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In the literature arena, it is claimed that lean manufacturing has been implemented successfully in organizations. However, lean manufacturing has been finding little application in classical manufacturing organizations. A careful study of the literature would indicate that non-value adding activities have been occurring in classical manufacturing organizations and preventing the successful implementation of lean manufacturing. In order to overcome this deficient situation, the research reported in this paper was carried out. By carrying out this research, non-value adding activities were mapped with lean manufacturing strategies. In the beginning, 50 non-value adding activities and 27 lean manufacturing strategies were gathered from the literature arena. Through critical thinking, the non-value adding activities were mapped with lean manufacturing strategies. The list containing this map presented in this paper will be useful to the engineers and managers for successfully implementing lean manufacturing in classical manufacturing organizations.

The transportation sector plays a prominent role in driving the economy of any given nation. However, with the recent tensions arising in and around the transportation sector, sustainable mobility concepts have evolved. However, it is quite unclear whether sustainable mobility is feasible and exhibits economic returns, environmental benefits, and societal advantages. Hence, taking into account the environmental, economic, and social impact, and technical possibilities, this study intends to analyse sustainable mobility in relation to economic returns, environmental benefits and societal advantages using bibliometric analysis. For this study, we considered two decades of research, from 2001 to 2021. An in-depth search was performed on articles generated in the last two decades to assess the state of the literature on sustainable mobility. The most reverent, frequently referenced papers and influential journals in the field of sustainable mobility were identified. The acquired findings highlight the most prominent publications, journals, and authors who have made significant contributions to sustainable mobility studies, as well as the sub-areas or themes linked to sustainable mobility. Overall, the analysis discovered current paradigms, significant research topics, and a relationship between the domains of sustainable mobility studies. Meanwhile, this study also demonstrates advancements in the primary themes and sub-areas during the previous 20 years and alterations in future research fields. In addition, this study identified the promotion of rapid-reliable-safe-convenient (RRSC) transportation services, reduction in urban car traffic, and support to low transportation demand as the critical steps that require immediate attention in order to build a sustainable mobility future. We also observed that hydrogen would be a promising fuel and potential technology for the future mobility sector in the post-COVID era.

The purchase of products or administrations through an electronic trade called web based shopping over internet using a web browser. Online Product surveys are significant for up and coming purchasers in helping them decide. To this end, distinctive sentiment mining systems have been proposed, where making a decision about a survey sentence’s direction (e.g., positive or negative) is one of their key difficulties. As of late, Machine learning has risen as powerful methods for taking care of assumption order issues. An AI model inherently learns a helpful portrayal consequently without human endeavors. In any case, we propose a regulated AI structure for item audit conclusion arrangement which utilizes pervasively accessible evaluations as powerless supervision signals. To assess the proposed system, we build a dataset containing 2, 00,000 pitifully named survey sentences and 15000 marked audit sentences from Amazon. Trial results show the more exactness contrasted with past one.

The DC-DC converters operate extensively in a variety of industrial applications such as electric vehicles, renewable energy systems, aerospace applications, consumer electronics (smartphones, laptops, etc.) and energy storage solutions. The reliability of the DC-DC converters is of a greater significance. The research endeavours made in enhancing the reliability of the DC-DC converters are still very limited and dispersed. Due to the rapid growth in semiconductor technology, the DC-DC converters have an endless number of topologies, with various operating principles and functionalities. Enhancement of the reliability of all types of DC-DC converters is still a challenging task. Power switches are the most fragile components in converter circuits, which inherently fall prey to the faults occurring in the system. Hence, there is always a requirement to take appropriate remedial measures to deal with all kinds of faults. Further, in order to detect the occurrence of fault a fast fault-diagnosis and fault-tolerant strategies in the DC-DC converters is mandatory and the same has to be embedded in the converter for safety purpose. In view of the importance of the same, the fault-diagnostic algorithms and fault-tolerant strategies developed in the literature, by various researchers are furnished in a single document after conducting an exhaustive review.

Higher penetration of variable renewable energy sources into the grid brings down the plant load factor of thermal power plants. However, during sudden changes in load, the thermal power plants support the grid, though at higher ramping rates and with inefficient operation. Hence, further renewable additions must be backed by battery energy storage systems to limit the ramping rate of a thermal power plant and to avoid deploying diesel generators. In this paper, battery-integrated renewable energy systems that include floating solar, bifacial rooftop, and wind energy systems are evaluated for a designated smart city in India to reduce ramping support by a thermal power plant. Two variants of adaptive-local-attractor-based quantum-behaved particle swarm optimization (ALA-QPSO) are applied for optimal sizing of battery-integrated and hybrid renewable energy sources to minimize the levelized cost of energy (LCoE), battery life cycle loss (LCL), and loss of power supply probability (LPSP). The obtained results are then compared with four variants of differential evolution. The results show that out of 427 MW of the energy potential, an optimal set of hybrid renewable energy sources containing 274 MW of rooftop PV, 99 MW of floating PV, and 60 MW of wind energy systems supported by 131 MWh of batteries results in an LPSP of 0.005%, an LCoE of 0.077 USD/kW, and an LCL of 0.0087. A sensitivity analysis of the results obtained through ALA-QPSO is performed to assess the impact of damage to batteries and unplanned load appreciation, and it is found that the optimal set results in more energy sustainability.

