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Objective Infectious encephalitis (IE) and autoimmune encephalitis (AE) are symptomatically similar in clinic, however essentially different in pathogenesis. Therefore, the objective of this study was to identify specific features to distinguish the two types of encephalitis for early effective diagnosis and treatments through a comparative analysis. Methods Fifty-nine IE patients and 36 AE patients were enrolled. The patients with IE were divided into viral encephalitis (VE) and bacterial encephalitis (BE) according to the pathogens in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Patients with AE were categorized by with or without neural autoantibodies (NAAb). We further divided patients with NAAb into those with neural cell-surface antibodies (NSAbs) or intracellular antibodies (Abs). Clinical features, laboratory data, and imaging findings were compared between AE, IE, and subgroups. Results Memory deficits, involuntary movement, and seizures were relatively more commonly presenting symptoms in AE patients (p < 0.05). The positive rate of Pandy test was higher in IE patients (p = 0.007). Decreased leukocyte, erythrocyte, and platelet counts in blood were found in IE patients (p < 0.05). Lower serum calcium level was found in VE compared to BE (p = 0.027). Meanwhile, higher serum calcium level was found in patients with NSAbs compared with intracellular Abs (p = 0.034). However, higher levels of LDH in CSF were found in patients with intracellular Abs (p = 0.009). In magnetic resonance imaging, hippocampus lesions were more commonly present in patients with AE (p = 0.042). Compared with AE patients, more IE patients displayed the background electroencephalogram rhythm of slow-frequency delta (p = 0.013). Conclusion Involuntary movement and memory deficits were more specifically present in AE patients. CSF Pandy, blood routine test and hippocampus lesions detections were potential markers for distinguishing AE and IE. Further, CSF LDH, and serum calcium levels were potentially useful to distinguish subgroups of encephalitis.

Recent discoveries in the field of graphene-based heterostructures have led to the demonstration of high-performance photodetectors. However, the studies to date have been largely limited to the heterojunction with a Schottky barrier, restricted by an inevitable compromise between photoresponsivity and photodetectivity. Here, a new class of graphene-based tunneling photodetectors is introduced by inserting the Al2O3 tunneling layer between silicon and graphene. The photocarriers can tunnel through the designed insulator layer which simultaneously blocks the dark current, thus maintaining high photodetectivity with desirable photoresponsivity. We further modulate the thickness of the Al2O3 layer to explore the tunneling mechanism for the photocarriers, in which a photoresponsivity of 0.75 A/W, a high current ratio of 4.8 × 103 and a photodetectivity of 3.1 × 1012 Jones are obtained at a 13.3-nm-thick Al2O3 layer. In addition, the fabrication process is compatible with conventional semiconductor processing, providing further flexibility to large-scale integrated photodetectors with high performance.

BackgroundAdenomatous polyposis coli (APC) gene mutations were found in most colorectal cancer patients and functioned as an important inducer of tumorigenesis. Long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of various diseases, including colorectal cancer (CRC). Here we investigated the role of SURC which is specific upregulated in CRC progression. MethodsBased on the previous microarray results, weighted correlation network analysis (WGCNA) and lncRNA-mRNA co-expression network analysis were used to identify a lncRNA (SURC) and found it was specific up-regulated in CRC patients by qPCR and FISH staining. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay was used to demonstrate the regulatory effect and mechanism of APC mutation on SURC expression. The effects of SURC on proliferation and cell cycle were determined by in vitro and in vivo experiments. Chromatin Isolation by RNA Purification (CHIRP) and luciferase reporter assay were carried out to illustrate the interaction between SURC, miR-185-5p and CCND2.ResultsWe found that SURC was specific up-regulated in CRC, but not in other solid tumor, when compared with normal adjacent tissues. High expression of SURC correlates with poorer disease-free survival and overall survival of CRC patients. Mutated APC protein resulted in stabilization of β-catenin in CRC, which promotes the transcription of SURC via binding to its promoter. Knockdown of SURC impaired CRC cell proliferation, colony formation and CRC tumor growth. Mechanistically, after transcription, SURC was transferred to cytoplasm and inhibits miR-185-5p expression via binding to miR-185-5p and inhibiting the synthesis of miR-185-5p from pri-miR-185-5p, which results in CCND2 expression.Conclusion Collectively, these results indicated that SURC promoted CRC tumor growth via interacting with miR-185-5p and regulating the activity of miR-185-5p/CCND2 axis which would be a novel diagnosis and prognosis prediction target for CRC.

