 10 months between November 2020 and August 2021, over 4000 grazing property reports have been requested in Queensland, and has proven to be a sound basis for ‘discussion support’ with grazier managers and their advisors.

The current practice of cadastral and forensic activities shows its subjectivity. The expert makes a resolution in each specific case and for each specific real estate object. The traditional priority of a paper document over an electronic one also plays an important role. The article deals with the problem of the EGRN data reliability, which, according to the author, consists in the lack of unified approaches to gathering and processing source documents, analyzing the set of real estate objects characteristics, as well as their verification (audit). The purpose of the study is to develop a method of multi-documentary cadastral audit of real estate objects, which consists of a set of procedures for processing and analyzing documented cadastral information presented in the form of a disparate documents set. The results of the study showed the possibility of unifying and justifying a reliable model of a real estate object at any time, which is essential for verifying the reliability of the registered characteristics in the EGRN and formalizing expert activities. The developed method of multi-documentary cadastral audit simulates the work of a specialist and enables automating expert activities in the field of real estate, which meets modern trends in automation and digitalization.

Background.Environmental remediation plays an important role in mitigating or eliminating environmental damage. The worldwide experience in organising and regulating ecosystem recovery activity is of interest.Aim.An extensive comparative analysis of the particularities of legal regulation in the sphere of environmental remediation in foreign countries.Materials and methods.The study was based on three major criteria: the environmental remediation enshrined in law; the provision of the term “remediation” or its equivalent; identifying the objects of remediation. The analysis was based on the examination of the legal information registers and official government and parliament resources of over 20 countries worldwide. The study covers the period from 1970 to 2019, because since the 1970s, one can speak about the widespread implementation of environmental laws. In individual cases, the first mentioning of the current environmental law was taken as a starting point.Results.Based on the results of the study, the countries were divided into two categories. The first group was dominated by the vertical environmental legislation system and the second — by the horizontal one. The authors described the features of each group and identified the characteristic features of environmental remediation management. These features include the requirements for remediation plans, action plans enshrined in the law, introduction of special cadastre, importance ranking of remediation objects, etc. Formulating a universal interpretation of the “environmental remediation” term is another significant result of this study.Conclusions.The study showed that the need for and importance of environmental remediation is recognised worldwide. In the meantime, it is necessary to identify the principles of environmental remediation and to systematise approaches to ecosystem restoration.

The article examines the cadastral valuation of land taking into account the zoning of territories by prestige. The authors underline dependence of cadastral value on prestige of the territory and made the conclusions about improvement the system of rational land use during the state cadastral evaluation of land in settlements taking into account the zoning of territories by prestige.

Cadastral activity is important when accounting for real estate objects in the Unified State Register of Rights (USRN), because it not only reveals the qualitative and quantitative parameters of land plots and capital construction objects for their rational use later, but also allows you to correctly calculate the specific indicator of cadastral value, cadastral value; the market price and value of the corresponding real estate objects for calculating land tax and property tax for legal entities or individuals. How successfully the works included in the structure of activities related to the study of individual properties of real estate objects will be carried out depends mainly on the professionalism of cadastral engineers and specialists in the field of land and property relations, whose indicators in the work are determined by their understanding of the significance of specific professions from the standpoint of laws and by-laws regulating these areas of the national economy of the state, i.e. on the level of individual and corporate legal culture.

Property titling enables tax collection and encourages private investment. Yet, governments across the developing world often fail to invest in land registration systems, such as cadastral maps, th...

The goal of this work is to present challenges and opportunities for the development of 4th generation district heating in future decarbonized scenarios for the Italian city of Milano. The work has been developed in the framework of a Climate-KIC project to support Milano municipality in developing decarbonization measures. The first part of the work consists in the evaluation of a geographical distribution of the civil sector heat demand according to a bottom-up approach based on open data. Thanks to this statistical tool, also buildings retrofit can be analysed. Three retrofit scenarios are simulated according to policy goals for 2030 and 2050, foreseeing a retrofit priority of worst energy performances buildings, resulting in 8.8TWh, for the first two scenarios, and 9.4TWh for the last one. The areas characterized by the majority of retrofit can be identified as the most suitable for low temperature district heating development. Renewables and low temperature waste heat sources are also assessed, resulting in 9.8TWh of available heat. The application of district heating in combination with the identified renewables is assessed in these scenarios with a clustering approach. The evaluation of potential diffusion of 4GDH is based on the comparison between the overall cost of district heating and the competing individual systems costs: district heating is considered feasible only in retrofitted buildings where district heating cost is lower than individual systems cost (about 0.7TWh in each scenarios). The retrofitting scenarios combined with the diffusion of renewable based 4GDH are assessed also in terms of environmental impact. The current greenhouse gas emissions related to the actual heating systems, evaluated through the Thermal Systems Regional Cadastre database, is compared to the district heating development scenarios and to individual heat pump system scenarios. The results show the highest reduction of emission in the district heating scenarios (65%).