Wireless power transmission (WPT) is one of the breakthroughs in effortless electric vehicle (EV) charging technology. Different types of wireless charger topologies were proposed and implemented to meet various constraints like power transfer efficiency, wireless transfer distance, and misalignment tolerance. Yet the coupling separation and the transfer efficiency are still underdeveloped for contactless charging of medium- and low-power EVs like e-cycles and e-scooters. For achieving the high-distance WPT in the vehicles which are prone to misalignment issues, series-series (SS) compensated WPT is used. The conventional SS-compensated WPT uses a voltage-fed converter for the power conversion. But the combination of these topologies allows reverse current flow in the system, which will affect the transfer efficiency and life span of the source. To prevent this, a reverse blocking diode or a current-fed converter can be used. Though the reverse current problem can be solved, these approaches seem to reduce the power transfer efficiency further. This article tries to optimize the current-fed converter-based SS-WPT to achieve higher coupling separation, higher power transfer efficiency, and higher misalignment tolerance than the conventional designs. To achieve this, the input inductor of the current-fed converter and the primary coil of the SS-WPT are tuned without affecting the magnetic resonance condition. The transfer efficiency was found to be 94% at a coupling separation of 200 mm, which is 20% more than the conventional voltage source inverter-based, renewable energy-powered SS-WPT charging efficiency. After proving the concept in prototype design, the results are validated by testing the same in a real-time electric cycle.

Electrification of vehicles becoming a widely discussed term among the enthusiastic researchers in the present century. They have contributed a plethora of techniques to this cause. As more research conducted in the field of electric vehicle charging, sustainable transportation gained more importance. Renewable energy powered electric vehicles are introduced by the same cause. Parking slots are then transformed into a large source of solar energy by the integration of solar panels. For the ease and flexibility of charging, wireless charging techniques are introduced. Vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) wireless charging technique is introduced to meet the contingency conditions like battery drain during a long ride. Present V2V technology has disadvantages like poor transfer efficiency, coupling separation, and misalignment tolerance. This chapter presents an optimized V2V charging system with improved parameters. An overall efficiency of 60% is achieved in hardware at a coupling coefficient of 0.02 for the proposed system. For conventional WPT model, the overall efficiency 60% is for coupling coefficient of 0.09 only. Results are verified with PSIM simulations and hardware.

Customer demand requirements are changing rapidly in the current industrial scenario. Changing customer needs necessitates the adoption of appropriate modern tools, equipment, and other needed delivery methods. These efforts are to be integrated by considering the demand requirements of customers, the needed supply of raw material, availability of sub-assembly, manufacturing systems management, delivery of products based on the due date requirements of the customers, and after-sales services. These activities are to be integrated with dynamic operable strategies to face the challenges in the pierce competitive market environment. In order to amalgamate these activities dynamically, supply chain management integrated with risk management strategies are initiated. Risk mitigation through the identification of risk, assessment of risk, prioritization of risk, and control of risk are effective in many of the manufacturing organizations. But, the risk control measure just pinpoints the loss reduction at that point of time only and the development of feasible strategies for risk mitigation. Then, moving towards routine production activities will be usually resumed. The loss of producing elements in the supply chain flows was not analyzed in detail to prevent them in the future. In order to tackle these issues in a cursory manner in manufacturing organizations, the development, and implementation of strategies by adopting the integrated supply chain risk management principles are essential for the mitigation of loss prevention efforts. For moving towards the continual improvement of manufacturing organizations with appropriate outcomes, it is essential to integrate these types of risk prevention measures.

Social media is the most challenging one for analyzing the text and the social media application is a tool for expressing the opinion without facing any fear. At the same time, there will be a lot of crime and violence occurs on the internet. Especially the women who are in a popular position like celebrities, politicians, and also the common people are facing the threats of violence are in social media. So they feel insecure in society. Still, there will be a problem for analyzing the text. It is very too difficult to classifying the text on social media. Through the machine learning technique, it would be done effectively. It filtered the unwanted text and then it reports to the respective office. So it will help the government to protect the women in social media. In this paper, a survey on online abuse as well as a study about sentiment analysis. According to this paper, it helps many researchers to get an idea of the sentiment analysis in social media. Similarly, the survey is done in a combination of the different techniques and also drafted drawbacks.Keywords-Support vector machine (SVM), Naive Bayes classification, Sentiment analysis, Social networking site.

In recent years, the usage of solar energy as a source to produce power has increased exponentially as it provides a clean and efficient alternative to depleting non-renewable resources. The normal working period of a photovoltaic (PV) panel is 20 years, but due to defects in manufacturing or atmospheric condition changes, the efficiency and the lifespan of the panel decrease each year. The objective of this review article is to present and analyze the different methods that can be used to reduce the degradation rate of the PV cells in an economically viable way. Open-source frameworks are important to make any solution affordable; hence we explore the usage of python language in developments relating to improvement in the performance of PV cells. Based on this review a practically employable solution to improve working conditions for PV cells can be obtained.

