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PURPOSE: Dynamic text presentation methods may improve reading ability in patients with central vision loss (CVL) by eliminating the need for accurate eye movements. We compared rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) and horizontal scrolling text presentation (scrolling) on reading rate and reading acuity in CVL observers and normally-sighted controls with simulated CVL (simCVL). METHODS: CVL observers’ (n = 11) central scotomas and preferred retinal loci (PRL) for each eye were determined with MAIA microperimetry and fixation analysis. SimCVL controls (n = 16) used 4° inferior eccentric viewing, enforced with an Eyelink eye-tracker. Observers read aloud 4-word phrases randomly drawn from the MNREAD sentences. Six font sizes (0.50–1.30 logMAR) were tested with the better near acuity eye and both eyes of CVL observers. Three font sizes (0.50–1.00 logMAR) were tested binocularly in simCVL controls. Text presentation duration of each word for RSVP or drift speed for scrolling was varied to determine reading rate, defined as 50% of words read correctly. In a subset of CVL observers (n = 7), relationships between PRL eccentricity, reading threshold and rate were explored. RESULTS: SimCVL controls demonstrated significantly faster reading rates for RSVP than scrolling text (p < 0.0001), and there was a significant main effect of font size (p < 0.0001). CVL patients demonstrated no significant differences in binocular reading rate between font sizes (p = 0.12) and text presentation (p = 0.25). Similar results were seen under monocular conditions. Reading acuity for RSVP and scrolling worsened with increasing PRL eccentricity (μ = 4.5°, p = 0.07). RSVP reading rate decreased significantly with increasing eccentricity (p = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: Consistent with previous work, reading acuity worsened with increasing PRL eccentricity. RSVP and scrolling text presentations significantly affected reading rate in simCVL, but not in CVL observers, suggesting that simCVL results may not generalise to pathological CVL.

Text mining is a fast-growing area of research, due to its ability to discover valuable information and getting insights hidden in plain texts. The aim of this paper is to apply text mining in order to analyze construction project contracts and visually analyze project correspondence. Analyzing construction contract helps project parties to figure out their obligations and reduce time and effort needed for contract analysis. Additionally, performing text mining to the contract helps in extracting critical keywords that should be monitored closely in the correspondence. On the other hand, applying text mining for project correspondence helps in gaining an understanding regarding the communication nature and sentiment between project parties. Thus, the paper develops a Dynamic Text Analytical model for Contract and Correspondence “DTA-CC” through utilizing BIM. The DTA-CC model assists project parties to explore texts and get insights regarding the project performance. The specific objectives of this study are to 1-perform a text analytics of the construction project contract, 2- integrate project correspondence within the BIM model and 3- develop a text analytical model based on project's correspondence to monitor the project performance. The DTA-CC model is validated by applying a case study for a construction project located in Cairo, Egypt. The case study found that there is a lot of hidden information in the project's raw data. Moreover, it is crucial to monitor raw data in order to achieve a successful project. This study extends the existing knowledge by proposing a novel methodology to extract meaningful patterns from construction projects data.

The dynamic on-resistance ( $\text{R}_{ \mathrm{\scriptscriptstyle ON}}$ ) problem widely exists in reduced surface field (RESURF) lateral DMOS (LDMOS), which leads to large conduction losses in the switching application. Analysing a 700-V triple RESURF LDMOS, the mechanism of this phenomenon is researched by the analytical model and the experimental results. Building some bridges of the p-type buried layer (Pbury), the charges of the Pbury-N-well capacitance are discharged. The $\text{V}_{\mathrm {{ds}}}$ can be reduced to the static value quickly without the tail. Therefore, the dynamic $\text{R}_{ \mathrm{\scriptscriptstyle ON}}$ is significantly reduced. Meanwhile, the breakdown voltage is not affected by the Pbury bridge.

Traditional text classifiers are limited to predicting over a fixed set of labels. However, in many real-world applications the label set is frequently changing. For example, in intent classification, new intents may be added over time while others are removed. We propose to address the problem of dynamic text classification by replacing the traditional, fixed-size output layer with a learned, semantically meaningful metric space. Here the distances between textual inputs are optimized to perform nearest-neighbor classification across overlapping label sets. Changing the label set does not involve removing parameters, but rather simply adding or removing support points in the metric space. Then the learned metric can be fine-tuned with only a few additional training examples. We demonstrate that this simple strategy is robust to changes in the label space. Furthermore, our results show that learning a non-Euclidean metric can improve performance in the low data regime, suggesting that further work on metric spaces may benefit low-resource research.