INTRODUCCIÓN. Los estudios de vulnerabilidad sísmica a gran escala, que arrojan resultados más precisos, requieren mayores datos de entrada que caractericen las edificaciones del área de estudio. Ante ello el presente trabajo se ocupa de la caracterización geométrica del patrimonio edificado tradicional del Centro Histórico de Cuenca (CHC)-Ecuador, constituido por edificaciones de adobe y de ladrillo. OBJETIVO. Establecer rangos de variación para los parámetros geométricos dimensionales y un catálogo de edificaciones de adobe y de ladrillo típicas, con miras a su modelización numérica. MÉTODO. La variabilidad de los parámetros geométricos considerados se exploró mediante tres estrategias: 1) consultas en la Base de Datos Catastral de la ciudad; 2) revisión de tesis de arquitectura; y 3) revisión de expedientes de intervención en edificaciones del CHC. RESULTADOS. 1) Tabla de rangos de variabilidad de los parámetros geométricos de edificaciones de adobe y ladrillo, 2) Catálogo de seis edificaciones tradicionales típicas: tres edificaciones de ladrillo y tres edificaciones de adobe. DISCUSIÓN Y CONCLUSIONES. Debido a los descartes asumidos, la tipicidad capturada en el catálogo de edificaciones tiene un sesgo hacia las tipologías no intervenidas y plantas regulares; que, aun siendo un reto, es posible su modelación numérica en los actuales softwares de análisis sísmico de edificios de mampostería.

The Wildlife Reserve of Velyka Dobron – which is located next to the village of Velyka Dobron (Hungarian: Nagydobrony), the fourth most populous Hungarian community in Transcarpathia – is the third-largest protected reserve of national importance in the country. We used a Geographic Information System to process and map the historical geographical place names of the settlement and the protected area (pieces of land within the cadastral boundaries but located either outside the settlement boundary or on its outskirts) based on the 1st, 2nd and 3rd military surveys, a cadastral map dating back to 1865 and the documents available in the Beregszász branch of the State Archives of Transcarpathian Oblast (fonds 125, description 6, file 344), as well as literary materials. As a result, a database comprising a list of 57 place names of the area was compiled. Likewise, a map of the pieces of land within the former cadastral boundaries and in the Nagydobron’ Wildlife Reserve was made. Analysis of forest area and land use changes showed that 16 pieces of land within the cadastral boundaries, but located either outside the settlement boundary or on its outskirts, have completely lost their former nature and as a result became part of the inner area of the settlement. Consequently, the compiled database and maps may help to specify the location of the ongoing research and clarify the accurate place of the earlier studies.

Recently, attention has been claimed to the conservation- restoration of Cultural Heritage. This paper is focused on the creation of thematic maps which incorporate attribute data from the building materials to the type of stone damage. This approach would be a contribution for monitoring the knowledge of stone deterioration and facilitating the information collection in the optic of the most appropriate sustainable monument preservation measures. For this purpose, in the framework of the Italian National Research Program “Advanced Green Materials for Cultural Heritage”, eight historical buildings located in the Catania city center (Sicily) have been selected and the geodatabase AGM (Advanced Green Materials) has been created to archive a lot of data obtained in this study. The final pilot system allows to: i) import and export different graphical and alphanumerical data more than one coordinate systems (cadastral data); ii) generate new thematic maps by querying on the database (map of alteration processes in relation to the type and exposure of the elevation); iii) relate to each other different physical or logical data (processes of natural and anthropogenic environmental pollution); iv) define, in a parametrical manner, queries and entities properties directly from the user interface (extract mathematical and analytical models of the interrogated processes). SfM (Structure from Motion) survey techniques and automatic digital photogrammetry systems have been used to measure the geometries of the architectural elements, and a database-GIS (Geographic Information System) has been planned in order to storage and process the associated attribute data of both building materials and decay forms.The result was the development of a powerful tool for managing all the historical buildings information.

The aim of the study was to analyze the state of stationary potentially hazardous areas as regards anthrax in the Primorsky Territory and update the Cadastre of stationary potentially hazardous as regards anthrax areas (SPHA) of the Russian Federation (2005).Materials and methods. The collection and survey of accounting and reporting documents, archival and informational materials, records on anthrax from veterinary institutions, Rospotrebnadzor, municipalities by the 72 registered anthrax SPHA of the Primorsky Territory have been carried out. The reference book of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic’s settlements endemic for anthrax (1976), the Cadastre of the stationary potentially hazardous as regards anthrax areas in the Russian Federation (2005) were used.Results and discussion. The description of anthrax cases in the Primorsky Territory goes back to 1894, the official registration of the disease – since 1919. The last cases of the disease in farm animals and population were noted in Kavalerovsky and Oktyabrsky districts in 1979. When updating the SPHA (2005), information on 82 dormant sites of the Territory in 22 municipal and six urban districts was clarified. In six districts of the Territory, anthrax was not officially registered. Most of the SPHAs are centered on the Khanka plain, where the network of transport routes, the largest number of livestock and population are concentrated. The data on the number of sick animals and people over a period of 1919–1929 have not survived, and in the period between 1980 and 2020 anthrax was not reported in the region. 173 animals and 34 humans were diagnosed with anthrax in 1929–1979 in Primorye. High epizootic activity was noted in the period of 1919–1941. In the Asian part of the Russian Federation, Primorsky Territory belongs to the regions under a mild epizootic and epidemiological disadvantage as regards anthrax. Monitoring of anthrax has shown that the persistence of the pathogen in the soils of ten districts of the Territory could be facilitated by the absence of soil toxicity (86,8 %) and an average nutritional value (23,5 %) in relation to the anthrax microbe.