Magnetic resonance technology set a new course in the wireless power transfer (WPT) sector. WPT is derived from inductive power transfer (IPT) which is developed many decades back. After this much time, the transfer efficiency increased from 70% to more than 95% and transfer distance from few centimeters to several meters. A converging pattern in the trade off between transfer efficiency and the air gap distance is visible in every novel designs. This pattern is achieved through the optimum selection and design of compensator, wireless transformer and the battery packs. As the conservation of energy and exploration of renewable energy resources became a common aspect in every novel technological entities, solar power and fuel cells made its debut to wireless charging. A detailed analysis of different types of wireless charger topologies implemented and proposed in plugged in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) charging applications are presented in this paper. The recent attempts to integrate the renewable energy sources to the wireless charging is covered. Two winding model is taken for the analysis of the state of art efficiency. For enhancing the performance of wireless charging system, various compensation techniques are validated based on different topologies. Maximum efficiency and charging condition for a given impedance is explained and derived comprehensively. Different winding designs for wireless transformer is described with comparison. Magnetic coupler selection, battery selection and different safety standards for WPT design are mentioned in this paper.

Recently, Sentimental Analysis (SA) attains most important attention while making a decision when it used for extracting and classifying the sentiments existing in web-based reviews which are written by a customer. Here, SA is used as a sentiment classification (SC) issue where the reviews are classified as positive and negative factors which are based on internet reviews. This work projects an efficient SA technique for online reviews by the combination of Feature Selection (FS) as well as classification. The Firefly (FF) and Levy flights (FFL) models are used to extract features from web-based review and Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) is employed to classify the sentiments. For experimentation, a benchmark DVD dataset is employed to test the effectiveness of the presented model. The final outcome reveals that the proposed FF-MLP method attains effective classifying operation from every dataset on behalf of various performance metrics.

Wireless power transmission (WPT) is becoming an inevitable technology of the 21st century. As the power is transmitted by electromagnetic induction through air medium, the chances of electromagnetic (EM) radiation will be high in the vicinity of the wireless charger. The effect of this radiation can be harmful to human, based on its strength and frequency. Various standards are implemented to fix the radiation limits in the bearable level. Since different standards follow different principles and fixing different limits, the lack of a common scale creates misconception to the manufactures and researchers. This paper discusses in detail about all the existing standards for the WPT applications and comparing it. As the available devices and technologies are relatively delicate and costly, a simplified EM radiation measurement mechanism is presented in the paper. A 100W electric vehicle charger is tested using the method.

Various statistics indicate that many of the parts of India, especially rural and island areas have either partial or no access to electricity. The main reason for this scenario is the immense expanse of which the power producing stations and the distribution hubs are located from these rural and distant areas. This emphasizes the significance of subsidiarity of power generation by means of renewable energy resources. Although in current energy production scenario electricity supply is principally by AC current, a large variety of the everyday utility devices like cell phone chargers, computers, laptop chargers etc. all work internally with DC power. The count of intermediate energy transfer steps are significantly abridged by providing DC power to mentioned devices. The paper also states other works that prove the increase in overall system efficiency and thereby cost reduction. With an abundance of solar power at disposal and major modification in the area of power electronic conversion devices, this article suggests a DC grid that can be used for a household in a distant or rural area to power the aforementioned, utilizing Solar PV. A system was designed for a household which is not connected to the main grid and was successfully simulated for several loads totaling to 250 W with the help of an isolated flyback converter at the front end and suitable power electronic conversion devices at each load points. Maximum abstraction of operational energy from renewable sources at a residential and commercial level is intended with the suggested direct current systems.

This Paper proposes a Multiple Input Interleaved Boost Converter (MIIBC) for renewable energy applications. As the increasing demand on renewable energy resources, power electronic devices are obligatory to fit the fragmentary nature of these sources. Generally, DC-DC Boost converter is used for low voltage application systems supplied by batteries. For lofty power requisition Boost converter isn’t as adept, as a result of high input current ripple that is added to the current flowing out of fuel cell and this input current causes reduction in battery life. The multiple input converter (MIC) provides compensation of mismatching of electrical characteristics of sources such as Fuel cell and Photovoltaic cell. The main purpose of multiple input converter is of four different aspects cost, potential modularity, reliability, and flexibility. The interleaved boost converter (IBC) consists of two parallel connected boost converters with 180° phase shift switching. This provides reduced input and output ripple, higher efficiency, and also maintains high power density. The dc inputs to the MIIBC are 50 V photovoltaic (PV) module and a 45V/6.5kW fuel cell, which are modelled using the MATLAB/Simulink.

In recent years suicides are proliferating because of work stress and depression. Different types of suicides are performed based on mentality of person. Out of many methods hanging attempt is one of the major causes for demise. It is the act of killing oneself intentionally by suspending from an anchor point. Hanging rate can be reduced by detecting the suicidal tendency of a person in advance. Though there are many technologies like door alarm thick blankets etc for identifying the hanging but their limitations results in inefficiency of the system. Latest technologies like machine learning, deep learning etc are been used in various security mechanisms. Therefore, in the proposed system, deep learning concept with the help of Self organised mapping is used to extract the features after videos are captured from surveillance camera. This proposed system will provide efficient results in determining the hanging attempts in advance when compared to the traditional methods.

