Search

Coopetition, while offering significant strategic advantages, presents challenges in maintaining long-term collaboration among competitors, often due to a lack of perceived value for the participating actors. This study explores the role of technology in overcoming these challenges by applying the Service-Dominant Logic (S-D Logic) framework to investigate how technology-driven networks can enhance value co-creation among small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). The study hypothesizes that transitioning to technology-driven coopetition networks can substantially improve value co-creation. To test this hypothesis, the research critically evaluates existing theoretical approaches to coopetition, identifies gaps in understanding value creation mechanisms, and implements an experimental technology-driven coopetition network leveraging Internet of Things (IoT) technology. The research design is applied explicitly to the Portuguese ornamental stone industry, a significant economic and cultural sector. The findings confirm that technology-driven coopetition networks can enhance value co-creation and improve outputs. These results suggest that integrating technology into coopetition frameworks can provide a viable path to sustaining competitive advantages in SMEs.

This study explores whether coopetition enhances scale determinants for SMEs, focusing on a case study in the Portuguese Ornamental Stone sector. The findings show that transitioning to coopetition networks positively impacts scale determinants in this sector. These improvements highlight coopetition's potential to drive operational efficiency, resource optimization, and market responsiveness, aligning with Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 8, 9, and 12. However, the study's limitations include a specific focus on Portuguese SMEs and a limited data collection period, indicating the need for broader and longer-term research. Future research should extend to different sectors and regions, incorporate a broader range of KPIs, and consider external factors affecting coopetition outcomes. This would provide a more comprehensive understanding of coopetition's role in fostering sustainable growth and innovation in SMEs. This research contributes to theory by leveraging S-D Logic and open innovation to enhance coopetition, showcasing their practical application in SMEs.

Orientation: Reputational interdependence (RI) manifests when actions of a single firm or a small number of firms materially or perceptually impact the reputations of other firms. Firms belonging to the same industry can have their reputations negatively affected by actions or inactions of their rivals. Reputational losses for whatever reason can impose costs on a firm. It is thus necessary for firms to have adequate measures in place to manage RI. Research purpose: The study aimed to explore the management of RI within the South African Banking Industry. Motivation for the study: The inter-firm dynamics involved in managing RI are under-researched. This study is intended to contribute towards narrowing the gap. Research design, approach and method: A qualitative case study research approach was employed. Data were collected through in-depth semi-structured interviews with Corporate Reputation Managers from leading banks in the country. Data were analysed using the QDA Miner software program. The thematic analysis framework informed the data analysis. Main findings: The results show four distinct approaches: competition, cooperation, coopetition, and co-existing being used by banks to manage RI. These approaches allow banks to build and protect their own and their industry’s reputations. Practical/managerial implications: The study makes empirical contributions to reputation management by bringing in-depth understanding into how organisations can develop and deploy seemingly contradictory strategies into managing RI. However, these mostly externally focused strategies should not be undertaken at the expense of internally focused reputation management strategies. Contribution/value-add: The research findings show that there is no ‘one-size fits all’ strategic plan for managing reputational interdependence. The study recommends that firms consider co-existing, competition, cooperation, and coopetition in whatever combinations to develop strategies for managing reputational interdependence.

Objective: New technology-based firms (NTBFs) are key actors in creating value through innovation, but they face significant challenges in the rapidly changing and competitive technological environment. Methods: This research is a multi-method analysis aiming to present a model of relationships among drivers for collaboration and competition among technology-based companies and identify effective actions and policies to enhance coopetition (cooperation and competition) that can boost the ability of NTBFs to grow and commercialize innovations. The methodology of this study is exploratory in nature. Thus, it employs literature review method for gathering qualitative data, Fuzzy Delphi method for collecting data from experts, and DEMATEL-ISM method for modeling the relationships among drivers and demonstrating the impact of coopetition on the performance of NTBFs. Results: The research findings show that coopetition can improve growth, innovation, and commercialization in NTBFs by overcoming technological and competitive limitations. Conclusions: The study offers practical and social implications for managers, policy makers, and econom

Objective: comprehend the challenges and solutions faced by a non-technological and non-profit organization, acting within a coopetitive environment, in the construction of a multisided platform business model. Method: utilizing a qualitative case study approach, we investigated FEBRAFAR, a multisided platform of drugstore retailers, manufacturers, and service providers. Data collection and analysis was based on the following categories: (a) the methods through which the platform generates value for its diverse customer segments, (b) the intricate contours of its value configuration endeavor, and (c) its strategies for value appropriation to ensure both sustainability and growth. Results: the challenges in establishing an efficiently functioning multisided platform business model included: getting resources; member's attraction; and resistance to adopting best management practices. The solutions contained the development of value creation techniques for its varied customer segments by reducing transactional friction with customers and suppliers, a comprehensive value configuration process, and value appropriation that promote sustainability and growth to these drugstore chains. Conclusion: the paper shows how FEBRAFAR got the solution of value creation and appropriation of the platform business model by orchestrating the interactions of competing entities within the stakeholder ecosystem that engage in collaboration. By establishing clear rules and interaction protocols, a multisided platform can facilitate coordination among competing entities, thereby enabling collaborative value co-creation for all involved stakeholders. This finding contributes to the broader understanding of strategic management in multisided platforms, particularly in non-technology contexts.

