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The article examines the role and place of modern technologies in the development of modern systems (complexes) of anti-aircraft missile weapons. It is shown that the development of anti-aircraft missile weapons is due to the dialectical confrontation with the means of air attack, the development of which in the developed countries of the world is given special attention. The purpose of the article is to determine the structure and main directions of development of the technological basis necessary for the creation of modern systems (complexes) of anti-aircraft missile weapons in Ukraine. The analysis of the problematic issues of the development of the technological basis in Ukraine is carried out on the example of the medium-range anti-aircraft missile system, as the most complex and science-intensive product of military equipment. It is shown that the creation of such a system in Ukraine is possible only with the transition to the priority creation of a scientific and technical reserve, which can be used as the basis for the creation of radar, fire and other combat assets of this system. Based on the analysis, a list of priority and critical technologies was substantiated. It is shown that the components of these technologies are technologies of active phased antenna arrays, including digital, transmitting and receiving devices, devices for indicating and displaying information, specialized computer technology, communications and other technologies necessary for the creation and use of composite parts of modern medium-range anti-aircraft missile systems. It is shown that the development of the technological basis should be carried out on the basis of the principles of universality and unification, which will allow to reduce costs throughout the entire life cycle of the product, both during its development and production, and during operation. The results obtained can be used to determine priorities in planning research on the creation of technologies necessary for the creation and production in Ukraine of systems (complexes) of anti-aircraft missile weapons, the effectiveness of which will not be inferior to the best world standards.

This study aims to analyse the potential environmental impact of natural rubber (NR) condoms over its entire life cycle. The environmental performance of the production process of NR condoms is also compared to that of synthetic polyisoprene (PI) condoms. Options to reduce the environmental impact of condom production are proposed and evaluated. The potential environmental impacts are quantified by life cycle assessment (LCA). The study takes a cradle-to-grave approach, and considers six phases: 1) fresh latex production, 2) concentrated latex production, 3) condom production, 4) condom use, 5) condom transportation, and 6) condom disposal. The comparative analysis of NR and PI condom production takes a gate-to-gate scope. The functional unit is one gross condom. The results indicate that the condom production phase has the largest share (34���73%) in the environmental impact during the life cycle of NR condoms, followed by the disposal phase (20���60%). Comparing the production of NR and PI condoms reveals that the production of PI condoms results in a 1.5���2.5 times higher environmental impacts than the NR condom production, due to higher electricity consumption, especially for the compounding, dipping, and leaching processes. Reduction of electricity use is a key measure to reduce the environmental impact. Combining natural gas with electricity for the dipping process is a promising option to reduce the electricity use; it results in ~10���17% reduction in environmental impacts.

Na sociedade contemporânea, o consumo acelerado gera o investimento cada vez maior em tecnologias, e como consequência, o aumento de resíduos de equipamentos eletroeletrônicos (REEE). Em diversas situações o descarte desses resíduos não é feito de forma totalmente eficaz. Como papel do designer atualmente engloba todo o clico de vida do produto, e não somente a produção e consumo, o presente artigo tem como objetivo apresentar uma proposta para a reutilização e reciclagem de REEE através da produção de uma peça joalheira contemporânea. O projeto consiste em uma revisão de literatura a respeito de resíduos eletroeletrônicos, desmonte de celulares para averiguação de possíveis alternativas de utilização dos componentes em joalheria e a produção da peça final. A pesquisa permitiu constatar a quantidade e variedade de recursos que podem ser reutilizados a partir de resíduos eletroeletrônicos. Porém, também se percebe a dificuldade de reutilização destes recursos, devido à grande variedade e complexidade dos materiais envolvidos, assim como o uso excessivo de materiais em alguns casos.