With the growth in digital display technologies, dynamic text presentation is used widely in everyday life, such as in electric advertisements and tickers on TV programs. Unlike static text reading, little is known about the basic characteristics underlying reading dynamically presented texts. Two experiments were performed to investigate this. Experiment 1 examined the optimum rate of dynamic text presentation in terms of a readability and favorability. This experiment demonstrated that, when the rate of text presentation was changed, there was an optimum presentation rate (around six letters/sec in our condition) regardless of difficulty level. This indicates that the presentation rate of dynamic texts can affect the impression of reading. In Experiment 2, to elucidate the traits underlying dynamic text reading, we measured the reading speeds of silent and trace reading among the same participants and compared them with the optimum presentation rate obtained in Experiment 1. The results showed that the optimum rate was slower than with silent reading and faster than with trace reading, and, interestingly, the individual optimum rates of dynamic text presentation were correlated with the speeds of both silent and trace reading. In other words, the readers who preferred a fast rate in dynamic text presentation would also have a high reading speed for silent and trace reading.

In the previous chapter we looked at the elements that are used to organize an HTML document into sections and lower-level groupings. Each of these elements is used for a specific semantic purpose. In this chapter I'll demonstrate the HTML elements that are used to mark up the actual text content. When creating your content, these should also be chosen for semantic reasons.

Objective: This study investigates user performance and user perceptions of dynamic Chinese text displays (Leading display and RSVP display) when users search for target information. Background: Today, information searching with dynamic displays is widely used in TV programs, on Internet advertisements, for traffic information systems, and more. Method: A human factors experiment was conducted to compare both displays. Eighteen subjects participated in evaluating two simulated interfaces for the leading display and the RSVP display. Results: The results show that the leading display was better in terms of search time and certain subjective measurements (Easiness, frustration, anxiety). The latter results are consistent with the conclusions of other research efforts showing that dynamic displays are more effective and efficient when reading information. Conclusion: The leading display is more useful for Chinese users in terms of both information searching and information reading. Application: This study helps design dynamic displays written in Chinese texts.

The objective of this study was to design and evaluate the use of foot pedal controls for dynamic text editing. An experiment was conducted to assess whether the new foot control method would improve editing performance, compared to conventional mouse use, and to identify specific types of foot control most convenient for users. Four prototype methods involving use of two foot pedals vs. one pedal with zero-order or first order control were developed and tested against mousing in an editing task with dynamic changes in text size (e.g., instant messaging). Prototype methods involving first order control were found to be comparable to the mouse method in task completion time, accuracy and subjective workload. Among the four prototypes, foot control using two pedals with first order control was superior to the other methods, in performance. Consequently, foot pedals may be effectively utilized in computing operations, particularly dynamic text editing tasks, as an alternative or additional input device. Furthermore, such methods may be particularly suited for special populations.

In , Samuel Beckett contributes to a discussion regarding an important Romantic distinction between Fancy and Imagination, suggesting that no matter how much Fancy, particularly its passive aspect, predominates in this text, the dynamic function of Imagination is never absent. Contrary to popular scholarly consensus, therefore, a close examination of reveals a dynamic text that demonstrates the Romantic aspects of Beckett's own creative process, thereby aligning him more with the German and English Romantics than with the so-called post-modernists.

Principles concerning appropriate sizes, line length and line spacing for reading matter are studied by several researchers (Black, 1990). In practice (White, 2003), the best text type is so comfortable that it is invisible (transparent), i.e. the reader is not aware of the act of reading. The way in which designer uses the space on the page greatly affects how easily the reader can understand and retrieve the information from it (Hartley, 1994). Digital possibilities of connecting spatial with textual data dynamically may guide reader's attention and increase reader's capability of understanding, memorizing and learning textually presented information. The effects of dynamic visuals on information acquisition have been investigated by several researchers (Angelin et al, 1996). Motion typography can convey ideas, aesthetics and evoke responses. The motion variables of dynamic text include alternations of font's proportions, changes over time and changes in motion directions. The research will examine and evaluate possible merits and dangers of dynamic text usage for transparent readability. The aims are to determine relationships between font (type, size), line (length, spacing) and motion (speed, direction) for better readability. Students from The Faculty of Graphic Arts, Graphic Design Department, are chosen as the observers for visual evaluation.