SARI (suppressor of AP‐1, regulated by IFN) impaired tumour growth by promoting apoptosis and inhibiting cell proliferation and tumour angiogenesis in various cancers. However, the role of SARI in regulating tumour‐associated inflammation microenvironment is still elusive. In our study, the colitis‐dependent and ‐independent primary model were established in SARI deficiency mice and immuno‐reconstructive mice to investigate the functional role of SARI in regulating tumour‐associated inflammation microenvironment and primary colon cancer formation. The results have shown that SARI deficiency promotes colitis‐associated cancer (CAC) development only in the presence of colon inflammation. SARI inhibited tumour‐associated macrophages (TAM) infiltration in colon tissues, and SARI deficiency in bone marrow cells has no observed role in the promotion of intestinal tumorigenesis. Mechanism investigations indicated that SARI down‐regulates p‐STAT1 and STAT1 expression in colon cancer cells, following inhibition of MCP‐1/CCR2 axis activation during CAC development. Inverse correlations between SARI expression and macrophage infiltration, MCP‐1 expression and p‐STAT1 expression were also demonstrated in colon malignant tissues. Collectively, our results prove the inhibition role of SARI in colon cancer formation through regulating TAM infiltration.

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) β2-microglobulin (β2-MG) levels elevated in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). We examined the levels of β2-MG in serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from 46 patients with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD), in serum from 21 healthy controls (HC), in CSF from 25 disease controls with non-inflammatory neurological diseases (NIND) with normal CSF results. CSF β2-MG levels were significantly higher in patients with NMOSD than controls and with weak association with the number of white blood cells, protein and lactate levels in CSF. CSF β2-MG is thus one more, non-specific indicator of inflammation in NMOSD.

Uric acid (UA) is a natural scavenger for peroxynitrite and can reflect antioxidant activity and oxidative stress in several neurological disorders. Changes in serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of UA have been reported in patients with multiple sclerosis and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders. The levels of UA in CSF are relatively poorly understood in patients with Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS). It remains unclear whether UA can play an antioxidant role and reflect oxidative stress in GBS. The purpose of this study is to investigate CSF and serum UA levels in patients with GBS and their relationship with clinical characteristics. The CSF and serum UA levels were detected in 43 patients with GBS, including 14 acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (AIDP), 6 acute motor axonal neuropathy (AMAN), 13 with acute motor and sensory axonal neuropathy (AMSAN), 7 Miller Fisher syndrome (MFS), and 3 unclassified, and 25 patients with non-inflammatory neurological disorders (NIND) as controls. Moreover, serum UA levels were also detected in 30 healthy controls. The levels of UA were measured using uricase-based methods with an automatic biochemical analyzer. CSF UA levels were significantly increased in patients with GBS (p = 0.011), particularly in patients with AIDP (p = 0.004) when compared with NIND. Among patients with GBS, CSF UA levels were higher in those with demyelination (p = 0.022), although the difference was not significant after multiple testing correction. CSF UA levels in GBS were positively correlated with serum UA levels (r = 0.455, p = 0.022) and CSF lactate (r = 0.499, p = 0.011). However, no significant correlations were found between CSF UA levels and GBS disability scores. There were no significant differences in serum UA levels among GBS, NIND, and healthy controls. These results suggest that CSF UA may be related to the pathogenesis of demyelination in patients with GBS and may be partially determined by serum UA and the impaired blood-nerve barrier.

Beta-2-microglobulin (β2-MG) levels vary in many infectious and autoimmune diseases. We investigated plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) β2-MG levels in patients with Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS) and their correlations with clinical parameters. CSF samples from 50 patients with GBS including 19 acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (AIDP), 6 acute motor axonal neuropathy (AMAN), 10 acute motor-sensory axonal neuropathy (AMSAN), 7 Miller-Fisher syndrome (MFS), and 8 unclassified patients were collected. Moreover, 23 CSF samples from patients with non-inflammatory neurological disorders (NIND) as controls were collected. Plasma samples from 42 enrolled patients and 29 healthy individuals were also collected. The β2-MG levels were measured by immunoturbidimetry on automatic biochemical analyser. Besides, clinical data were extracted from electronic patient documentation system. CSF levels of β2-MG, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and lactate were significantly increased in patients with GBS (p = 0.004, p = 0.041, p = 0.040, respectively), particularly in patients with AIDP (p < 0.001, p = 0.001, p = 0.015, respectively), whereas no statistically significant difference was found in plasma levels of β2-MG. Furthermore, CSF levels of β2-MG were positively correlated with Hughes functional score (r = 0.493, p = 0.032), LDH (r = 0.796, p < 0.001), and lactate (r = 0.481, p = 0.037) but not with protein (r = − 0.090, p = 0.713) in AIDP patients. CSF β2-MG levels may help identify AIDP and indicate clinical severity. CSF LDH and lactate levels correlate with CSF β2-MG levels; interaction among these biomarkers would need further investigation.