This paper proposes novel current fed converter full bridge isolated DC-DC converter with voltage multiplier and active clamp circuit for fuel cell grid connected applications. The proposed converter is best suited for fuel cells and their interfacing to utility three phase grid. Active clamp concept introduced on the primary side of isolation transformer to reduce the turn-off voltage spikes of full bridge active devices. Innate soft-switching with elongated range can be achieved in the recommended converter by using the parasitic capacitance of MOSFET switches and leakage inductance of the high frequency transformer. Zero Voltage Switching(ZVS) is achieved for all the primary devices which allow greater switching frequency operation and improvement in over-all efficiency of the converter for utility interface. Cost, size and weight of the converter minimizes for the higher switching operation of the converter. Half-wave Cockcroft-Walton Voltage Multiplier (H-W C-W VM) having minimum number of multiplying stages is used on the secondary side of the designed converter in order toget the required DC-link voltage for three phase utility grid connection. The converter's switching frequency is maintained at 100 KHz. This paper is organized as introduction, steady state operation, simulation results with two different cases i.e. full load and half load conditions and finally, test result validation of a 250 Watt experimental setup with the proposed converter.

In current world about 800,000 people commit suicide every year. Mortality rate is increasing due to stress and depression. There are various types of suicide out of which hanging is the most common way of death. Though various systems are available for detecting hanging attempts their limitations results in inefficiency of the system. Numerous technologies are evolving everyday out of which an advanced system to detect hanging attempt can be established. This paper provides a comprehensive survey of human action recognition, machine learning techniques and various suicides prevention methods through which hanging attempts can be detected. Finally, an accuracy of various machine learning and human action recognition approaches is described.

As the evolution of technology has been widespread in various fields, but in the recent past it has sustainably focused on advancing the standards of living environment in a much smarter way. An innovative period has arrived, where Internet of things (IOT) has been globally accepted and being introduced in various environmental scenarios, transforming them into a smarter environment. IOT architects the smart environment in such a way that the users do not feel the absence of the regular intercultural and interactive experiences. The environmental scenario of a public exhibition considers people who are more self-involved in their own activities rather than paying attention to it and in other cases, people who pay attention carving for extracting more information from the public exhibitions. In this paper, we plan an indoor area mindful design which enhances the client involvement in a public exhibition. It gives rise to an environment where the entire system depends on a wearable device which provides the users with the subjective content of the observed entity through the combination of image recognition and localization capabilities. A few area mindful administrations running in the framework follow the user’s movements while updating the environmental status. These services interact with the users through the physical devices. This system provides the possibility of the extension to the several other IOT technologies, which advances the system’s effectiveness in any public exhibition environment.

A soft switched low stress zero-voltage transistor (ZVT) pulse width modulated (PWM) buck converter has been suggested in this paper. The proposed converter eliminates large current and voltage stresses which are generally exhibited by the capacitor of resonant converters. The proposed converter is simulated in PSIM software. The results of the simulation and the waveform outputs have been presented in the paper. The Zero Voltage Switching (ZVS) resonant buck-converter's switching losses have been compared with that of ZVT buck converter with software results. The auxiliary switch forms a resonant loop, decreasing the voltage or current on the power switch to zero, which switches before the main power switch is switched to the conducting state. The ZVT/soft-switching power converter decreases component stress and conduction losses by reducing the voltage/current and minimizes switching losses. The overall efficiency of the converter improved to 97% which is higher than the conventional converter.

Now a days the demand of DC grid compared to AC grid is increasing. To meet the demands and for the betterment of our future the research on DC grid to electrify the rural areas is also increasing in numbers. The entire system consists of a front end Converter, point of load converters (acts as loads in houses) and a Bidirectional converter which charges and discharges the battery (acts as a backup of renewable energy sources). Basically DC microgrid maximizes the use of renewable energy[1]. Input 24V has been taken from solar panel A flyback DC DC Converter works as a frontend converter. Flyback Converter boosts the 24V DC to 72V DC by means of isolation transformer. The 72V DC is nothing but the grid voltage which supplies the point of load converters based on the load demand. A 12V battery has been charged and discharged by a Bi directional DC DC converter based on the availability of the solar. The main reason to use DC microgrid rather than AC grid to avoid the problem of losses and power factor. Present utility system provides AC which means the AC quantity is converted into DC before it is utilized. So in DC microgrid the number of power converters are also less than the AC grid as it does not need the intermediate power conversion (AC to DC).

Electric vehicles and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles are two concepts that are gaining popularity in order to reduce our dependence on fossil fuels. In this paper, a full bridge, current fed, interleaved, isolated DC-DC converter is proposed for battery charging of electric vehicles from solar PV or fuel cells. It boosts voltage of around 36 V to 270 V. Interleaving leads to lesser input current ripple, a factor crucial for sources like solar PVs and fuel cells and lesser stress on switches. The concept of soft switching is used to reduce switching losses. Simulation results are presented for a power level of 3.45 kW. A scaled down, 200 W hardware model of the circuit was built and tested. A closed loop feedback system was also designed using k factor method to provide constant output voltage.