This study examines the effects of Chinese typography (true type and standard Kai type), speed (171, 260, and 350 wpm), font size (12- and 28-point), and presentation method (serial one word, phrase-oriented, and sentence-by-sentence method) on users' reading comprehension for reading Chinese text on a small screen using rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP). Scores for reading comprehension indicated that typography style and font size did not significantly affect reading comprehension. Speed and presentation method, however, were significant factors in terms of the reading comprehension. In addition, the interaction between the speed and the presentation method also significantly affected the reading comprehension. When the presentation methods were serial one word and sentence-by-sentence formats, reading comprehension revealed no significant difference under different speed levels. Nonetheless, when the presentation method was in the phrase-oriented format, reading comprehension with a lower speed of 171 wpm was significantly higher than that with the speeds of 350 and 260 wpm.

Background. Electronic display devices hold the potential to improve access to written material by people with low vision. For those with central field loss, the optimal form of electronic text presentation may vary according to the location of the preferred retinal locus, but this has never been investigated. In this study, we examined the relationship between preferred retinal locus location and reading rate for four electronic display formats (rapid serial visual presentation, horizontal scroll, vertical scroll, and page). Methods. Short sentences were presented in each format to 35 low-vision (most with central field loss) and 14 age-matched control subjects. Subjects read aloud to determine maximum oral reading rate and read silently to determine preferred silent reading rate. Results. With the exception of page format, maximum oral reading rates were faster than silent preferred reading rates for both groups of subjects. For the low-vision group, there was no significant difference in maximum oral reading rates between the four display formats; and when reading at a preferred silent rate, page format was faster than the other three formats. Though page format was read more quickly, half of the low-vision subjects preferred the horizontal-scroll format. Contrary to our predictions, there was no significant effect of preferred retinal locus location (vertical vs. lateral) on reading rate and no significant interaction between preferred retinal locus location and display format. Conclusions. The differences between maximum oral and preferred silent reading rates and the lack of a relationship between reading rates and preferred display format reinforce the importance of patient preference in the evaluation and selection of a device or display format during rehabilitation. (Optom Vis Sci 2004;81:205-213)

Unstructured form of text documents has seen a huge growth. Feature selection methods are important for the preprocessing of such text documents for dynamic text classification. Appropriate and useful features are focused during feature selection. This can decrease the cost involved while huge amount of data is dispensed out and will also amplify the next textual classifying work. This paper devised a novel geometric optimization method labeling for textual classification. An experimental study on the said geometric feature optimization method is conducted using divergent sizes of text data sets. Experimentally it is shown that how effective this method and how it is better than the tradition methods.

Abstract This paper addresses the way the metaphor of peace in Othello, act i, iii, 197–208, has been rendered into Arabic by three published translations (Ghazi (1979), Jabra (1980), and Mutran (1922)). The Duke in the ST deploys a cluster of personifications in the hope his audience (Brabantio) could accept a peaceful solution to the dilemma of Desdemona-Othello’s marriage. By way of comparison the ST against the TT, the paper argues that a) formal translation, in the case of dynamic text, would incur upon the ST violence, serious translation loss, and foreignizing the TT, b) equivalent effect in the sense of sameness is hard to maintain in cases of dynamic text like the one under consideration. In the process of negotiating the text, the translator is assumed to create a language capable of mediating the ST textual effects. In other words the translator’s main concern, I argue, is to reinstate in the TT a relevant/approximate experience that is relevant to the ST. In doing so s/he would eliminate the tension that arises in an undesirable literal translation. Résumé Cet article traite de la façon dont la métaphore relative à la aix ans Othello, acte i, iii, 197–208, a été rendue en langue arabe par trois traductions publiées, Ghazi (1979), Jabra (1980) et Mutran (1922). Le Duc dans le texte source déploie un éventail de personnifications dans l’espoir que son audience (Brabantio) puisse être en mesure d’accepter une solution pacifique au dilemme du mariage entre Desdémone et Othello. Lors de la comparaison entre le texte source et le texte cible, les arguments avancées dans l’article sont les suivants: a) une traduction formelle dans le cas d’un texte dynamique pourrait subir une sérieuse perte traductionnelle sur la violence du texte source et donner une connotation étrangère au texte cible; b) l’effet d’quivalence dans le sens d’identité est difficile à préserver dans les cas d ún texte dynamique comme celui examiné ici. Lors du traitement du texte, le traducteur est supposé de créer un langage capable d’aboutir à un compromis des effets textuels du texte source. En d’autres termes, le souci essentiel du traducteur, pour ma part, est de réintégrer dans le texte cible une expérience adéquate et approximative qui convienne au texte source. Ce faisant il éliminarait la tension sous-jacente d’une traduction litérale indésirable.