Objective: this study explores the complex dynamics of collaboration and competition within the Delta ecosystem, a mature, networked environment characterized by diverse coopetitive behaviors. The study interprets reality through a continuous process of reconstruction of meaning, using the theoretical lens of sensemaking. Methods: an intrinsic case study methodology is adopted, using the relationships between participants as the unit of analysis and triangulating primary and secondary data. Data collection integrates semi-structured interviews, desk research, and a sensemaking technique for pattern identification. Results: three key patterns of tension emerged: the interplay between identity formation and self-determination, the dichotomy of ‘islands’ and ‘archipelagos,’ and the nuances of performance asymmetries. Within this ecosystem, coopetition is evident as groups pool resources and insights, while competitive tensions arise from participants’ similarities and performance differences, spurring innovation but also potential conflict. Conclusions: the study delineates the nuanced interplay of competitive and collaborative forces within that coopetitive ecosystem, emphasizing their impact on value creation, thereby shedding light on specific patterns of tension that arise from these coopetitive dynamics.

Objective: The search for market expansion challenges Brazilian craft breweries. Based on coopetition strategies, many join in seeking to overcome these challenges. The challenge for gypsy breweries is even more significant, as they must produce beer in a non-gypsy brewery. Some tensions emerge from this relationship, such as space availability and costs. Methods: From the actor-network theory, we analyze the relationship between gypsy and non-gypsy breweries, deepening the analysis of their tensions. Based on a case study with craft breweries in Rio de Janeiro State. Results: As the results highlighted, the tension between them starts at a level not mentioned in the literature on coopetition. Conclusions: This extension expands the existing literature on coopetition by highlighting the influence of nonhuman elements (e.g., factory, resources, equipment, and operations) in shaping inter-organizational relationships, with the factory being the main generator of this tension. The study offers insights into how actors (human and nonhuman) navigate, interact, and negotiate tensions to achieve mutual goals. By applying ANT to analyze coopetition dynamics, the study contributes to the theoretical framework by demonstrating how this approach can enhance understanding of complex mechanisms, processes, and relationships through which coopetition dynamics unfold in practice.

Research on the stimulators and barriers to establishing and developing coopetition has so far been conducted in management literature mainly from the perspective of enterprises. Although the subject of management in the cultural sector has for several decades been attracting more and more interest from researchers and practitioners operating in this field, interest has rarely been shown in the area of coopetition, while analysis has never been conducted into the stimulating factors and barriers to coopetition among cultural institutions. Taking into account the specificity of the functioning of non-commercial organizations, including the context of such organizationsâ activities in the field of culture, as well as the growing role of public and non-profit organizations in the economy, the aim of this article is to identify the stimulators and barriers to establishing and developing coopetition in non-commercial organizations based on the example of cultural institutions. The research results are the product of qualitative field research conducted among 42 museums in Poland. Based on the research, 18 stimulators and 11 barriers to establishing and developing coopetition among cultural institutions were identified.

Purpose – Coopetition is ubiquitous in the economy, but managing effectively this type of relationship between firms remains a challenge for many organizations. This paper investigates the coopetition within corporate groups and focus on factors that determine the simultaneous competition and cooperation between subsidiaries therein. Design/methodology/approach – Drawing on a dataset of 121 corporate groups listed on the Warsaw Stock Exchange (WSE), this paper theoretically advances and empirically validates the impact of 18 factors which determine the coopetition relationship. Findings – This study's findings confirm the importance of an organizational design among external and internal drivers of intrafirm coopetition. However, the role of an environmental uncertainty as a driver of intrafirm coopetition is not proven. Furthermore, the paper finds that internal determinants explain the phenomenon of coopetition between subsidiaries within a corporate group more than determinants related to the environment. Originality/value – The paper contributes to the coopetition theory by empirical identification of drivers of intrafirm coopetition and advances the corporate groups studies by exploring internal relationships (cooperation and competition) and the determinants therein.