Formulation of the problem. At the present stage of development of land relations in Ukraine, the activity related to the maintenance of the state land cadastre is of great importance and is intended to collect information and inform the participants of land relations about the real value and legal regime of each land plot in Ukraine. Such activity requires effective legal support because maintenance of the state land cadastre requires clear and transparent procedures for entering information into it and receiving information from its registry. Recent research on the topic. Problems of legal regulation of the maintenance of the state land cadastre has not received a wide coverage. Among the most revealing researches it is necessary to emphasize the dissertation of N. Grabovets , in which the subject of research was the legal support of the main types of land cadastral activity, and the scientific study of O. I. Sidorchuk , in which the legal aspects of the order of maintenance of natural resource cadastres were discussed. Legal aspects of maintaining the state land cadastre can be found in scientific works of A. G. Borovitskaya, N. O. Kuchakovskaya and Z. V. Yaremak. Currently, a comprehensive study of the legal regulation of the state land cadastre has not been conducted in the domestic literature. The purpose of this study is to determine the legal specifics of maintaining the state land cadastre. Article’s main body. Scientific research is devoted to determination of legal peculiarities of introduction of the state land cadastre. It was found that the legal regulation of the state land cadastre must be a relationship between landowners and landowners, the state, state entities and the community. The foundation of the legal regulation of the state land cadastre is the Constitution of Ukraine, which states that the laws of Ukraine determine the principles of land use exclusively. However, it should be noted that the main legal act on the maintenance of the state land cadastre is the Law of Ukraine "On the State Land Cadastre". In addition, some provisions concerning the maintenance of the state land cadastre are reflected in the Land Code of Ukraine, the laws of Ukraine "On Land Assessment", "On Land Surveying", "On Topographic and Geodesic and Cartographic Activities" and several bylaws. As a result of the conducted research it was established that the complex interconnected process of maintaining the state land cadastre requires a clear legal support for its organization. Law norms that regulate the organization of the areas of cadastral activities, including those related to the maintenance of the state land cadastre, are contained in different legal acts, which leads to the need for their systematization in a single legal act. Conclusions and prospects for the development. As a result of the conducted research it was established that the complex interrelated process of maintaining the state land cadastre requires a clear legal support for its organization. However, legal norms that regulate the organization of the areas of cadastral activity, including those related to the maintenance of the state land cadastre, are contained in different legal acts, which leads to the need for their systematization in a single legal act.

Cadastral activities, in addition to describing a property for the purpose of cadastral- and rights registration, include an algorithmically complex determination of the sequence of actions necessary to solve the matter. Their result is not only some prepared documentation, but the fact of bringing the description of the real estate and rights to it in accordance with reality, provided that the task of the interested person is completed. The subtype of real estate includes objects that possess certain basic characteristic features and can have definite situational ones. The classification of real estate on the basis of these features provides an opportunity to compare and formalize the requirements for implementation of cadastral works of disparate regulatory legal acts. The field regulating land-and-property relations is modeled as a directed graph, the arcs of which are assigned a direction depending on the type of the initial and final vertices

The article reveals the importance of public environmental control in the implementation of natural resource cadastral activities for the collection, processing, storage and provision of information on the qualitative and quantitative state of natural resources from the perspective of the public’s impact on solving environmental problems in general. The author analyzes some issues of further improvement of public environmental control in natural resource cadastral activities and puts forward proposals for further improvement of cadastral legislation.

В статье отмечено, что при формировании модели кадастровой оценки эксперты сталкиваются с необходимостью обработки и анализа больших массивов исходной информации, достаточность и достоверность которых отображает степень соответствия полученной информации реальным показателям рынка и оцениваемых объектов недвижимости, а также возможность их использования для построения адекватной оценочной модели. На основе анализа действующей законодательной и нормативно-правовой базы рассмотрена методология сбора исходной рыночной информации при кадастровой оценке. Выполненные в статье анализ и оценка отчётов и проектов отчётов об итогах государственной кадастровой оценки земельных участков и объектов капитального строительства в составе земель населенных пунктов в регионах страны позволили выявить существующие проблемы, сформулировать пути их решения, а также привести прогноз ожидаемых результатов. The article notes that when forming a cadastral valuation model, experts are faced with the need to process and analyze large amounts of initial information, the sufficiency and reliability of which reflects the degree of compliance of the information obtained with the real indicators of the market and the estimated real estate objects, as well as the possibility of using them to build an adequate valuation model. Based on the analysis of the current legislative and regulatory framework, the methodology for collecting initial market information for cadastral valuation is considered. The analysis and evaluation of reports and draft reports on the results of the state cadastral assessment of land plots and capital construction projects as part of the lands of settlements in the regions of the country made it possible to identify existing problems, formulate ways to solve them, and also provide a forecast of the expected results.