Since 2000, education reform has quietly risen. As one of the research hotspots of education reform, individualized learning has been valued by various countries. The emergence of the online learning space provides a huge technical environment support for personalized learning. However, how to recommend personalized learning content for learners from the numerous resources on the Internet has always been one of the difficulties in personalized online learning. Technology is a key element for achieving personalized online learning. At present, there are fewer systematic researches and practical applications that combine personalized learning with online learning space. In order to better realize the personalized learning of students and make the personalized learning develop to a higher level, this paper studies the personalized recommendation. The research of personalized recommendation system is an important breakthrough in the realization of information filtering. It is usually based on the user's historical interaction information to mine potential interests and preferences to push items that satisfy users. In this paper, the knowledge representation learning method is used to retain the semantic information of the user or the item itself, and the data is embedded in the low-dimensional vector space to calculate the semantic similarity to generate the recommendation result. This algorithm enriches the semantic information of users or items in traditional recommendation algorithms, effectively enhances the recommendation performance, and makes better recommendations for network personalized learning.

Objective This study aims to explore the serum levels of IL-27 and the percentages of IL-27-producing cells in MG patients with positive acetylcholine receptor antibody (AChR-MG). Methods A total of 17 AChR-MG patients and 22 sex- and age- matched healthy controls (HCs) were recruited. Serum IL-27 levels were determined by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. The percentages of IL-27+ cells, IL-27-producing T (CD3+IL-27+) cells, and IL-27-producing B (CD19+IL-27+) cells were measured by flow cytometry. Results Serum IL-27 levels in AChR-MG were significantly higher than those in HCs (13.44 ± 0.89 vs 7.14 ± 0.75 pg/mL, P Conclusion IL-27 may play an important role in the pathological process in AChR-MG patients, and the frequencies of IL-27-producing (CD3+IL-27+) T cells may be a potential biomarker for predicting the severity of AChR-MG.

Aims Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD) are aquaporin-4 antibody-mediated diseases of the central nervous system. Endothelin-1 (ET-1) is an inflammatory cytokine released by vascular endothelial cells and activated astrocytes. Previous studies have reported the aberrant expressions of cytokines/chemokines in patients diagnosed with NMOSD. However, the serum levels of ET-1 in NMOSD patients remain unknown. The purpose of this study was to measure the serum levels of ET-1 and other immune-related cytokines/chemokines in patients with NMOSD, and to investigate the correlation between serum ET-1 levels and clinical characteristics of NMOSD. Methods Thirty-eight patients with NMOSD and twenty-eight healthy controls (HCs) were recruited in this study. The serum concentrations of ET-1 and other cytokines/chemokines were measured, and their correlations to the clinical features of patients with NMOSD were analyzed. Results The serum levels of ET-1 in patients with NMOSD were significantly higher than those in HCs (P = 0.0001). The serum concentrations of ET-1 were positively correlated with the Expanded Disability Status Scale score (r = 0.428, P = 0.0183). High-dose intravenous methylprednisolone treatment significantly reduced the levels of ET-1 and interleukin (IL)-6 in blood, but significantly increased the serum concentrations of IL-10 in NMOSD patients. No correlations were found between serum ET-1 levels and the concentrations of other cytokines/chemokines in these patients. Conclusion ET-1 and IL-6 might exert pro-inflammatory effects in the pathogenesis of NMOSD, whereas IL-10 played an anti-inflammatory role in this process. ET-1 might be a potential biomarker for predicting the severity of NMOSD. However, the serum levels of ET-1 were not correlated with the changes of other cytokines/chemokines in patients with NMOSD. The involvement of ET-1 in the development of NMOSD needs to be further studied.