Objective: this article investigates the dynamics of intraorganizational coopetition within a Brazilian public bank, examining how competition, cooperation, and coopetition coexist within the same institution. Methods and Results: through a qualitative deductive approach using a case study method, it was found that collaborative practices among branches and superintendencies validate the propositions that competition, cooperation, and coopetition can coexist in the same environment. Furthermore, the study underscores the significance of coopetition for the operational efficiency and commercial performance of the bank, addressing the impact of organizational climate, knowledge sharing, and concealment, along with the challenges and benefits associated with intraorganizational coopetition. Conclusions: this research offers valuable insights for managers and contributes to the understanding of coopetition in competitive settings like the banking sector.

Objective: competition and cooperation occur in different areas of the market. The shipping industry is one of the areas characterized by strong competition and operational cooperation with the objective of operational improvement. Through mergers and acquisitions and joint ventures, the shipping industry has advanced with its business and sought better results. Methods: we analyzed coopetition strategies between global actors of shipping industry in the Brazilian market. We used the multiple case study method with the four main shipping lines in the world based on semi-structured interviews and data from official documents. Results: the results indicate that the shipping lines often employ the strategy of joint services and slot service in partnership with other shipping companies. Market coverage, customer needs, and reduced operating costs were identified as the main motivations for coopetition in the shipping industry. Conclusions: we particularly reveal the coopetition strategies of the shipping companies evaluated in the Brazilian market and their plans to continue operating in this strategic region for the shipping industry.

The purpose of the study is to determine factors that have the greatest influence on the growth of export of high-tech goods in the context of innovation transfer for social-economic development. Factor analysis tools, including principal component analysis and the Varimax rotation (orthogonal transformation) method in Statgraphics software, are used to identify the most significant indicators of the impact on export of high-tech goods, as a key determinant characterizing the quality of scientific and educational potential, and to determine the latent signs of their interaction. A modified logistic function is used to normalize input data for 11 investigated factors in a sample of 28 countries. Ten linear combinations of variables are obtained, which explain most of the data variability. The first four components have eigenvalues greater than or equal to 1.0. Together, they account for 88.520% of the variability of the original data. After orthogonal transformation by the Varimax method, the factor load matrix is obtained. The econometric models, which describes the influence of independent indicators on the export of high-tech goods, are represented. Next, the four most influential indicators from the 11 investigated factors are revealed, namely: the country’s research and development expenditure, GDP in current prices, research staff and researchers in the sector of business enterprises, the percentage of ICT staff from total employment. They are taken to develop multiple linear regression models, which describes the influence of independent indicators on the effective export of high-tech goods. The quality results of the factor analysis are confirmed using the Kaiser-Meier-Olkin test and the Bartlett test. Regression analysis with strict screening of non-significant variables using the Backward Stepwise Selection tool confirms the significance of the indicator of scientific research personnel and researchers in the sector of business enterprises, which has the greatest impact on the export of high-tech goods. A pair regression model is obtained, and it is confirmed that increase of research staff and researchers in the sector of business enterprises by 1% causes increase of export of high-tech goods in average by 0,73%.

Purpose – The objective of this research is to analyze the microfoundations of dynamic capabilities used by microbreweries in Porto Alegre (Brazil) in their coopetition strategies. Design/methodology/approach – A case study with a qualitative approach was developed. Data were collected during interviews with owners of 11 microbreweries, via analysis of documents and nonparticipatory observation. The authors used the content analysis technique to infer knowledge. Findings – The authors identified the microfoundations of dynamic coopetition capabilities including collective purchases, shared distribution expenses, shared production, education of consumers and other beer producers, group interaction and a business roundtable with entrepreneurs from the food and drink sector in the hospitality industry. Research limitations/implications – The authors developed a framework that considers the relationship between the microfoundations of dynamic capabilities and coopetition regarding the paradox between competition and cooperation. It is relevant to identify different actors’ movements and the potential outcomes of coopetitive strategies, which yield a competitive advantage for the cluster. Practical implications – Together, the microfoundations of dynamic capabilities contribute to the competitive advantage of the cluster. Originality/value – The study highlights how small companies can jointly develop competitive advantage in a market dominated by a large company.

Innovation and investment are critical to economic growth. In this article, we address the complex task of evaluating the capacity of regional innovation to increase investment and generate spillovers in regions of the European Union (EU) from both spatial and temporal perspectives. Using panel data estimation methods and exploring the effects of dynamic spatial autocorrelation, our findings show a positive spatial autocorrelation at the level of EU regions. We also observed spatial competition, both in terms of the distribution of investments and in terms of the diffusion of short-term innovation gains. We argue that, in the short term, EU regions tend to behave as competitors for investment fixing, but in the long run, innovation has the potential to generate spillover effects on neighbouring regions. Furthermore, we find that investment patterns were characterized by a significant temporal autocorrelation, showing that shocks to investment in regions tend to be absorbed in a few periods. This paper attempts to fill existing gaps by using estimation methods for dynamic spatial panel data to identify and explore the effects of regional innovation on investment for the 154 European Union regions, and reports original findings as regards the knowledge spillover across European regions.