Lean manufacturing is a strategic tool, which is used to cut down waste and to improve the efficiency of an organization and helps the organization to sustain in the competitive environment. Implementation of green systems in organization results in reduce energy consumption, waste generation, and hazardous materials used while also building the companies’ images as socially responsible organizations. Several research efforts discussed in the literature indicate that lean companies show significant environmental improvements by being more resource and energy efficient. Lean and green systems are associated with waste reduction techniques. In foreign, many industries have started implementing these concepts and they are getting good results. In India, companies are facing problems in implementing lean and green concept. This paper investigates critical success factors for lean and green system implementation in Indian medium scale manufacturing industries. The factors are grouped into different levels by Interpretive Structural Modelling (ISM)

Change is the word that best characterizes the nature of modern Business scenario and determines the challenges that manager’s face.Staying competitive requires looking for new ways of reducing costs and increase the quality of the company’s products. Lean thinking is considered to be one potential approach for improving organizational performance.When the flexibility seems to be an important issue in today’s highly competitive environment Lean integrated as a complete system in the organization can ensure company’s adaptation. Developed as a production system eliminating wastes in the Toyota’s plants in the 1960’s, Lean is evolving into a management approach that improves all the processes at each level of an organization. This study aims to develop a comprehensive theoretical framework that suggest a detailed perspective of the Lean manufacturing to the managers whoconsider implementing it as a possible direction towards achieving sustainable performance for their organizations. The factors which affect the implementation of lean in manufacturing sector are identified by undertaking extensive literature review and consulting the experts from academia and industry. The factors identified are modeled to find the respective loading on Lean variable using Structural Equation Modeling.

The transportation field is witnessing a plethora of changes in vehicle electrification sector. One of the revolutionary technologies emerging in this filed is wireless power transmission. Despite various advantages like universal nature, non-physical contact and ease of access, wireless power transmission faces some limitations like flux leakage, non-linear transmitter-receiver relation, etc. This non-linear behavior of wireless power transformer causes a dynamic input-output relation throughout the operation. This leads to the use of multiple sensors which would increase the closed-loop response time. These additional sensing elements and gain determining process will reduce the power transfer efficiency in light power electric vehicles like electric bicycles. To mitigate these non-linear effects of wireless power transmission, a customized linear region is identified and implemented in this work. In this identified region of the transformer, the input-output relation will be linear, which will prevent the use of additional sensing elements. A 250 W electric bicycle is used for this study of linear control of the wireless charger. The overall efficiency of 93% is achieved for a coupling separation of 200 mm even when the primary and secondary coils have much higher misalignments. The linear closed-loop region is designed and represented with analytical equations, and the transformer efficiency obtained through these equations have been validated with the hardware outputs as well as with commercial simulations.

The surge in the cost of fuels can be accounted as a major trigger which leads to the advent of hybrid vehicles. The hybrid electric vehicles are in the reckoning to address the dangers of the exponential increase in contamination of air and global warming associated with greenhouse gases. A vehicle that is a combination of reversible storage devices like batteries and main energy sources (oil or gas) [1]. A HEV emanates reduced emission from its IC engine when compared to a pure petrol car of the same size. In the context of Hybrid Electric Vehicle, the DC-DC power converters are the electronic devices that condition the source voltage of one level to the output voltage of another level of different DC voltage based on the application provided for the electric vehicle for charging and discharging modes. The need for these power converters arises from the different voltage ratings of the hardware equipment being used. These converters acting importance due to the fact that they are efficient, easy to design and cost effective in the Hybrid electric vehicle application. The paper presents the modelling, design and simulation of buck converter the bidirectional converter based on the transmission line of powertrain of electric vehicle application. The aim is to obtain from a stable input voltage to the output voltage which is lower with high frequency and minimum ripple with specified fixed frequency in the buck operation. In bidirectional converter, the voltage stepdown is required while charging the battery while step up is needed while providing power to the motor from the battery. The design of the above-mentioned converters is performed using the standard method present in the literature. The simulation is done on PowerSim 8.0. The waveforms for the voltage and current for inductor, capacitor and the diode is also obtained. It is found that the simulation results of the voltages are in close agreement with the analytical calculations.

In renewable energy systems, the output voltage obtained will be of low level. In order to bring the voltage to nominal level, we need a step up DC-DC converter. Conventional boost converters has disadvantages like switch voltage stress, diode reverse recovery losses and high duty cycle losses. This paper presents a Multilevel DC-DC Boost Converter. To obtain 4 level output voltage, required number of switches, inductors, diodes and capacitors are one, one, seven and seven respectively. This converter has the ability to maintain equal voltage magnitudes in all the 4 output levels and also has a command over the input current. In this paper, a four level boost converter was simulated and implemented in hardware for an input and output specifications of 20 volts and 220 volts respectively.