The anatomy of the posterolateral complex (PLC) of the knee is usually studied by dissection and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging, which is still controversial. We aim to study it based on the images and an interactive 3D-PDF from the Chinese Visible Human (CVH) datasets. CVH datasets (six transverse and one coronal) of the PLC and its adjacent structures were segmented and three-dimensionally reconstructed. Histological sections images were used to establish criteria for the segmentation. MR images were studied in comparison with CVH images. The PLC was mainly composed of the fibular collateral ligament (FCL), popliteofibular ligament (PFL), arcuate popliteal ligament (APL), popliteus tendon (PT), fabellofibular ligament (FFL) and biceps femoris tendon (BT). These structures had origins or insertions located close to each other and collectively maintained the stability of the PLC. The origins of the PT and the FCL were located on the lateral condyle of the femur. The APL was "Y" shaped and had a 100% occurrence in our study. Its lateral and medial heads originated, respectively, from the posterolateral part and medial-inferior part of fibrous capsule close to the lateral femoral condyle. The FCL, BT, main trunk of the APL, PFL and FFL had adjacent insertions on the posterolateral fibular head. CVH high-resolution sectional anatomical images and a 3D-pdf provided detailed morphological data for the PLC, and improved the identification and diagnostic accuracy for the PLC in MRI. We speculate that APL has a strong biological and mechanistic significance in the PLC. Anat Rec, 301:1764-1773, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Autoimmune longitudinal extensive transverse myelitis (LETM) is often combined with connective tissue disorders (CTD). The purpose of this study was to compare the clinical characteristics of autoimmune LETM with and without CTD. Ninety-two patients diagnosed with autoimmune LETM were enrolled from our clinical database and divided into two groups depending on whether they had a concomitant diagnosis of CTD. Differences in clinical, serological, and imaging characteristics between the two groups were evaluated and compared. Fifty-nine LETM patients without CTD and 33 LETM patients with CTD were included. LETM patients with CTD had higher Kurtzke Expanded Disability Status Scale at nadir and more severe sensory dysfunction (p

We described the clinical and neuroimaging characteristics of seven Chinese patients with anti-GAD65 antibody-associated neurological disorders of whom epileptic seizures were the initial and main symptoms. All patients were given immunotherapy and followed up monthly. The outcome demonstrates that immunotherapy is helpful for non-seizure manifestations of anti-GAD65-associated neurological autoimmunity and is less effective in the treatment of seizures, yet partial responses can still occur in the early stage. Taken together we suggest a trial with immunotherapy in all patients in the early stage of the disease, and in patients with non-epilepsy symptoms in the later stage.

This study evaluated the accuracy of intracavitary electrocardiogram (IC-ECG) guidance for placement of peripherally inserted central catheters (PICCs) in premature infants, relative to chest X-ray. Premature infants (n = 173) underwent placement of a PICC monitored by ECG, and a stable heart rhythm was shown. Changes in the P wave of the ECG reflected the position of the catheter tip, and a characterized P wave indicated the correct position. The P wave results were compared with a chest X-ray. P wave changes were observed in 157 (90.75%) of the premature infants on the ECG. Among them, the catheter tips of 148 (85.55%) and nine (5.20%) patients were in the correct and non-correct position, respectively, which was confirmed by chest X-ray. No characteristic P wave changes were observed in 16 (9.32%) patients on ECG, in which the catheter tips of eight (4.62%) patients each were in the correct and non-correct position, according to the chest X-ray. The accuracy of IC-ECG guidance for placement of the PICC was 90.17%. The PICC tip location results of the IC-ECGs were statistically similar to that of the chest X-rays. IC-ECG guidance is accurate for placement of PICC in premature infants, and provides an economical assessment without radiation.

Background Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common chronic inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS), and whether herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection is associated with the development of MS remains controversial. We aimed to investigate potential associations between MS or clinically isolated syndrome (CIS) and the prevalence of IgG and DNA for HSV in the clinical samples. Methods A systematic search of English databases (PubMed, Embase and Cochrane Library) was performed. The prevalence of IgG against herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV‐1) and herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV‐2) and DNA for HSV-1 or HSV-2 in clinical samples were pooled and compared between patients with MS/CIS and controls using Stata 12.0. Results A total of 1756 patients with MS/CIS and 6429 controls from eight studies were included. The pooled results showed a significantly statistical difference in the seroprevalence of IgG against HSV-2 (OR 1.764, 95% CI [1.410 to 2.206], P = 0.000) between patients with MS/CIS and controls. However, no significantly statistical difference was shown in the seroprevalence of IgG against HSV-1 (OR 1.166, 95% CI [0.737 to 1.845], P = 0.512) between patients with MS/CIS and controls. Similarly, there was no significantly statistical difference in the prevalence of HSV-1 DNA (OR 0.957, 95% CI [0.310 to 2.949], P = 0.938) and HSV-2 DNA in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) (OR 0.506, 95% CI [0.022 to 11.416], P = 0.668) between patients with MS/CIS and controls. Subgroup analysis suggested that mean age at sampling might be a source of heterogeneity, and the seroprevalence of IgG against HSV-1 was significantly increased in the pediatric patients with MS/CIS (OR 1.488, 95% CI [1.130 to 1.959], P = 0.005), compared with the controls. Conclusions The study demonstrated that prior HSV-1 infection might relate to the onset of pediatric MS/CIS and might not play a role in the development of adult MS. Furthermore, prior HSV-2 infection might have a correlation with MS/CIS. The mechanism remains to be further studied.

Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD) and multiple sclerosis (MS) may be similar to each other in clinical features. The differential diagnosis between them remains challenging in clinical practice. This retrospective study is aimed to describe the difference of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) lactate level between aquaporin-4 antibody (AQP4-Ab) positive NMOSD and MS, to discuss the possible explanation upon immunopathogenesis and the significance in differential diagnosis.We retrospectively analysed cerebral biochemical results from 60 AQP4-Ab positive NMOSD and 55 MS Asian patients. To assess the diagnostic ability of cerebrospinal fluid lactate for distinguishing AQP4-Ab positive NMOSD from MS using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis.The cerebrospinal fluid lactate level is significantly higher in AQP4-Ab positive NMOSD than in MS based on multiple linear regression (P0.0001). The differential diagnostic efficacy of cerebrospinal fluid lactate distinguishing AQP4-Ab positive NMOSD from MS reached an area under ROC curve (AUC) of 0.8842 (95% CI 0.82-0.95, P0.0001), using 1.50 as the diagnostic critical point of the cerebrospinal fluid lactate level, the sensitivity was 88.3%, the specificity was 78.2%.The cerebrospinal fluid lactate level differs between AQP4-Ab positive NMOSD and MS, which also contributes in differential diagnosis. The distinct patterns of cerebral biochemical results may cast a light on the immunopathogenesis of AQP4-Ab positive NMOSD.

In the MEMS-based hand motion capture system, virtual hand skeleton proportion is usually calculated by using the statistical length of human hand anatomy. The effect of the difference in the proportion of the individual hand of the users, resulting in the error of the delicate activities of the hand. In this paper, a hand skeleton estimation algorithm using two specific gestures is proposed by analyzing the skeleton structure and motion characteristics of the hand and calibrating the two specific gestures respectively. In the meantime, the attitudes and positions of the virtual hand skeleton is calculated based on kinematics, and the virtual hand movement is reconstructed with high accuracy. The hand tracking and interaction works fine in a simulation system.

Aimed at the problems of mechanical failure in the process of using hydraulic pumps vehicle, three-dimensional software was used to complete the structure designing of gear parts, applied the virtual assembly technology to realize the virtual assemble of gear speed reducer, so as to detect the interference problems in the process of assembling. Finite element analysis software was used to analysis the main components of gear speed reducer, in order to verify the rationality of components structure designing, to a certain extent to provide theoretical reference for the gear speed reducer designing

In this paper we report on a continuous-wave (CW) intracavity singly resonant optical parametric oscillator (ICSRO) based on periodically poled LiNbO3 (PPLN) pumped by a diode-end-pumped CW Nd:YVO4 laser. Considering the thermal lens effects and diffraction loss, an optical ballast lens and a near-concentric cavity are adopted for better operation. Through varying the grating period and the temperature, the tunable signal output from 1406 nm to 1513 nm is obtained. At a PPLN grating period of 29 μm and a temperature of 413 K, a maximum signal output power of 820 mW at 1500 nm is achieved when the 808 nm pump power is 10.9 W, leading to an optical-to-optical conversion efficiency of 7.51%.

In this paper, we propose a new functional model for denoising and enhancing the chromaticity component of color images. This model separates the color data into chromaticity and brightness. The three color channels of each pixel are regarded as a 3-dimensional vector, and the unit directional vector and its magnitude represent the chromaticity and the pixel brightness separately. The brightness component is processed by an improved forth-order PDE model which was proposed by authors in [8]. For the chromaticity component, it is considered as an embedded surface on Riemannian manifold. A physical quantity in the form of vector product and the unit norm restriction on chromaticity component are introduced into the energy functional of the proposed model. Furthermore, we give a detailed derivation of Euler-Lagrange equation for the energy functional. Numerical experimental results show that the model can preserve the chromatic characteristics while removing Gaussian noise and salt-pepper noise.