AbstractThe purpose of the research was to identify the sources of tensions, the factors that determine their magnitude and the circumstances that influence the management of said tensions in the context of coopetitive interactions between SMEs belonging to the agro-industrial sector of Ecuador. In the study, carried out with a qualitative approach using multiple case studies and grounded theory, 25 cases of companies belonging to the banana, cocoa, shrimp, and flowers subsectors of that country were included, in which 54 executives and 15 management experts participated strategic. The results indicate that the tensions and conflicts that occur in coopetitive relationships derive from unilateral factors associated with the organization, and from multilateral factors associated with the sector or the market. The study highlights the importance of strengthening the ability to manage tensions and conflicts that occur between companies that compete and collaborate simultaneously to increase the perceived value of the customer and the network, even in the presence of conflicts, rivalries, and divergent interests. This implies that interested parties must be able to deploy new inter-business interactions based on trust, mutual respect, and recognition of legitimate interests, with the aim of sharing resources, reducing costs, and taking advantage of new business opportunities. The novelty of the research lies in the fact that it is the first study that addresses, from an empirical perspective, the way in which the coopetitive paradox manifests itself in Ecuadorian SMEs.

The study of the relationship between education and business is a very relevant issue when education and business are key factors in developing and uplifting the economy. Education is the foundation for creating a business since the effective activity is impossible without a strong information base. The purpose of this research is a bibliographic review of scientific publications devoted to the relationship between business and education, based on materials indexed by the Scopus, Web of Science, and Mendeley databases using the built-in functions of the Bibliometrix application and the R programming language. The logic of the research is implemented with the help of three stages: at the first stage, an analysis of literary sources related to bibliometric analysis, as well as about business and education, the interdependence of education and business, which were published in the publishing house of MDPI scientific journals with open access, was carried out. Survey and interview methods are the methodological tools of most of the analyzed publications in the open access of the MDPI database. The research is conducted in the R language, using VOSViewer tools for bibliometric analysis. Various qualitative and quantitative methods were used to analyze the relationship between education and business, such as performance analysis, scientific mapping and thematic analysis, structural equation modelling, and Z-score statistics. At the second stage, the main functions of the Bibliometrix package were studied, countries, keywords constructed a three-field plot, and the year of publication of cited references to reflect the proportion of research topics for each country and the freshness of cited articles. Source clustering through Bradford's Law was also used to identify the best journals for publishing own research and searching for the most relevant scientific information. In addition, the Hirsch and Gini indexes of the selected sample of publications were examined in detail within the second stage. The Hirsch index is a quantitative measure of productivity based on analyzing published publications and citations. The distribution of authorship is estimated using the Gini index. At the third stage, keywords were analyzed, and a table was built with the most frequently used words to decrease the number of keywords mentioned. The conducted comprehensive analysis of scientific publications confirmed the close correlation of paradigms of business and education in the conditions of coopetition in modernity.