The purpose of this paper is to investigate how did form veterans landowning in the Roman land surveying. The main sources on the problem are the treatises of Roman land surveyers (1-2 centuries AD). They contain information about the principles of surveying of land plots for Roman retirees and about right guarantees the veterans had. The task of this article is reconstruction of the process of civic assignations in Ancient Rome and highlighting of features of this action when land was granted to the veterans. At the end of 2nd century BC the limitatio has become the most common way of land division thank to activities of brothers Gracchi. The limitatio assumed the creation of dividers that organized space: Decumanus maximus and Cardo maximus . Their intersection created four parts of the future Ager Colonicus for veterans. The limits parallel to the main ones turned the colony field into a clearly organized boundary grid with a square unit of area - centuria, within which the land plots (intended for tillage, horticulture, viticulture) were formed for veterans. Since the time of Caesar and Augustus, the question of adding grazing land to the arable land was decided in the Roman land surveying art. The most desired types of non-arable land was not only forests, pastureland and relicta but also subseciva - remainders from land division. Those vacant centuriae were a good arable land which the state temporarily allocated to new settlers on a lease basis. In the cadastre, a special right of remainders (ius subsecivorum) was created, unifying the lease relations. Thus, the farm of the Roman veteran consisted of fertile land suitable for all types of agricultural activities, as well as different categories of land, which contributed to the development of property and ownership relations.

The author considers the use of the databases created in MS Excel spreadsheets as a thematic educational technology. It has significant advantages over presentations, which are firmly embedded in the educational process. The application of the thematic educational technology "Database" in the educational process is shown by the author on the example of one block of the subject "Modern problems of land management and cadaster": Modern technologies for providing information about land resources "WEB technologies for mapping the Earth" and "Remote sensing data".

Establishing a multi-purpose cadastre, especially in terms of upgrading cadastral contents with the various spatial data, such as land use, is a challenge in Slovenia and internationally. Land use strongly affects spatial planning, development, and management, so high-quality spatial integration of the land cadastre with spatial plans data is crucial for effective land management. In the first part of the article, we reviewed the literature and documents that prescribe guidelines for the development of the land cadastre; we use these guidelines as a basis for developing a proposed method of linking and harmonising the data of the land cadastre with the spatial plan data. Land use is specified in spatial plans, and we linked it to the graphical and attribute land cadastre data layer. We tested the method in selected study areas in Prekmurje with a high-quality cadastre in the municipalities of Kramarovci and Nemčavci. As a result, we presented land use data directly in the land cadastre database, which requires simultaneous land use and cadastre maintenance. Based on the results for selected cadastral municipalities, we critically evaluated the proposed method.

Buildings are the largest consumer of raw materials and simultaneously are responsible for 40% of the global energy consumption as well as for about 30% of global CO2 emissions. In order to reach sustainability goals such as reduction of the use of primary resources, it is of utmost importance to reuse or recycle the existing stocks – a strategy labelled as “Urban Mining”. The fact that the new construction rate is only 3%, underlines the importance of Urban Mining. However, there is lack of knowledge about the exact material composition and geometry of the existing stock, which represents the main obstacle for Urban Mining and accordingly for reaching high recycling rates. In this paper the Integrated Data Assessment and Modelling (IDAM) method based on digital scanning and modelling technologies for capturing of the geometry and material composition data is proposed for enabling a generation of as built Building Information Modelling (BIM)-models from acquired point clouds and non-geometric data. The main aim of this research is to explore the potential of the IDAM method for the generation of a BIM-model, which serves as basis for BIM-based Material Passports (MP), as major element enabling Circular Economy (CE) and Urban Mining strategies as well as the creation of a digital secondary raw materials cadastre. In order to deliver a proof of concept for IDAM, a real use case will be assessed in terms of geometry and material composition, and possibilities of data capturing via laser scanning and ground penetrating radar (GPR) for follow-up generation of a BIM-based MP explored. For capturing the geometry, laser scanning, and for capturing the material composition, GPR is used. The use of GPR for the generation of a BIM-model, which incorporates material information, addresses a research gap – the capturing and modelling of geometry is already well explored, however the methods and tools for capturing and modelling of the material composition of buildings are largely lacking. Result show, that the coupled use of capturing technologies has great potential to serve as basis for a BIM-based MP. Moreover, the use of GPR, enables a determination of embedded materials within a building, but is confronted with various difficulties. As a result, a framework, which can serve as groundwork for follow-up research, is presented.

Historical maps represent an important source of geographical information. The changes occurred over time can be extrapolated from them, especially if their geometric accuracies match those achievable with modern survey techniques. An 1820 map belonging to the Gregorian Cadastre provides the position of seven hermitages belonging to the monastery of Fara in Sabina (Italy). Just three of them are nowadays visible, while the others may have been covered by thick vegetation or been destroyed during the Second World War. The paper proposes the integration of geomatic techniques for the localization of the lost hermitages. To do so, Structure from Motion (SfM) algorithms were applied to UAV imagery to produce an orthophoto of the area. In addition, a GNSS survey was carried out using a professional and a low-cost receiver to correctly georeference the photogrammetric products. An accuracy assessment was then performed to evaluate the performance of the u-blox board in real applications. The accuracies obtained with the low-cost receiver indicates a possible more widespread utilization of these new devices. Subsequently, the comparison between the orthophoto and the cadastral map have been detailed. A weak correspondence between the position of the hermitages in the two maps have been observed. On the other side, the comparison led to the localization of two lost hermitages, with the other two being still undiscovered. This study has opened the door to an enhancement process of the monastery and to the rediscovery of the religious values of the hermitages.