In this paper, we propose novel software to read text documents with tablet PCs and describe its installation plan. The software, "Yu bi Yomu," was developed as an iOS application, supposing to work on the Apple iPad. In that software, the contrast of displayed texts is changed dynamically in response to users' trailing behavior. In the installation, we will project the displays of tablet PCs operating "Yu bi Yomu" onto large screens attached to the wall or floor. The installation using this novel software provides new reading experiences.

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the single most common cause of vision loss in people over the age of 50.1 Individuals with low vision caused by macular disease, experience severe difficulty with everyday tasks such as reading2 which has profound detrimental consequences for their quality of life.3 We have developed an app for the iPad (the MD_evReader) that aims to improve reading by enhancing the effectiveness of the eccentric viewing technique (EV) using dynamic text presentation (figure 1A). Eccentric viewing is a simple strategy adopted by individuals with AMD that involves using the relatively preserved peripheral region of their retina in order to see. A limiting factor of the EV technique is that it relies on the individual holding their gaze away from the focus of interest and suppressing the …

Connections and networking. These two words probably best represent the milieu of the 1980s, They'll continue to be significant throughout the 1990s, but in a much different context. These concepts are the essentials of hypertext—a computerized form of information variously characterized as nonlinear prose, interactive print, or dynamic text. Proponents maintain that hypertext will revolutionize information systems, causing designers of information to reexamine widely held beliefs and practices relating to publishing, text and screen design, information access and retrieval, user support, and documentation management.

This paper is a case study describing the internationalization of a mainframe application without changing mainframe code. By utilizing screen scraping techniques, the project team created Chinese and Korean versions of mainframe application screens and reports. The paper describes specific issues encountered on the project, the solutions considered, and the strengths and weaknesses of the selected solution. It also describes an algorithm used to perform efficient translation of system messages with embedded variables.

Text message stream is a newly emerging type of Web data which is produced in enormous quantities with the popularity of Instant Messaging and Internet Relay Chat. It is beneficial for detecting the threads contained in the text stream for various applications, including information retrieval, expert recognition and even crime prevention. Despite its importance, not much research has been conducted so far on this problem due to the characteristics of the data in which the messages are usually very short and incomplete. In this paper, we present a stringent definition of the thread detection task and our preliminary solution to it. We propose three variations of a single-pass clustering algorithm for exploiting the temporal information in the streams. An algorithm based on linguistic features is also put forward to exploit the discourse structure information. We conducted several experiments to compare our approaches with some existing algorithms on a real dataset. The results show that all three variations of the single-pass algorithm outperform the basic single-pass algorithm. Our proposed algorithm based on linguistic features improves the performance relatively by 69.5% and 9.7% when compared with the basic single-pass algorithm and the best variation algorithm in terms of F1 respectively.

Anyone involved in web development will frequently encounter the need to separate the design of a site from its content. Professional web authoring tools such as Dreamweaver use templates to allow designers to create the building blocks of a web site that can be passed on to subject experts to fill in the content.

In this article, we address a new version of dynamic pattern matching. The dynamic text and static pattern matching problem is the problem of finding a static pattern in a text that is continuously being updated. The goal is to report all new occurrences of the pattern in the text after each text update. We present an algorithm for solving the problem where the text update operation is changing the symbol value of a text location. Given a text of length n and a pattern of length m , our algorithm preprocesses the text in time O ( n log log m ), and the pattern in time O ( m log m ). The extra space used is O ( n + m log m ). Following each text update, the algorithm deletes all prior occurrences of the pattern that no longer match, and reports all new occurrences of the pattern in the text in O (log log m ) time. We note that the complexity is not proportional to the number of pattern occurrences, since all new occurrences can be reported in a succinct form.