The purpose of the article is to determine development gaps and critical points in the system of business -- education collaboration in R&D investment using MAR-splines. The study attempts to confirm hypotheses about the impact of business -- education collaboration in R&D investment on the sustainable development, and, in turn, the influence of chosen factors on the level of cooperation of business and education in R&D investment taking into account development gaps and critical points. These factors include the values of gross domestic expenditure on R&D spent by the business enterprise sector and by the higher education sector, and the level of the informal economy. The study is based on the sample of the 10 countries leading the ranking of Sustainable Development Index for 2011-2018 (time limits are set due to the availability of all studied indicators in the statistical databases of the World Bank, UNDESA, OECD and WIPO). Critical points and knots are determined using MAR-splines and two-way median-spline plots in STATA software. It has been proven that the business -- education collaboration in R&D investment contributes to increasing the level of sustainable development if the value of this indicator is in the range of critical points from 62.04 to 68.96 (1% growth increases the estimate of sustainable development by 0.7%). In turn, development gaps and critical points have also been found for factors influencing the level of business-education R&D collaboration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the study is to determine factors that have the greatest influence on the growth of export of hightech goods in the context of innovation transfer for social-economic development. Factor analysis tools, including principal component analysis and the Varimax rotation (orthogonal transformation) method in Statgraphics software, are used to identify the most significant indicators of the impact on export of high-tech goods, as a key determinant characterizing the quality of scientific and educational potential, and to determine the latent signs of their interaction. A modified logistic function is used to normalize input data for 11 investigated factors in a sample of 28 countries. Ten linear combinations of variables are obtained, which explain most of the data variability. The first four components have eigenvalues greater than or equal to 1.0. Together, they account for 88.520% of the variability of the original data. After orthogonal transformation by the Varimax method, the factor load matrix is obtained. The econometric models, which describes the influence of independent indicators on the export of high-tech goods, are represented. Next, the four most influential indicators from the 11 investigated factors are revealed, namely: the country's research and development expenditure, GDP in current prices, research staff and researchers in the sector of business enterprises, the percentage of ICT staff from total employment. They are taken to develop multiple linear regression models, which describes the influence of independent indicators on the effective export of high-tech goods. The quality results of the factor analysis are confirmed using the Kaiser-Meier-Olkin test and the Bartlett test. Regression analysis with strict screening of non-significant variables using the Backward Stepwise Selection tool confirms the significance of the indicator of scientific research personnel and researchers in the sector of business enterprises, which has the greatest impact on the export of high-tech goods. A pair regression model is obtained, and it is confirmed that increase of research staff and researchers in the sector of business enterprises by 1% causes increase of export of high-tech goods in average by 0,73%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Are board ties among competitors harmful to customers? The prevalent assumption on board ties among competitors is that they harm customer benefits. This study examines the mechanism by which board ties with competitors result in an outcome conducive to customers. Design/methodology/approach: Based on a sample of 79 savings banks in South Korea, we investigate the extent of banks’ board ties with other banks and their engagement in a project financing (PF) consortium from 2014 to 2020. The generalised least square was adopted to test the hypotheses. We also performed several supplemental analyses to further support our results. Findings/results: Savings banks with greater board ties with rivals provided more financial opportunities to their customers by forming PF consortia more actively with other banks. Furthermore, the positive impact of board ties on banks’ participation in a PF consortium increases, especially when the proportion of external shareholders is smaller or when savings banks are family firms. Practical implications: Outside directors can not only play the role of monitoring the management but also serve as assistants who can help banks provide financial services (or products) that banks could not provide individually. Originality/value: While prior studies have clearly recognised the negative impacts on customers of board-friendship ties among rivals, little attention has been paid to the potential mechanism by which board ties among competing firms can benefit customers. This study challenges the dominant assumption by demonstrating that savings banks with greater board ties with other banks provide more financial opportunities to their economically weak customers. Contribution: Finally, this study contributes to the family business literature by providing insight into how the unique characteristics of family firms in strategic choices make outside directors contribute as assistants than supervisors.

Digital platforms have become an integral part of modern business. Their success largely depends on how effectively the management team builds relationships with other platforms and stakeholders. However, many aspects of this interaction remain poorly studied. The paper aims to identify stakeholders and their interests that have the most profound effect on various types of business platforms. Stakeholder approach constitutes the methodological basis of the study. The main research method is qualitative and quantitative content analysis. The information base includes over 19,000 news texts from the largest news agencies for the period from April 1, 2020 to May 1, 2021, selected according to the platform typology used (advertising, cloud, food, lean platforms and marketplaces). As demonstrated in the study, “other” platforms, society and the state are most frequently mentioned among stakeholders. Having analyzed the texts referencing to “other” platforms, we found that the platform market was an ever-growing monopoly of several large players, while cloud and lean platforms were often mentioned together. The author proves the assumption that the world’s leading platforms usually share a common destiny (the impact of other stakeholders or environment on several platforms). Most platforms (excluding cloud platforms due to the specifics of their activities) are characterized by similar cooperation and competition values, which indicates the presence of coopetition. The research into public attitudes towards platforms revealed the predominance of neutral texts. However, negative messages prevail among emotionally colored messages, which indicates society’s precautious position to digital platforms.

Hard conditions of today's hypercompetition markets have not only dramatically increased the cost and risk of entering the market, but have also caused failure of new entrants. Coopetitions are born in response to this need. One of the important issues facing decision makers in coopetition projects is how to evaluate the consequences so that decide whether to enter the coopetition or not, as well as whether to continue or not. The purpose of this research is design and explain the consequences of coopetition for entering the ICT market of Iran, by analyzing the data gathered from systematic literature review over the past 15 years and interviewing with 16 ICT experts, through Multi Grounded Theory (MGT). Finally, a conceptual model is developed about the consequences of coopetition for entering the Iranian ICT market, which composed of three groups: "Brand Performance", "Industry Performance", and "Market entry Performance ".v