Coping with rapid urbanisation and the impacts of climate change requires effective land management. Quality land information is essential for this. A land information infrastructure is a collaborative and coordinated initiative aimed at providing land information from different organisations, such as municipalities, government departments and private companies, to diverse user communities. A land information infrastructure is complex, spanning information streams through many organisations and technical systems, and presenting challenges for managing and monitoring the production of land information. In the manufacturing field, a supply chain refers to the stream of activities from the initial source to the delivery of end products to customers, and supply chain management is directed at optimising the creation of the products of such a chain. The Supply Chain Operations Reference (SCOR) model is widely used for analysing supply chain processes in order to quantify and improve product and service delivery, and it has also been applied to geographical information supply chains. In this study, the SCOR model is applied to the supply chain processes in a South African case study of a land information infrastructure focusing on the production of cadastral information products. The supply chain comprises a land developer, a land surveying firm, the Surveyor General’s and Deeds Offices, a geospatial data vendor and the end customer. This supply chain is mapped and analysed using supply chain mapping and the SCOR model, and based on this, the complexity of the land information infrastructure is revealed. The study shows that supply chain management and the SCOR model can be used to analyse, monitor and manage the production processes of land information within a land information infrastructure.

The importance of research in the field of topo-cadastral or photogrammetry has been revealed by many studies but strictly with reference to the general cadastre without considering the relevance for agriculture: arable land, pastoral space, forests or other uses. In this context, the purpose of the research was to bring "automated" alternatives, remotely, to the preparation, updating or completion of cadastral plans available in the past in analog format, at the level of each ATU. The working methodology consisted of: flying over the territory with WingtraOne photogrammetric equipment, at an altitude of 300 m, generating the orthophotoplan with very high spatial resolution (below 0.5 m), vectoring the lands according to the category of use, both in the urban area and outside the commune and the creation of geospatial databases. The obtained results materialized through the topo-cadastral inventory of all the buildings in the analyzed territory (arable land, pastures, hayfields, forests, built spaces, etc.), both as a spatial location (vector format) and as a descriptive database. The application of high precision photogrammetric techniques has a practical application in real estate inventory, especially in the case of large areas, but also a complement to theoretical research in various fields.

The implementation of state land supervision is illustrated using the example of a region. The article presents indices of work over the years in land supervision in the Republic of Mordovia (Russia), as well as in municipal land control over land use and protection in the Saransk district. The necessity of their implementation and use in cadastre and land management to improve land resources management and increase their economic and environmental efficiency is substantiated.

This study is determined by the theoretical and practical interest in the study of issues related to the protection of the rights of participants in transport obligations. The need for research is dictated by the direct needs of the subjects of the relevant legal relations in the actual exercise of rights, as well as in connection with the search for the most effective use of existing civil law forms of protection of violated rights of participants in transport obligations. Turning to general theoretical problems, in particular, to the concept of protection of rights, it is concluded that this is common to civil law and civil procedure. The authors state that the specifics of transport obligations determine the specifics of protecting the rights of their participants, where the main role is given to the non-jurisdictional form of protection. The authors pay special attention to the claims procedure for dispute settlement, supporting the position that this procedure is inter-industry in nature. At the same time, it is proposed to use other conciliation procedures along with the claim procedure (or after) before applying to the court, which, in turn, according to the authors, will allow building an effective system for protecting the violated rights of participants in transport obligations.

African countries are currently pressured by high urbanisation rates that threaten their ability to address the basic infrastructure and social needs of citizens. Globally, property taxes are utilised as a tool to generate revenue that supports infrastructure provision, but its use has not been effective in Africa. This study examines the trends in property tax administration in cities of four different countries in Africa. It presents an analysis of the lessons that can be learnt and improvements to be made. Using Lagos, Addis Ababa, Dar es Salaam and Kigali as case studies, the study finds that although they have carried out recent property tax reforms which have led to remarkable outcomes in terms of coverage and revenues, opportunities to take advantage of the growing real estate development markets arising from rapid urbanisation have been missed. Lack of intra-governmental co-operation is also a threat to sustaining performance in some cases. The role of local governments has been very contentious with policy changes and controversies. The need for stakeholder involvement and redistributing revenues to local services remains unexplored in all four cases. However, the use of technology in identifying the tax base, updating cadastre, and collection, represents key opportunities to increase effectiveness. Recommendations include strengthening intra-governmental co-operation, using technology to capture new real estate development and supporting local government capacities as strategies to improve property tax policy and administration.

In many countries digital maps are generally created and provided by Cadastre, Land Registry or National Mapping Agencies. These maps must be accurate and well maintained. However, in most cases, the update process of these maps is still done by hand, often using satellite or aerial imagery. Supporting this process via automatic change detection based on traditional classification algorithms is difficult due to the high level of noise in the data, such as introduced by temporary changes (e.g. cars being parked). This paper describes a method to detect changes between two time steps using 2.5D data and to transfer these insights to a digital map. For every polygon in the map, several attributes are collected from the input data, which are used to train a machine-learning model based on gradient boosting. A case study in Haarlem, in the Netherlands, was conducted to test the performance of this proposed approach. Results show that this methodology can recognize a substantial amount of changes and can support – and speed up – the manual updating process.