The video monitoring system plays a decisive role on the security of the sensitive areas, the video will be recording when the system monitors a warning behavior, accumulating over a long period, which will produce a large amount of video information, It is becoming crucial that how to retrieve these massive video information effectively and efficiently. The Content-based video retrieval technology has been the research hotspots in recent years. This paper, with the mature technology of video key frame extraction, combining with the SIFT feature extraction and matching, as well as LSH mapping, realizes the video retrieval. During the process of feature extraction and matching to the video key frame, we realize the distributed processing and storage, using MapReduce parallel mode and HBase distributed storage system, which is the application development of the Contentbased video retrieval on the parallel analysis and scalable storage.

The virtual reality is applied to the study of drivers' visibility in traffic scene, which helps to study design specifications effected by the virtual visual, and to provide basis for decision making to improve the fidelity of virtual scene. Various objective and subjective factors are analyzed which affect driver's visibility during their driving, the visibility evaluation system is built which impacts the virtual traffic legibility, and a virtual traffic scene is built with the use of software 3ds Max. The drivers are invited to do some driving simulation experiments, fill out questionnaires, and then with the help of spss16.0 software for the experimental data analysis, and do some visual changes based on the results of the questionnaire related. The experiment is repeated twice to get the best visual scene; and finally an legibility evaluation model is established based on the improved integrated transport scene. Some comprehensive evaluations are made about three sets of virtual traffic visibility scene which provides a reference basis for the future establishment of a virtual traffic scene. According to the validation on the experimental data of questionnaire and model, the analysis on influencing factors about the virtual traffic scene legibility is resulted: roads and marking, signage, landscaping, pedestrian and bicycle, maps and textures, scale, age, etc., all of which set a greater impact on legibility. The modified experiences on perspective, textures, lighting and shading effects, as well as related models' color, the legibility is improved significantly, but the effect of the interaction between the various factors cannot be ignored. Compared to the original value, the secondary questionnaire is more satisfied. Establishment and optimization of the virtual scene have a very important reference to the visual design of virtual traffic and road transport facilities.

The conformation of polystyrene in the anti-solvent process of supercritical fluids (compressed CO2 + polystyrene + toluene) has been studied by small angle x-ray scattering with synchrotron radiation as an x-ray source. Coil-to-globule transformation of the polystyrene chain was observed with the increase of the anti-solvent CO2 pressure; i.e. polystyrene coiled at a pressure lower than the cloud point pressure (Pc) and turned into a globule with a uniform density at pressures higher than Pc. Fractal behaviour was also found in the chain contraction and the mass fractal dimension increased with increasing CO2 pressure.

Making a quantitative prediction on the combined risk of the water body is helpful for the objective evaluation of the water environment system's state of health, and also has important results for the water environment system's safety management. In this paper, the Markov status switching theory (Markov Switching, MS), Monte Carlo method (Monte Carlo, MC) and Copula theory were used together, to establish a method for the water environment system's combined risk assessment. This method firstly using MS theory established the water quality time series' autoregression model (MS–AR); then the MS–AR model and MC method were used to carry out random simulation on the water quality time series; finally, multi-dimensional joint distribution among random simulation results were established by Copula function, and this distribution utilized to make a quantitative analysis of the water environment system's combined risk. By means of the above combined risk analysis model, the combined risk prediction and correlation analysis of the water quality of the Guohe River bridge section were carried out. The results showed that the total phosphorus (TP) and 5-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) had an important effect on the Guohe River water environment's state of health, and there was a strong positive correlation between TP and BOD5.

With the advancement of bioinformatics, the research on the gene chips has been paid more attention by the researchers in recent years. Applications of gene expression profiles on cancer diagnosis and classification have gradually become one of the hot topics in the field of bioinformatics. According to the gene expression profiles characteristics of high dimension and small sample set, we propose a classify method for cancer classification, which is based on neighborhood rough set theory and probabilistic neural network ensemble classification algorithm. Firstly, genes are sorted by using Relief algorithm. Then, classification informative genes are selected using the neighborhood rough set theory. At last, we do cancer classification with probabilistic neural networks ensemble classification model. The experimental results show that the proposed method can effectively select cancer genes, and can obtain better classification results.