This article provides a formal model of the value creation-appropriation dilemma in coopetition for innovation, that is, alliances among competing firms. The model determines the levels of cooperation that maximize the profit of each firm in an innovative coopetition agreement regardless of the number of firms and their respective budget endowments dedicated to the coopetitive project. We answer the following questions: within an innovative coopetition agreement, will the partners cooperate more or less when their budget endowments change? What is the impact on profit? When is it profitable to accept a new partner into the agreement? What happens to the remaining firms when a partner withdraws from the agreement? We show that when the coopetitive budget of the focal firm increases, the focal firm allocates a larger part of this budget to value creation activities and increases its profit. In contrast, when a partnering firm increases its coopetitive budget, the focal firm reduces its budget for value creation activities to maintain a sufficient budget for value appropriation activities. We also show that the addition of a competitor with a large coopetitive budget to the innovative coopetition agreement decreases the cooperation of the focal firm but increases the profit of the initial partnering firms. In contrast, the exit of a partnering firm with a large coopetitive budget from the agreement intensifies the cooperation among the remaining firms but reduces their profit.

Most studies concerning dominant designs focus on ‘collective’ or ‘competitive’ strategies that companies deploy to impose their choices on the market. The objective of this research is to assess the extent to which ‘coopetitive’ strategies may lead to a dominant design. We analyzed the development of a dominant design over an 84-year period through a historical study in the field of pinball machines. Our study focuses on the five main manufacturers of pinball machines and analyzes data from 1930 to 2014. We demonstrate that companies undergo three phases that involve the progressive development of coopetitive relationships with different impacts on the generation of innovation. Because manufacturers differentiated their offerings, innovated and simultaneously imitated others, increased competition resulted. Simultaneously, external threats and the need to collectively respond to clients and partners prompted the manufacturers to cooperate with one another. Thus, our research provides a better understanding of how specific horizontal coopetitive relationships among manufacturers of the same type of products impact the development of a dominant design at the industry level. This case study suggests that as a theoretical framework, coopetition introduces new insights into the comprehension of relational dynamics during the development of dominant designs. Our observations also confirm or invalidate conclusions drawn in previous works related to coopetition strategies. In particular, this case is interesting as although the appropriability regime was weak, companies still developed coopetitive relationships, contradicting previous studies.

This research aims to delineate how the family principle has been regarded and understood in Indonesia's Economy. Furthermore, it seeks to comprehensively understand the family principle to prevent further misconceptions or multi-interpretations. The method used is the qualitative approach that is based on literary studies. Besides providing the advantage of being exploratory in nature, the approach is suitable for studies in the environment of economic theory as researchers attempt to gain understanding through the thoughts and interpretation building of significant figures in the Indonesian economy. Overall, it is evident that cooperation and competition are the two crucial and equally important elements of the family principle to understand the concept comprehensively. Thus, the research concluded that both concepts had been integrated into the family principle as coopetition, whereas all economic institutions recognized by the constitution simultaneously compete and cooperate.

The Romanian economy has prospered in the last years, and as a result, economic players claim today the scarcity of skilled workforce in the country. Many reasons have been mentioned for this: a dysfunctional labour market, saturated economic regions, demographic decline, migration, not adequately skilled workers. Therefore, it is crucial activating participation at an early stage to grow future skilled workforce as insufficiency of skilled human resources can limit economic growth. Talent management and talent pool growth have been concentrated on star talent acquisition and the development of new in -house talent processes. Rather slow has been the advance in generating new talent pools from an inter-firm cooperative approach. This work will make an initial approach to close this gap in research by studying the creation of talent pools through coopetition in the private sector as mean to an end to growing workforce supply. The concept is studied based on a case study that focuses on two private Vocational Education Training programs of two industries in Romania namely retail and manufacturing. The study shows that new talent pools can be grown through a coopetitive environment given harsh environments and limited resource capabilities of the firms.

The article researches the basic directions of transformation of competitive relations in conditions of globalization. The theoretical contribution to the formation and development of the theory of competition and competitive advantages of representatives of behavioral, institutional, neoinstitutional and neo-classical directions of economic theory is analyzed. It is concluded that under the influence of globalization, such types of partnership relations as cooperation, сoevolution, consolidation become wide-spread. Preconditions of transition from the strategy of rivalry to the partnership relations are defined. The competitive advantages, which are obtained by business entities due to the development of partnership relations, are characterized. The authors provide examples of the world companies which reoriented their competitive strategies towards coopetition interaction; examples of strategic alliances, which are concluded by global competitors as a result of such interaction, are considered. The conceptual model of ensuring competitiveness of the national economy on the principles of transformation of competitive relations from rivalry to cooperation is proposed; the main competitive advantages associated with establishing long-term partnership relations are defined.

