1. The Duration, Dynamics, and Determinants of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Antibody Responses in Individual Healthcare Workers
- Author
-
Lumley, Sheila F, Wei, Jia, O’Donnell, Denise, Stoesser, Nicole E, Matthews, Philippa C, Howarth, Alison, Hatch, Stephanie B, Marsden, Brian D, Cox, Stuart, James, Tim, Peck, Liam J, Ritter, Thomas G, de Toledo, Zoe, Cornall, Richard J, Jones, E Yvonne, Stuart, David I, Screaton, Gavin, Ebner, Daniel, Hoosdally, Sarah, Crook, Derrick W, Conlon, Christopher P, Pouwels, Koen B, Walker, A Sarah, Peto, Tim E A, Walker, Timothy M, Jeffery, Katie, Eyre, David W, Abbott, Molly, Abhari, Roxanna, Abuelgasim, Hibatullah, Ahmed-Firani, Tariq, Alhussni, Ahmed, Argles, Isobel, Ashworth, Rebecca, Back, Francesca, Black, Susannah, Brennan, Isabelle, Cansdale, Lottie, Chakravorty, Triya, Choudhury, Zahra, Clay, Helen, Conway-Jones, Rebecca, Curtis, Aisling, Cutteridge, Joseph, Danbury, Hannah, Davies, Hettie, Denly, Lucy, Dequaire, Julie, Dimitrov, Stoyan, Dunlop, Ella, Dunn, Polly, East, Cameron, Eastwood, Ben, Edwardes, Chantal, Evans, Meirian, Fields, Charlotte, Flaherty, Sarah, Foord, Thomas, Freer, Rosie, Fuchs, Hannah, Grassam-Rowe, Alexander, Greenan-Barrett, Lewis, Gunnell, James, Harries, Callum, Harris, Edward, Hatton, Elizabeth, Hennessy, Conor, Holland, Christian, Holloway, Ben, Howgego, Gregory, Barnham, Isaac Jarratt, Johnson, Síle, Johnson, Thomas, Johnstone, Daniela, Jurdon, Rebecca, Kelly, Gabriella, Kerneis, Sven, Khulusi, Beinn, Killen, Annabel, Kourdov, Stefan, Kumarendran, Mary, Laurenson-Schafer, Hannah, Lawrence, Ruby, Lee, Charlotte, Livingstone, Angus, Lynch, Rosie, Madsen, Tara, Manji, Ali, Marsh, James, Mason, Chris, Mccance, Angus, Mcgivern, Euan, Mckinlay, Ailsa, Mighiu, Alexandra, Millar, Lancelot, Mohamed, Yethrib, Motohashi, Kenzo, Myat, San, Nezhentsev, Andrey, O’Byrne, Katherine, Okuwoga, Temitope, Oliver, Madeleine, Pattenden, Saxon, Perera, Vimukthi, Petit, Yva, Pickles, Florence, Pikoula, Maria, Randhawa, Govind, Ravi, Krupa, Reed, Lara, Rigler, Caitlin, Robinson, Charlotte, Rothwell, Evie, Santos-Paulo, Stephanie, Savva, Constantinos, Scharmeli, Alice, Scott, Samuel, Shabir, Zamin, Sharma, Ishta, Sheehan, Remarez, Shibu, Afrah, Somanathan, Arun, Sussmes, Samuel, Sweeney, Owen, Swift, Emily, Tadikamalla, Gayatri, Tamblyn, Morwenna, Taylor, Adan, Naudé, Rebecca Te Water, Thomas, Sarah, Thompson, Connor, Till, Lottie, Toward, Ross, Virgo, Charis, Vorley, Imogen, Waite, Seren, Ward, Harry, Ward, Jocelyn, Watson, Adam, Watson, Lily, Wedlich, Matthew, Wilkins, Laura, Wilson, Jack, Wilson, Joseph, Wong, William, Young, Rebecca, Doherty, George, Kavanagh, James, Chau, Kevin K, Fowler, Philip W, Swann, Jeremy, Volk, Denis, Yang-Turner, Fan, Skelly, Donal, Karpe, Fredrik, Neville, Matt J, Ferreira, Lucas Martins, Christott, Thomas, Rodger, Gillian, Pickford, Hayleah, Cameron, Sarah, Tamblin-Hopper, Phoebe, Amini, Ali, Andersson, Monique, Anson, Karen, Aston, Lisa, Axten, David, Barot, Simran, Bellinger, Trisha, Bialek, Adrian, Bodo, Noemi, Brent, Andrew, Campbell, Mark, Cox, Vanessa, Cronin, Tammy, Davies, Timothy, Deales, Alessio, Downs, Louise, Drennan, Philip, Dudareva, Maria, Gates, Laura, Gates, Michelle, Georgiou, Dominique, Gergely, Bernadett, Holland, Louise, Jones, Nicola, Jones, Sarah, Kerr, Sharon, Lawson, Elaine, Looms, Stacy, Luciw, Michael, Martins, Diva, Mcknight, Mary, Mentzer, Alexander, Millard, Rebecca, Mitchell