Breast cancer is the second leading reason of fatality among all cancers for women. In this paper, we propose a novel method for early breast cancer intelligent classification. We combine wavelet theory with neural network theory to construct an improved wavelet neural network IWNN for digital mammography classification. Firstly, we combine redundant dyadic wavelet transform with ridgelet transform to enhance the image. Because most of the wavelet coefficients containing signals are retained, the image detail can be kept better. And then, the statistical coefficients of the source regions are extracted as features for classification. At last, the medical images are classified by using IWNN on real datasets MIASthe Mammographic Image Analysis Society. The experimental results show that proposed IWNN classifier can achieve 86.71% accuracy, which outperform the traditional neural network method with 5.46% of increase of classification accuracy. The correct recognition rates are close to 100% averagely.

The author adopted Altman's Z model which has been widely used in the whole world to calculate and analyze according to the 100 Chinese listed companies' financial statistics which has been selected casually by computer from the A stock market in China. The author found that the Z value is unstable but the whole trend is better compared to the former years. Finally, the author has found some microcosmic problems. In the empirical study, the author has found Chinese listed private companies' financial risk is higher than that of the listed state-owned enterprises. From the aspect of the trend, the stability of Chinese listed private companies' financial situation is worrying. We can conclude that Chinese listed companies' financial risk will be higher and higher because of the fierce competition in the market.

Based on ultimate shareholder's views, five hypotheses were proposed. Using method of least squares, regression models were set up. Data of this research comes from private listed companies in Shanghai stock markets from 2004–2008. The paper examines the effects of ultimate shareholder's controlling rights, cash flow rights and the separation between them on corporate performance and capital structure. The paper aims to give some suggestions on interests protection of minority shareholders in China. Results show that: (1) Controlling rights are negatively related to corporate performance, and cash flow rights are positively related to it. The performance decreases with the separation degree of the two rights. (2) Controlling rights and cash flow rights are negatively related to the size of debt financing.

This paper, with a firm-level dataset of private listed companies in Shanghai stock markets from 2004-2008 based on ultimate shareholder’s views, examines the effects of ultimate shareholder’s controlling rights, cash flow rights and the separation between controlling rights and cash flow rights on corporate performance and capital structure. The paper tries to give some suggestions on the improvement of corporate governance structure and interests protection of minority shareholders in China. We find that: (1) The higher the ultimate controlling shareholder’s cash flow rights, the better the corporate performance. (2) The higher ultimate shareholder’s controlling right, the worse the performance of the company. (3) The higher the degree of ultimate shareholder’s over-control, the worse the performance of the company.

In this paper, we took the four critical elements of emergency warning system which was released by the United Nations as the guiding ideology. They were: risk knowledge, monitoring and warning services, dissemination and communication, response capacity.Then based on the systemic analysis for the problems which exist in emergency early warning of the current domestic large-scale highway tunnel, it built the framework for emergency warning system and explored how to enhance the operation effectiveness so as to improve the safe operation management of the large-scale highway tunnel.

The acquisition about implicit knowledge of experts, technicists' experience, in addition to the structural knowledge inquired by intelligent IETM are the bottleneck in all IETM projects, this problem is paid close attention to by academic circles. The development and application of Semantic Wiki provides a new solution for it. The paper presents an IETM knowledge acquisition model at the core of Semantic Wiki, and discusses the process of the knowledge acquisition, laying the foundation for the IETM projects.

The paper presents a distributed digital motion control system based on SERCOS (Serial Real-time Communication System). The transmission medium is optic fiber, which guarantees the system is noise immunity and high speed. The international standardize bus-SERCOS is applied to the system. It offers good openness and real-time. The host computer is composed of a PC and SERCOS interface card. The slave computer comprises DSP, driver circuit and feedback circuit. Application layer program applies the interface to control and monitor the shaft. The designed DSP program implements to control the motor and communicate with host computer. The system has high speed and high precision. The experiments are presented to validate the proposed system.

Whether there is an optimal cooperation pattern of quality investment strategy between the third party logistics provider and its subcontractor in cold-chain logistics industry was discussed. Based on game theory, Nash Equilibrium, Stackelberg Equilibrium, and the cooperative equilibrium pattern with the quality policies and credibility factors of both sides were analyzed. The provider and subcontractor would reach state of equilibrium in quality investment strategies when the provider subcontracted the logistics business or part of the business to the subcontractor. The results show that they will not be likely to choose the state of equilibrium maximizing total benefits of both sides, due to the chasing of their own interests. These mathematical models provide an important foundation for monitoring and optimizing the quality investment strategy of the provider and subcontractor in cold-chain logistics outsourcing.