The aim of this study is to examine if, among consumer durable goods’ manufacturers operating in Poland, clusters could be distinguished in terms of the strength of benefits obtained from their cooperation with the key retailer. Also, this article aims to verify if these clusters could be differentiated according to the business models employed by the two parties. With the CATI method data was collected from 613 respondents that were clustered into 5 groups. The established clusters proved to differ statistically in terms of the manufacturer’s business model. From the perspective of the manufacturer, however, these differences proved to be poor predictors of the overall level of the obtained benefits.

Purpose – This paper presents a model to analyze the context and critical behavior of interorganizational partnering based on the coopetition strategy. Design/methodology/approach – This research is exploratory, and makes use of descriptive statistical methodology. Data collection was based on an entrepreneurial perception survey applied to 545 tourism firms and 49 local business associations in two Brazilian cities. Findings – The main theoretical approach of this research was to introduce a partnering model, and its variables, based on coopetition – whereas its main empirical finding was to prove that the high internal competition among participants, within the tourism sector, is a greater source of coopetition behavior than external competition itself. Shared values, mutual trust, complementarity and awareness of the competitive advantages that result from partnering co-exist with the internal competition between firms belonging to this sector. Originality/value – Coopetition in the tourism sector has been little explored, but this study confirms that coopetition is a hybrid behavior which is very suitable to explain current market relationships; it also represents the interorganizational networks generated by business associations. The value of this research was to provide a scale to measure cooperative and competitive contexts on partnering based on the coopetition strategy, which can be applied to other industries or sectors.

Purpose: To systematize the existing approaches and tools used for measuring competitive intensity. Methodology: Systematic literature review along with critical literature review. Findings: Identifcation of two main approaches to measuring competition intensity: the frst pertains to research based on experts’ opinions and involves the use of questionnaires (primary sources), while the second is based on structural variables used with a variety of indexes (secondary sources). In addition, variables applied for the purpose of measuring the intensity of competition are divided into structural and behavioural. Research implications: Research implications are two-fold. Firstly, a distinction is made between various types of existing approaches to measuring competitive intensity. Secondly, research is carried out, inter alia, with regard to the actual object of certain measures, as opposed to their object stemming from commonly accepted defnitions. Practical implications: The issue of measuring competition intensity occupies a prominent place in the discussion on the effectiveness of inter-organizational relationships. The fndings outlined in this paper may help managers to develop/adopt the right approach supporting their strategic decisions. Originality: The paper provides a complex review of the existing methods and measures of competitive intensity. It systematizes recent knowledge about competitive intensity measurements.

Coopetition is a relationship strategy between firms or institutions that compete and cooperate simultaneously in different areas. Coopetition occurs in several inter-organizational arrangements. This article establishes theoretical propositions about coopetition strategies based on the Consortium of Community Universities in the South of Brazil (Consórcio das Universidades Comunitárias Gaúchas - Comung), which is formed of 15 higher education institutions (HEIs) located in the South of Brazil. This article investigates a single case with multiple analysis units conducted through in loco interviews with the President of the Comung and the managers of the HEIs, along with secondary data. The results indicate that coopetition has been used as a mechanism for market protection and to gain access to unavailable resources individually from the dynamic interactions between the Comung HEIs.

Background: Trust and conflict represent the critical foundation characterising the inter-firm relationship of cooperation and competition, and their co-existence as coopetition within an alliance partnership. The literature has often regarded conflict and trust as uni-dimensional variables to clarify their interactive influences. However, few studies has explicitly investigate how these two opposite forces and their sub-dimensions may interact and create synergic effects in alliance partnerships in emerging economies. Objectives: This study applies a coopetition perspective to articulate the complex interactive nature of conflict and trust between partners, aiming at revealing how specific patterns of conflict (task and emotional) and trust (cognitive and affective) interact with each other in impacting the focal firm’s performance within the alliance partnership. Method: Using survey data collected from 490 sampled firms in China, we ran three regression models to test four hypotheses from the interactive matrix between different dimensions of conflict and trust. Results: The results indicate that the coupled pattern (the interaction between emotional conflict and affective trust) and the compatible pattern (the interaction between task conflict and cognitive trust) could improve firm performance, whereas the dysfunctional pattern (the interaction between emotional conflict and cognitive trust) and the mismatched pattern (the interaction between task conflict and affective trust) could harm firm performance within alliance partnerships. Conclusion: The new findings imply diverse ways to combine conflict and trust to achieve the best synergistic effect for allied firms in emerging economies, and thus extend and enrich the literature by providing contextual knowledge regarding ‘conflict and trust as coopetition phenomena’ in relevant fields.