Renewable Energy resources are an important aspect of sustainability. The world’s energy needs will reduce by one-third by 2050 if individuals and corporations save energy and depend on renewable energy sources. We need to control energy from renewable sources by interfacing particular type of converter which is suitable for the renewable source. If we consider solar application, the output of solar panel (i.e. input to converter) depends upon solar radiation. The energy from renewable sources are fluctuating because of nature. So, they give output also fluctuating. But for our applications there should not be any voltage variations even when load changes which is possible with the help of closed loop control of Converter. The control design can be done with the help of K factor method. This paper describes closed loop control design and operation of dc-dc converter (buck, boost and buck-boost model) used for renewable applications.

Software development involves technology as well as human efforts. Software engineering is supportive to create a quality of product by adopting the process of sharing knowledge. A lot of research was conducted on the technical side but human side of software development disregarded. Knowledge and creativity considered major factors for improving the software quality. Currently professionals working in the field of software engineering are under impressive pressure which cause stress for the Software engineers. It is highly desirable to conduct an empirical study on impact of stress on software engineers knowledge sharing & creativity. The major motivation for this study is to investigate the impact of job stress factors which can affect the software engineering knowledge sharing capabilities and creativity. The research is based on industrial assessment. For conducting this study we developed a questionnaire based on Stress Factors. Statistical analyses are performed through SPSS tool. On the basis of the results from the survey, we proposed some strategies for those factors that have high impact on software engineers and try to mitigate their affect. These results highlight stress factors and their impact on software engineers knowledge sharing and creativity, working in Pakistani software industry.

In this paper, analysis and experimentation of a fourth order boost converter has been proposed for renewable energy source applications such as solar power. The output of proposed converter is fed to motor load of 220W. The main advantages of this converter are negligible current ripples at both source and load side and higher efficiency as compared to the conventional boost converter. The energy storage elements in circuit are designed and optimized using Bacterial Foraging Optimization Algorithm (BFOA) to solve the contradictory problems of steady state and dynamic performance of the system. The up-down glitch in control to output transfer function of system is reduced with the optimized values of energy storage elements in the proposed converter. Therefore dynamic response of system is analyzed with the designed values of inductor and capacitor. Closed loop control is introduced in the proposed system using proportional integral controller to maintain the output voltage constant when there is any load disturbance in the output side and wide variations in the input voltage. Simulation and hardware results of the proposed converter with input voltage of 60V and switching frequency of 100 kHz are presented.

In this paper, modeling of a lead acid battery was done by electrical equivalent circuit approach. Model based equivalent circuit approach was used to find the state of charge, terminal voltage, cell temperature and life of the battery at various temperatures. Based on complexity and accuracy, Thevinin’s third order equivalent battery model was simulated using MATLAB Simulink software. The simulation results were validated with the experimental state of charge and terminal voltage values.

There has been an increase in demand for clean and sustainable energy sources, and solar energy is currently considered to be one of the most valuable and abundant yet low-maintenance clean sustainable energy source. Photovoltaic solar energy systems require DC-DC converter in order to regulate and control the varying output of the solar panel. The single ended Primary inductance Converter topology performs the operation of a buck-boost converter but with no voltage polarity reversal. This paper suggests a converter design that will ensure high performance and cost efficiency while powering up an LED street lamp. The converter has been simulated in PSIM and the hardware was done by choosing the design values appropriately.A voltage input value of 24volts and output value of 72 volts are assigned in correspondence with the streetlamp ratings. This design aims to have lower losses for higher switching frequencies, and maximize the added advantages of the proposed converter, such as low ripple, high efficiency and low electrical stress on the components.

The demand for clean energy is increasing daily due to the depletion of fossil fuels. Solar energy is considered as one of the promising green energy source for the future generation. This paper uses solar energy as power source. The solar power is processed by a novel power conversion system and given to the AC load. The suggested system includes a stand-alone photovoltaic system, Battery, Sinusoidal inverter, unipolar trailing edged PWM controller and AC load. This system serves pure sinusoidal output for the AC load thus extending lifetime of the load equipment. For blending an inverter into a system, one has to follow a very vital guideline of limiting THD lesser than 5%. THD represents the amount of total harmonic content present in output current. This paper focuses on minimizing THD by providing an inverter with minimized output current THD. The advised inverter overcomes many demerits exhibited by traditional and existing inverters. The designed system will provide 48Vmax AC voltage with highly diminished harmonic content for an input of 48V DC. The complete system was simulated in MATLAB SIMULINK and hard ware experimentation has been conducted with dSPACE-1104 real time interfacing kit. The hardware and simulation results have been presented for further analysis.

The current scenario of scientific knowledge has seen a zoom in the improvement of various technologies. Attributable to this development, the importance level of protecting data has increased rapidly. Security to information defends the access to data from unauthorized users. The likelihood of knowledge insecurity arises to each giant and additionally tiny organization. Data Breach will have an effect on the consistency and reputation of the organization. At the moment to ensure security two major ways are followed particularly Numeric and Pattern. At the start Numeric manner was introduced to produce security which has variety locks, encrypted messages and revolving credit. Later came within the pattern technology that is far a lot of economical than Numeric's. However to stress a lot of information preservation, we've to maneuver on to more developments. We have proposed a brand new system that's a lot of economical and effectual than the existing systems.