Обладание собственностью, через которую определяют нефинансовое богатство населения, сопряжено с финансовыми обязательствами: приобретение собственности с привлечением заемных средств влечет необходимость погашения таких долгов, а налогообложение имущества физических лиц – необходимость уплаты налогов, ежегодно или ситуативно, например, при вступлении в наследование. В статье описаны (1) тенденции и результаты в накоплении собственности (нефинансового богатства) российскими домохозяйствами с середины 1990-х годов до настоящего времени и (2) усилия российского государства по формированию более прозрачных прав и обязательств населения, связанных с собственностью (создание системы кадастрового учета, налогообложение имущества по его кадастровой стоимости, «дачная» и «гаражная амнистии» и т. д.) и стимулирование приобретения собственности через различные государственные программы. Информационную базу представленного в статье исследования составили тексты государственных законов, распорядительных документов, ведомственная статистика, аналитические материалы, а также данные Российского мониторинга экономического положения и здоровья населения НИУ «Высшая школа экономики» за 1994–2018 годы и Комплексного наблюдения условий жизни населения, проводимого Росстатом в 2011, 2014, 2016, 2018 годах. С середины 1990-х годов владение активами преимущественно потребительского (основное жилье, автомобили, дачи) и инвестиционно-страхового (дополнительное к основному жилье) назначения увеличивалось, а обладание активами преимущественно производственного назначения (в данном исследовании – земля) снижалось. Данные о динамике собственности российских домохозяйств в целом свидетельствуют, что активность государства по выведению объектов собственности в официальное поле и увеличение налогообложения не снижают желание россиян обладать собственностью.

A conceptual and structural analysis of the book “Self-regulation of cadastral activity” by M. I. Petrushina and A. G. Ovchinnikova is carried out. In this monograph they examine the current issues of methodology and practical implementation of cadastral activities in the Russian Federation

The aim of this contribution is to refer to the exceptional function of the Franciscan, so-called “Stabile” Cadastre in landscape description of the first half of the 19th century. The Franciscan Cadastre is an outstanding piece of work, both for its high historic and aesthetic value as well as for its detailed depiction of not only land use but also elementary description of social and economic aspects of the settlements during the beginnings of the Industrial and the Agricultural Revolution in the Czech lands. The Franciscan Cadastre is a perfect tool for research on landscape structures, as it consists of the map records in which the actual landscape situation was recorded with the assistance of precise cartographic techniques, and thus allows us to study its spatial structure; the written records provide us with quantitative information about land use and way of farming. The essence of this contribution is the data analysis making use of the Franciscan Cadastre of Dolní Kounice, and creating a compact “picture” of the area on the basis of social, material-technical and economic situation, which is described in the written records of the Franciscan Cadastre of the town. The pillar of such picture is the data concerning population and its way of living, farming methods, crops cultivated and animals bred. Specific attention is paid to ten categories of land use in Dolní Kounice, which are delimited in the written records of the Franciscan Cadastre. They are: arable land, pastures, vineyards, gardens, builtup areas, forest, arable land with fruit trees, pastures with fruit trees, pastures with trees and shrubs, and crop-fallow rotation, with which we can further on specify the way of farming, proprietary relations and the size of land blocks, using the map cadastral records. The landscape structure described in the Franciscan Cadastre (1841) is compared with the data from 1845 that is used when studying long-term changes of land use based on the statistical data (LUCC UK Prague database). Krajina Dolních Kounic z pohledu autorů Františkánského („Stabilního“) katastru Stabilní katastr, podle panovníka který inicioval jeho vznik též Františkánský katastr, je ucelené, na svoji dobu maximálně objektivní a přesné dílo o kvantitativním i kvalitativním stavu půdního fondu a ekonomiky v Č echách, na M oravě a ve S lezsku, ale i R akousku a Dalmácii. Unikátní je svojí podrobností, rozsahem věcným i územním a jednotnými pravidly, podle nichž vznikal a které usnadňují porovnatelnost jeho výstupů i v mezinárodním kontextu. Velice cenný je precizně zpracovaný mapový operát Stabilního katastru, ze kterého doposud ještě vychází 70 % současných katastrálních map (Pešl 2001), což hovoří za vše. Písemný operát je bohatý na detailní historickogeografická data o celém katastrálním území, jež by se dala seřadit do tří kategorií: údaje o sídle a katastru, informace o zemědělské výrobě a využití půdy, údaje o průmyslové výrobě, obchodu a živnostech. Krajina Dolních Kounic, jak ji zachytil stabilní katastr, je krajinou na přelomu barokní a novověké éry. Stále se zde plně neprojevila zemědělská revoluce v podobě systému střídavého hospodářství a dalších intenzifikačních opatření, ale z pohledu průmyslu je tomu naopak, průmyslová výroba se zde již rozvíjí, nejvýznamnějším podnikem je textilní továrna a cihelny, město je hospodářským a obchodním centrem pro blízký region. Krajinné pokrývce dominuje mozaika polí, vinic a pastvin, která je zejména na levobřežní části katastru velmi drobná a pestrá. Z mapového operátu je patrná snaha o využití každého možného pozemku – pastviny jsou v údolích vodotečí i na velmi strmých svazích, neobhospodařované zůstávají prakticky jen holé skály. Město je determinováno reliéfem a řekou, která ho dělí i významově na jádro (centrum města na pravém břehu) a periferii na levém břehu. Špatné dopravní napojení a poloha Dolních Kounic mimo hlavní obchodní cesty a železnici vedla v pozdější době k jeho stagnaci. Srovnatelnost dat o využití půdy vedených v rámci Stabilního katastru, tedy z roku 1841, a z katastrálních výkazů z roku 1845 není v případě Dolních Kounic jednoznačná, protože byly použity z části jiné kategorie využití půdy (některé upřesňující, jiné naopak generalizující) a zřejmě i odlišné postupy při hodnocení jednotlivých ploch. Z porovnání vyplývá, že tyto dva datové soubory nelze mezi sebou porovnávat na základě základních kategorií land use, ale jen pomocí souhrnných kategorií (zemědělský půdní fond, Lesní plochy a jiné), podobně jak to popisuje metodika použitá tvůrci databáze LUCC UK. Vzhledem k přesně danému postupu při torbě Stabilního katastru i při pozdější tvorbě katastrálních výkazů lze očekávat podobné nesrovnalosti také v ostatních katastrálních územích.