Background: Coopetition is a powerful means by which microenterprises can compete against large firms in low margin sectors, such as the small retail outlets in South African townships, known locally as spaza shops. Although coopetition is widely used by foreign nationals who own and manage such shops, and who are reported to be more successful, South African owners have failed to establish such relationships. Objectives: The objective of this study was to explore the reasons why South African owners do not form such relationships Method: The study used a qualitative, exploratory approach. Results: An absence of trust and a general lack of awareness of the potential benefits of coopetition are the major barriers. Moreover, the volatile environment within which these spaza shops operate, characterised by extensive unemployment and high crime rates, and makes the establishment of coopetitive relationships more difficult. Conclusion: Any intervention designed to improve the survival rate of spaza shops should include measures to address issues of trust and the benefits of coopetitive relationships.

Today’s rapidly changing business environment has impelled companies to cooperate with their competitors gaining more competitive advantages by achieving win-win situation. Thereby, building alliances as one of the cooperative strategies has been adopted by many enterprises, consequently attracting great attention of numerous scholars. Nevertheless, the alliance literature seems to lack studies in the domain of entrepreneurship. Accordingly, this paper aims to extend entrepreneurship into the field of alliances highlighting two phenomenal concepts: alliance entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial orientation. Hence, the relationship between these two constructs together with the mediating role of knowledge transfer between alliance partners are investigated. We used Structural Equation Modeling with Partial Least Squares (PLS-SEM) technique under two sections of measurement model and structural model assessment in order to analyze data. The results gathered from Iran’s automotive industry confirmed the positive significant impact of alliance entrepreneurship on partners’ entrepreneurial orientation and the mediating effect of knowledge transfer

This study uses the lens of competitive dynamics to examine the coopetition process, which combines both cooperation and competition, employed by Qualcomm within the SoC (System on a Chip) design market related to smart devices. Qualcomm succeeded in developing the first SoC, which integrated GPS (Global Positioning System) and other software, and during the process of developing mobile chips has simultaneously cooperated and competed with competitors. In particular, Samsung, which began as a customer of the firm, has since become its competitor. By conducting descriptive case analysis, this study shows a coopetition process in the SoC industry and supplemented a coopetition study with the actual exemplary coopetition case.

Purpose: The study presents a dynamic and complex procedural experience performed by small microbreweries in a cluster in Porto Alegre, Brazil. Thus, this article aims to establish theoretical propositions about coopetition strategies in this context. Originality/value: One of the gaps in the organizational studies is an understanding of how the process of developing a new strategic dynamic takes place. We consider coopetition to be a process that involves narrow strategies of simultaneous coopetition and cooperation between competing firms, in different areas and levels of interaction. Design/methodology/approach: Qualitative, exploratory research was conducted, using data triangulation and multiple methods. The case study technique was adopted to perform an in-depth examination of the phenomenon of secondary data collection, participant observations, and semi-structured interviews. Findings: The results showed that microbreweries are developing a strategic process of coopetition through greater sharing of resources, information, interactions, learning, and inter-organizational and intra-organizational knowledge, essentially in the stages of distribution and sales. The reports and evidence of the research showed synergy between the mechanisms and common goals found, thus demonstrating the dynamic of these small businesses. Objetivo: O estudo apresenta uma experiência procedural com sua dinâmica e complexidade realizada por pequenas microcervejarias em um cluster em Porto Alegre, Brasil. Portanto, o objetivo deste artigo é estabelecer proposições teóricas sobre estratégias de coopetição nesse contexto. Originalidade/relevância: Uma das lacunas nos estudos organizacionais é compreender como ocorre o processo de desenvolvimento de novas estratégias dinâmicas. Coopetição é considerada um processo que envolve restritas estratégias de competição e cooperação simultâneas entre firmas, em diferentes áreas e níveis de interação. Principais aspectos metodológicos: Uma pesquisa qualitativa e exploratória foi conduzida, usando triangulação de dados e múltiplos métodos. O estudo de caso foi adotado para obter uma análise em profundidade do fenômeno com coleta de dados secundários, observação participante e entrevistas semiestruturadas. Síntese dos principais resultados: Os resultados demonstraram que microcervejarias estão desenvolvendo um processo estratégico de coopetição por meio de um maior compartilhamento de recursos, informação, interações, aprendizagem e conhecimento interorganizacional e intraorganizacional, principalmente nas etapas de distribuição e vendas. Os relatos e evidências da pesquisa demonstraram uma sinergia entre os mecanismos e objetivos comuns encontrados, demonstrando a dinâmica desses pequenos negócios.