Manufacturing organisations are expected to produce their products with prompt delivery using better supply chain activities. Starting from the procurement of raw materials to the delivery of final products, there are inevitable losses occurring due to major time delays in supply chain activities. Hence it is essential to study, understand and track these major time delays by developing futuristic supply chain risk management strategies. This paper reports a research which was conducted to meet this requirement. During this research, major time delays were investigated by conducting a questionnaire supported interview based survey in 15 manufacturing organisations. On analysing the responses, pilot strategies for achieving loss reduction have been proposed. The paper is concluded by pointed out the necessity for developing dynamic models for achieving loss reduction and continuous improvement.

The fundamental dosimetric characteristics of commercially available metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor (MOSFET) detectors were studied for clinical electron beam irradiations. MOSFET showed excellent linearity against doses measured using an ion chamber in the dose range of 20-630cGy. MOSFET reproducibility is better at high doses compared to low doses. The output factors measured with the MOSFET were within +/-3% when compared with those measured with a parallel plate chamber. From 4 to 12MeV, MOSFETs showed a large angular dependence in the tilt directions and less in the axial directions. MOSFETs do not show any dose-rate dependence between 100 and 600MU/min. However, MOSFETs have shown under-response when the dose per pulse of the beam is decreased. No measurable effect in MOSFET response was observed in the temperature range of 23-40 degrees C. The energy dependence of a MOSFET dosimeter was within +/-3.0% for 6-18MeV electron beams and 5.5% for 4MeV ones. This study shows that MOSFET detectors are suitable for dosimetry of electron beams in the energy range of 4-18MeV.

This paper presents steady-state analysis and simulation of full bridge current fed dc-dc converter with Synchronous rectification. This converter is best suited for Grid connected Fuel Cell applications. Synchronous rectifier circuit with voltage doubler was implemented on the secondary side of H/F isolation Transformer. Secondary modulation technique helps in reducing blocking voltage spike of the primary side switches at low value. The proposed converter topology ensures Zero Current Switching (ZCS) on primary side and Zero Voltage Switching (ZVS) on secondary side of H/F isolation transformer. Primary devices clamped at low voltage, which intends to use power MOSFET's with low ON-state resistance values we can go with less conduction losses moreover all power switches ensuring soft switching which will reduce the switching losses there by the converter efficiency will improve. The proposed converter is analyzed and simulated for 250W with an input voltage of 12V and the output voltage is modulated using duty cycle from 150V–300V.

With the current rate of depletion of the fossil fuel the need to switch on to the renewable energy sources is the need of the hour. Thus the need for new and efficient converters arises so as to replace the existing less efficient diesel and petroleum IC engines with renewable energy sources. The PHEVs, which have been launched in the market, and Upcoming PHEVs have converters around 380V to 400V generated with a power range between 2KW to 2.8KW. The fundamental target of this paper is to plan a productive converter keeping in mind cost and size restriction. In this paper, a two-stage dc-dc converter is proposed. The proposed converter is utilized to venture up a voltage from 24V (photovoltaic source) to a yield voltage of 400V to take care of a power demand of 2.4kW for a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) application considering the real time scenario of PHEV. This paper talks about in detail why the current fed converter is utilized alongside a voltage doubler thus minimizing the transformer turns thereby reducing the overall size of the final product. Simulation results along with calculation for the duty cycle of the firing sequence for different value of transformer turns are presented for a prototype unit.

As the fossil fuels are depleting day by day, the use of renewable energy sources came into existence and they evolved a lot lately. To increase efficiency and productivity in the hybrid vehicles, the existence less efficient petroleum and diesel IC engines need to be replaced with the new and efficient converters with renewable energy sources. This has to be done in such a way that impacts three factors mainly: cost, efficiency and reliability. The PHEVs that have been launched and the upcoming PHEVs using converters with voltage range around 380V to 400V generated with power ranges between 2.4KW to 2.8KW. The basic motto of this paper is to design a prolific converter while considering the factor such as cost and size. In this paper, a two stage DC-DC converter is proposed and the proposed DC-DC converter is utilized to endeavour voltage from 24V (photovoltaic source) to a yield voltage of 400V and to meet the power demand of 250W, since only one panel is being used for this proposed paper. This paper discuss in detail about why and how the current fed DC-DC converter is utilized along with a voltage doubler, thus reducing transformer turns and thereby reducing overall size of the product. Simulation and hardware results have been presented along with calculations for duty cycle required for firing sequence for different values of transformer turns.

This work involves designing and simulation of a PV source based high voltage gain, current fed converter. It deals with an isolated DC-DC converter which utilizes boost converter topology. The proposed converter is capable of high voltage gain and above all have very high efficiency levels as proved by the simulation results. The project intends to produce an output of 800 V dc from a 48 V dc input. The simulation results obtained from PSIM application interface were used to analyze the performance of the proposed converter. Transformer used in the circuit steps up the voltage as well as to provide electrical isolation between the low voltage and high voltage side. Since the converter involves high switching frequency of 100 kHz, ultrafast recovery diodes are employed in the circuitry. The major application of the project is for future modeling of solar powered electric hybrid cars.