Presently, coal mine safety situation in China is still severe. One of the most important reasons is safety investment insufficient. Safety investment prediction can provide decision basis for efficient controlling and guiding safety investment. The paper analyzed coal mine safety investment influence factors and established coal mine safety investment prediction model based on Support Vector Machine. Finally, the paper adopted survey data of a mine in Huainan to exemplify and compare with traditional bp network, which proved the method feasibility and effectivity.

This paper presents a simple technique for distinguishing the transient faults and permanent faults on transmission lines. Based on signal wavelet singularity detection, the modulus maxima of the wavelet transform at singular points in the fault phase voltages under different earth resistances is simulated. A system design based on signal wavelet singularity detection and fault phase selector is proposed to realize the single-pole adaptive reclosure. Theoretical analysis and MATLAB simulation results show that the proposed technique is correct and valid.

Dynamic behavior of solder joints in microelectronic packages is key issue for drop/impact reliability design of mobile electronic products. The dynamic mechanical behaviors of 63Sn37Pb, 96.5Sn3.5Ag and 96.5Sn3.0Ag0.5Cu solder alloys at high strain rate were investigated by using the split Hopkinson pressure/tension bar testing technique. Stress-strain curves of the three materials were obtained at strain rate 600 s−1, 1200 s−1 and 2200 s−1, respectively. The experimental results show that all the three materials are strongly strain rate dependent. Among them 96.5Sn3.5Ag is the most sensitive to strain rate, while 96.5Sn3.0Ag0.5Cu has the greatest yield stress and tensile strength. Relations of the tensile strength, fracture strain and yield stress of the materials with strain rate were proposed by fitting the experimental data.

Public wireless local-area networks (PWLANs) based on IEEE 802.11a/b/g standards are growing rapidly. Thus, it is critical to understand aggregated traffic statistics and network performance at and around PWLAN service areas. The paper presents measured PWLAN traffic statistics and application-level throughput at four hotspots that provide free Internet access. The four hotspots, located in Austin, Texas and owned by Schlotzsky's Inc., a national restaurant chain, used standard IEEE 802.11b equipment. This measurement campaign provided approximately 16 million PWLAN packets and several hundred throughput and SNR measurements. Throughput prediction models are developed based upon the measured data. These analysis results and throughput prediction models may facilitate the design and development of IEEE 802.11e/n standards and implementations. Moreover, the results provide insights into the required provisioning for PWLANs and autonomous control approaches for future broadband wireless access and real-time wireless voice/video services, especially when site-specific information is available.

We report a high-efficiency Nd:YAG laser operating at 1064 nm and 1319 nm, respectively, thermally boosted pumped by an all-solid-state Q-switched Ti:sapphire laser at 885 nm. The maximum outputs of 825.4 mW and 459.4 mW, at 1064 nm and 1319 nm respectively, are obtained in a 8-mm-thick 1.1 at. % Nd:YAG crystal with 2.1 W of incident pump power at 885 nm, leading to a high slope efficiency with respect to the absorbed pump power of 68.5% and 42.0%. Comparative results obtained by the traditional pumping at 808 nm are presented, showing that the slope efficiency and the threshold with respect to the absorbed pump power at 1064 nm under the 885 nm pumping are 12.2% higher and 7.3% lower than those of 808 nm pumping. At 1319 nm, the slope efficiency and the threshold with respect to the absorbed pump power under 885 nm pumping are 9.9% higher and 3.5% lower than those of 808 nm pumping. The heat generation operating at 1064 nm and 1319 nm is reduced by 19.8% and 11.1%, respectively.

Chinese coal mine safety situation has been very serious compared to other countries, and unsafe behavior is especially an important factor causing Chinese coal mine accidents. In this paper, it first through statistics finds that the proportion of gas explosion's death toll is the largest in the total death toll of Chinse coal mine accidents, and live-line work is the unsafe behavior causing the most death toll in Chinese coal mine gas explosion accidents. Then it gives a brief introduction and comparative analysis on the main behavior control methods at home and abroad – American DuPont company's STOP method, Japanese KYT method of Sumitomo Corporation, and domestic fine, hand pointing and oral description, safety education and training method, etc., and finds that each method has its own merits and faults. On this basis, combining the application of situation teaching and virtual reality in coal mines, two other unsafe behavior correction methods are proposed for Chinese coal mines: scenario design and virtual reality games. At the same time, it also suggests that we can first consider and choose live-line work - the unsafe behavior causing the most death toll in Chinese coal mine's primary accident of gas explosion, to design these two kinds of methods.