Methodological and organizational problems of accounting, appraisal of real estate objects and natural resources of Russia are posed. The technology of accounting and determination of economic standards for the rational use of real estate and natural resources in the digital economy of Russia based on artificial intelligence is proposed.

The paper discusses some issues that may arise in the formation of the regulatory framework for the creation and maintenance of a three-dimensional real estate cadastre in Russia. An analytical review of the prerequisites for the creation of a three-dimensional real estate cadastre in Russia has been carried out. The priorities of interaction between urban planning and cadastral activities are considered, as well as the definition of scientifically grounded requirements for the accuracy of cadastral work, taking into account the introduction of the third, high-altitude coordinate H. Close attention is paid to the expansion of the requirements for the technical plan, in the transition to a 3D cadastre, the general availability of information about real estate objects on the public cadastral map.

The article deals with the problems arising in the implementation of cadastral activities in the framework of judicial land management expertise. An assessment is given to the significance of this type of activity in the implementation by landowners of protection or restoration of violated rights in court. Examples of delaying the procedure for considering litigation due to an unprofessional approach to the performance of duties by cadastral engineers within the framework of a judicial land management expertise are given. The attributes of land management expertise as research are indicated. The necessity of monitoring the specified type of activity, which affects the professionalism of the cadastral work, which allows to objectively assess the essential and legally significant circumstances of the land management examination, has been substantiated. Reasonable proposals have been prepared aimed at the regulation and control of the specified type of cadastral activity, which will allow, in general, to streamline the specified type of cadastral activity, as well as the observance of the principle of legality and validity of judicial land disputes.

Currently, the Moscow State University of Geodesy and Cartography (MIIGAiK) Economics Department is conducting research in the framework of studying the relationships, the degree and nature and strength of influence and impact in the Russia economic and social development planes and the complex of property relations (including state cadastral valuation, regulatory regulation of valuation activities and land management policy). The study is conducted in stages and consistently on the open sources basis. The purpose of this stage is to study the impact of the examination and quality control of the state cadastral assessment (SCA) on the Russia socio-economic development over the past two decades. The tasks are to collect statistical data on SCA for the last two years, to analyze the effectiveness of SCA quality control, to develop recommendations and suggestions for improving the SCA results.

Currently, issues of rational and environmentally friendly environmental management are of particular relevance. For these purposes, a system of eco-products and eco-industries is developing. The main institute for accounting for land plots and capital construction facilities is Rosreestr. Minerals in the Earth's bowels are also real estate by law, but are not taken into account in the modern cadastre, which leads to their unsystematic use and destruction. The negative aspects of the use of natural resources are reflected. The need to record all types of natural resources provided for in the Civil Code in the Unified State Register of Real Estate is justified.

Methodological and organizational problems of accounting, evaluation of real estate objects and natural resources of Russia are set, and ways of their solution in the digital economy are proposed.

The Russian Federation's State Policy in the field of land and property relations is aimed at the land resources rational use as the most important component of the country's national wealth. In accordance with the policy papers and special-purpose projects of the international and regional level adopted in the Russian Federation in recent decades, environmental protection as one of the priority areas includes the formation and ensuring the sustainable functioning of specially protected nature conservation areas system of different levels and categories. According to the legislation, boundaries of specially protected nature conservation areas data and their protected zones must be entered in the Unified State Register of Real Estate, which ensures timely informing of concerned parties about exist restrictions in the land use mode. An analytical work being conducted review on the cadastral registration of specially protected nature conservation areas and their protected zones showed the absence or incorrect reflection of relevant information in the real estate cadastre, which is the reason for the environmental regime violation and numerous proceedings.

The majority of present-day aggregators of the Russian real estate market fail to meet modern requirements and trends. Currently, the information support of real estate valuation activities is generally assigned to individual values, rather than the valuation community as a whole. The absence, insufficiency, unreliability of the market information makes it difficult to determine the cadastral value of the properties as well fulfill the requirements prescribed by the existing methodological recommendations. The main problem in developing digital platforms is that the value of the digital platform proposition can only be adequately assessed by the platform developer, while the complexity of creating a quality digital platform may exceed the benefits for the developer. In this regard, we set a goal to analyze the aggregators of the real estate market in terms of the shortcomings, whose systematization is to lay the basis for a consolidated real estate market database of Russian Federation. In this article, selected digital platforms were analyzed with regards to meeting specified criteria using a multi-criterial rating system. The results of the study represent the necessary criteria, conclusions concerning compliance with certain criteria based on the analysis of classifieds, as well as recommendations for the use of innovative technologies to ensure the most advanced operation of real estate market aggregators. In addition, several forms of information exchange between market players and viable solutions to common problems are suggested. A method of developing a consolidated real estate market database was developed. It is based on innovative information technologies and the actionable way of implementing software solutions designated for automation and structuring of real estate data.