More than fifty percent Indian population do not have access to electricity in daily lives. The distance between the power generating stations and the distribution centers forms one of the main reasons for lack of electrification in rural and remote areas. Here lies the importance of decentralization of power generation through renewable energy resources. In the present world, electricity is predominantly powered by alternating current, but most day to day devices like LED lamps, computers and electrical vehicles, all run on DC power. By directly supplying DC to these loads, the number of power conversion stages was reduced, and overall system efficiency increases. Replacing existing AC network with DC is a humongous task, but with power electronic techniques, this project intends to implement DC grid at a household level in remote and rural areas. Proposed work was designed and simulated successfully for various loads amounting to 250 W through appropriate power electronic convertors. Maximum utilization of the renewable sources for domestic and commercial application was achieved with the proposed DC topology.

Transportation (Diesel and petrol internal combustion engine vehicles) approximately contributes to 25.5% of total CO2 emission. Thus diesel and petrol engine vehicles are the most dominant contributors of CO2 emission which leads global warming which causes climate change. The problem of CO2 emission and global warming can be reduced by focusing on renewable energy vehicles. Out of the available renewable energy sources fuel cell is the only source which has reasonable efficiency and can be used in vehicles. But the main disadvantage of fuel cell is its slow response time. So energy storage systems like batteries and super capacitors are used in parallel with the fuel cell. Fuel cell is used during steady state vehicle operation while during transient conditions like starting, acceleration and braking batteries and super capacitors can supply or absorb energy. In this paper a unidirectional fuel cell DC-DC converter and bidirectional energy storage system DC-DC converter is proposed, which can interface dc sources at different voltage levels to the dc bus and also it can independently control the power flow from each energy source to the dc bus and vice versa. The proposed converters are designed and simulated using PSIM version 9.1.1 and gate pulse pattern, input and output voltage waveforms of the converters for steady state operation are studied.

The thermoluminescence (TL) characteristics of sodium chloride (NaCl), known as common salt, used for cooking purposes (iodised salt), have been studied in the present paper considering its usage as an 'accidental dosemeter' in the case of a nuclear fallout. TL characteristics of common salt have been examined under excitation with a beta dose of 20 Gy from a 90Sr beta source. The salt specimens are used in the form of discs. The average salt grain that sticks to the disc is measured to be approximately 1 mg. The TL of the beta irradiated salt is recorded in the conventional TL apparatus. Initially three peaks were observed at 133, 205 and 238 degrees C. All three peaks are well resolved, having maximum intensity at 238 degrees C. The material under investigation, i.e. 'common salt' possesses many good dosimetric properties and therefore this can be considered as an 'accidental dosemeter'.

This paper proposes a approach to obtain a high step-up voltage with zero voltage switching (ZVS) with an isolated type DC-DC converter. The entire setup consists of a full bridge converter which utilised proposed phase shift technique and voltage doubler on the output side. The converter operated at 20kHz switching frequency which is high enough to improve the efficiency. Ferrite core transformer is used in place of ordinary air core transformer. Which is small in size with number of turns of the transformer is reduced and the overall power density is increased. The proposed doubler circuit consists of electrolytic capacitors, which are rated at 400V. This circuit results in cost savings of more than 50% in the price of the electrolytic filter capacitors. The circuits were simulated using PSIM software for an input voltage of 200V, an output of 800V obtained. And it is validated with the low power hardware model.

This paper presents a highly efficient and low-stress battery charger with a resonant zero-voltage-transition soft-switching theory (ZVT). The proposed converter reduces drawbacks associated with high voltage and high current stresses caused by the resonance of traditional resonant circuits. The proposed topology solves narrow duty cycle and hard switching problems of conventional buck converter in lower output voltage and higher output current. The battery charger meets the requirement that all circuit components must operate with zero-voltage switching. The proposed converter simulated in MATLAB software and simulation results and waveforms for the proposed converter are presented The results are obtained in such a way that the proposed ZVT buck converter is compared with ZVS resonant buck converter. Similarly under the same operating conditions, the switching losses are compared

With rising fuel costs, increasing concerns for global climate change, and a growing worldwide demand for electricity, utilizing renewable energy sources such as solar/Fuel power becomes a necessity rather than a luxury. The conversion of renewable energy sources into useful DC or AC power for residential and industrial applications is becoming more popular. But renewable energy re-sources comes with low output voltage (20V to 60V) range, so, in order to utilize this energy effectively, it has to be boosted to high DC voltage by using high efficient power converters & then convert High DC to AC using Voltage fed-Inverter. Isolated boost converter is desirable in the low-to-high dc/dc application where isolation is required or a large step up is in a need. The challenge of designing such a converter for high power applications is how to handle the high current at the input and high voltage at the output. An effective way is to parallel the inputs and series the outputs of the isolated boost converters. Based on this concept, a new interleaved and isolated boost converter is proposed in this paper that has two inductors in parallel at the input to share the current and two capacitors in series at the output to share the voltage. The two Boost converter cells realize demagnetizing by helping each other, which simplifies the transformer structures. With interleaved operation, the current ripple is smaller; therefore, it is possible to use smaller capacitors at the input and output of the converter. All these features make the new interleaved isolated boost converter desirable for high power low-to-high dc/dc applications. At last, a 300 W prototype with 48 V-to-400 V is simulated and tested to verify the theoretical analysis in this paper.