, Tracey, Morgan, Lisa, Morrow, Jordan, Mortimore, Emma, Mullins, Harriet, Nevard, Heather, O’Donnell, Anne-Marie, Patel, Kaisha, Peto, Leon, Philips, Jane, Ponting, Jessica, Ray, Roshni, Robles, Maria, Rughani, Sonam, Sande, Nellia, Shaw, Robert, Simons, Emma-Jane, Sims, Elizabeth, Smit, Kyla, Smith, Lucianne, Szczurkowska, Justyna, Thompson, Zoe, Turford, Rachel, Vilca, Kim, Vogt, Alexander, Warren, Fiona, Warren, Laura, Wharton, Vicki, Whitty, Alison, Woodley, Heather, Wozniak, Barbara, Young, Bernadette, Justice, Anita, Jesuthasan, Gerald, Wareing, Susan, Fadzillah, Nurul Huda Mohamad, Cann, Kathryn, Kirton, Richard, Sutton, Claire, Salvagno, Claudia, D’Amato, Gabriella, Pill, Gemma, Butcher, Lisa, Rylance-Knight, Lydia, Tabirao, Merline, Moroney, Ruth, Wright, Sarah, and Group, Oxford University Hospitals Staff Testing
- Subjects
0301 basic medicine ,Microbiology (medical) ,Adult ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Health Personnel ,Population ,Antibodies, Viral ,Immunoglobulin G ,Serology ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Seroepidemiologic Studies ,Internal medicine ,Correspondence ,Credible interval ,Major Article ,Seroprevalence ,Medicine ,Humans ,030212 general & internal medicine ,education ,Survival analysis ,Antibody ,education.field_of_study ,biology ,business.industry ,SARS-CoV-2 ,COVID-19 ,Bayes Theorem ,Waning ,Titer ,030104 developmental biology ,Infectious Diseases ,AcademicSubjects/MED00290 ,Reinfection ,Antibody Formation ,biology.protein ,Longitudinal ,business - Abstract
Background Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody measurements can be used to estimate the proportion of a population exposed or infected and may be informative about the risk of future infection. Previous estimates of the duration of antibody responses vary. Methods We present 6 months of data from a longitudinal seroprevalence study of 3276 UK healthcare workers (HCWs). Serial measurements of SARS-CoV-2 anti-nucleocapsid and anti-spike IgG were obtained. Interval censored survival analysis was used to investigate the duration of detectable responses. Additionally, Bayesian mixed linear models were used to investigate anti-nucleocapsid waning. Results Anti-spike IgG levels remained stably detected after a positive result, for example, in 94% (95% credibility interval [CrI] 91–96%) of HCWs at 180 days. Anti-nucleocapsid IgG levels rose to a peak at 24 (95% CrI 19–31) days post first polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-positive test, before beginning to fall. Considering 452 anti-nucleocapsid seropositive HCWs over a median of 121 days from their maximum positive IgG titer, the mean estimated antibody half-life was 85 (95% CrI 81–90) days. Higher maximum observed anti-nucleocapsid titers were associated with longer estimated antibody half-lives. Increasing age, Asian ethnicity, and prior self-reported symptoms were independently associated with higher maximum anti-nucleocapsid levels and increasing age and a positive PCR test undertaken for symptoms with longer anti-nucleocapsid half-lives. Conclusions SARS-CoV-2 anti-nucleocapsid antibodies wane within months and fall faster in younger adults and those without symptoms. However, anti-spike IgG remains stably detected. Ongoing longitudinal studies are required to track the long-term duration of antibody levels and their association with immunity to SARS-CoV-2 reinfection.
- Published
- 2021