The article examines some of the grounds and conditions for the differentiation of administrative and criminal liability of cadastral engineers and employees of Rosreestr for violations of the legislation on state cadastral registration of real estate and cadastral activities. The authors identified the main problems that arise in the course of bringing cadastral engineers to criminal liability. It highlights the positions developed in the Russian legal literature on the concepts, essence and responsibility of cadastral engineers, their relationship in ensuring law and order and legality.

In this paper is presented research of initiations of land consolidation projects. The research part covered the data collecting relevant for ranking of cadastral municipalities in the township Inđija. In the experimental part of the paper, the ranking of cadastral municipalities for initiating consolidation projects in the said township was performed, all on the basis of data collected from the Cadastre Service in the township Inđija.

The article discusses the issues of the methodology of cadastral valuation, taking into account the alternative cost of land and investment benefits. The lack of completeness of the cadastral registration of land plots leads to an increase in the shortfall in revenues of regional budgets. Cadastral problems lead to large financial losses for the state.

The article explores the concept of raiding, the problems that lead to the possibility of taking possession of another person’s property, ways to overcome raiding at the legislative level. Confidence in the inviolability of one’s property for others is an extremely important issue.In Ukraine, all information on the right of ownership of real estate is contained in the Register of Real Property Rights. However, quite often there is a problem in illegal registration actions carried out by the state registrar in the state registers, with the purpose of appropriation of property of another person. Thus, currently the phenomenon of raiding is related to the system of functioning of the State Register of Real Property Rights. And economic stability in the country depends on the correctness and clarity of this system.Research methods: the dialectical method of cognition, general scientific and special methods are used in the work. Results: problems of raiding in the activity of the Register of real rights to real estate are worked out, the last changes in the legislation for overcoming of raiding are investigated. It is noted that raiding in the field of state registration is a systemic problem that has existed in Ukraine for a long time. More recently, the country has begun an active struggle in this direction. Among the latest positive changes, its main premise was eliminated – utilities, whose registrars committed the largest number of violations. The Office of Anti-Raiding was established and effective anti-raid safeguards were introduced at the legislative level. The need to improve the functioning of state registers in order to prevent registration actions in the presence of a ban, as well as the need to establish a system of automatic exchange of information between the State Register of Real Property Rights, State Land Cadastre, Unified State Register of Legal Entities, Individuals -entrepreneurs and public formations. The fight against raiding must be comprehensive. Parliament, the Government, business and the public must unite in the fight against raiding.

Purpose. The purpose of this research is to prove the importance and necessity of further development of national inventories by implementing 3D/4D inventories that will improve the management decision-making process, the proposed technology will measure and update national inventories in real time. A robust verification system must continue to ensure the integrity of the inventory. Methodology. National cadastral systems play a special role in land management, and cadastral information is the basis for taxation and investment for the rational use and protection of land. The latest multifunctional cadastres form a comprehensive land information system of real estate, which includes the inclusion in its structure of basic registers (land register, register of rights and register of capital construction objects) and general registers containing information about objects, types of lands, natural and qualitative characteristics of lands, and other data that are the basis for economic and territorial planning and land management [Perovych L., 2003]. Results. The main direction of development of national cadastral systems is the collection of data and generalization of information on the state, quantitative and qualitative indicators of land resources, but these stages of the study are not the ultimate goal of creating cadastral systems. Emphasis should be placed on the convenience and feasibility of using such information. To increase the efficiency of national land cadastral systems, it is necessary to expand the cadastral system with information on land resources that for some reason were left without an owner, or have errors in design; plots that have an owner, but are not used in economic activities. Such information will ensure the formation of a multilevel structure of the land market and increase the efficiency of state regulation. Scientific novelty and practical significance. The importance of development of modern national cadastral systems is proved, which will further increase their potential in order to solve critical state tasks, namely: emergency management, economic processes, effective management in the field of public utilities and many other public administration functions. The proposed approach allows to properly understand and assess the legal situation on the ground, to improve the trends of intensification of land use and technologies for defining the boundaries of real estate. The introduction of the latest technologies will reduce the time of spatial planning and real estate development.

Many traces of human cultures and activities over the centuries have marked the landscape, but they are often not recognisable at first glance. The recording and inventory of these historical cultural landscape elements, and their associated mapping, serve to raise awareness of—and ultimately also protect and maintain—the cultural landscape. Researchers at the Chair of Human Geography and Transition Research at the University of Augsburg have recorded all preserved and visible elements of the historical cultural landscape in the district of Augsburg that are not currently under monument or nature protection, and which consequently have not yet been mapped for the corresponding cadastre. In a first step, old maps, aerial and satellite images, local chronicles, regional books and other writings were examined. Subsequently, through public participation instruments, such as information events, individual interviews with local people and a hotline, further historical cultural landscape elements were recorded, based on the knowledge of local citizens. As a result, the three-year project was able to identify a total of 613 cultural remnants of various functions, and these were visualised and saved through numerous maps.