An economic-mathematical model of content optimization of the development multi-project of the project-oriented enterprise in a general form is proposed. The developed economic-mathematical model of multi-project content optimization allows creating a development multi-project taking into account the specifics of the activity, resources and capabilities of the company.It is shown that the current situation requires new methods in managing problem areas of the economy. The issue of attracting and distributing resources is particularly relevant for shipping companies.The economic-mathematical model of content optimization of the development multi-project of a shipping company is experimentally investigated. It is shown that the connection between projects in the development multi-project of the shipping enterprise is implemented through resources and strategic goals.The connections between development projects are investigated. The relationship between projects within the framework of the development multi-project of the shipping company in such areas as: resource restrictions, restrictions at the level of goals, restrictions at the organization level is considered. The presented economic-mathematical model of content optimization of the development multi-project of the shipping company allows determining strategic goals in the long period, evaluating the resources needed to achieve them, and determining the sources of their replenishment. The economic-mathematical model makes it possible to take into account not only resource limitations, but also the compliance of the results of the multi-project with the strategic goals of the company.The optimal content of the development multi-project of the shipping company is obtained for a given level of the company’s ability to finance projects in the current period; and the company’s ability to finance projects as part of the multi-project throughout the entire life cycle.The presented approach to the formation of the development multi-project of the shipping company allows achieving the strategic goals of the company in the unity of the project, multi-project and portfolio of the enterprise, Предложена экономико-математическая модель оптимизации содержания мультипроекта развития проектно-ориентированного предприятия в общем виде. Разработанная экономико-математическая модель оптимизации содержания мультипроекта, позволяет сформировать мультипроект развития с учетом специфики деятельности, учитывая ресурсы и возможности компании.Показано, что современная ситуация требует новых методов в управлении проблемными зонами экономики, особенно актуальным вопрос привлечения и распределения ресурсов является для судоходных компаний.Экспериментально исследована экономико-математическая модель оптимизации содержания мультипроекта развития судоходной компании. Показано, что связь между проектами в мультипроекте развития судоходного предприятия осуществляется через ресурсы и стратегические цели.Исследованы связи между проектами развития, рассмотрено связи между проектами в рамках мультипроекта развития судоходной компании в таких областях как: ресурсные ограничения, ограничения на уровне целей, ограничения на уровне организации. Представленная экономико-математическая модель оптимизации содержания мультипроекта развития судоходной компании позволяет определить в долгосрочном периоде стратегические цели, оценить необходимые для их достижения ресурсы и установить источники их пополнения. Экономико-математическая модель позволяет учитывать не только ограничения по ресурсам, но и соответствие результатов мультипроекта развития стратегическим целям компании. Получено оптимальное содержание мультипроекта развития судоходной компании при заданном уровне возможностей предприятия по финансированию проектов в текущем периоде; и возможностей предприятия по финансированию проектов в составе мультипроекта в течение всего жизненного цикла.Представленный подход к формированию мультипроекта развития судоходного предприятия, позволяет достигать стратегических целей компании в единстве проекта, мультипроекта и портфеля предприятия, Запропоновано економіко-математичну модель оптимізації змісту мультипроекта розвитку проектно-орієнтованого підприємства у загальному вигляді. Розроблена економіко-математична модель оптимізації змісту мультипроекта дозволяє сформувати мультипроект розвитку з огляду на специфіку діяльності та враховуючи ресурси і можливості компанії.Показано, що сучасна ситуація потребує нових методів в управлінні проблемними зонами економіки, особливо гостро питання залучення та розподілення ресурсів постає для судноплавних компаній.Експериментально досліджено економіко-математичну модель оптимізації змісту мультипроекта розвитку судноплавної компанії. Показано, що зв'язок між проектами в мультипроекті розвитку судноплавного підприємства здійснюється через ресурси та стратегічні цілі.Досліджено зв’язки між проектами розвитку, розглянуто зв’язки між проектами в рамках мультипроекту розвитку судноплавної компанії у таких областях як: ресурсні обмеження, обмеження на рівні цілей, обмеження на рівні організації. Представлена економіко-математична модель оптимізації змісту мультипроекта розвитку судноплавної компанії дозволяє визначити в довгостроковому плані стратегічні цілі, оцінити необхідні для їх досягнення ресурси та встановити джерела їх поповнення. Економіко-математична модель дозволяє враховувати не тільки обмеження по ресурсах, але й відповідність результатів мультипроекта розвитку стратегічним цілям компанії. Отримано оптимальний зміст мультипроекта розвитку судноплавної кампанії при заданому рівню можливостей підприємства щодо фінансування проектів у поточному періоді та можливостей підприємства щодо фінансування проектів у складі мультипроекта протягом всього життєвого циклу.Наведено підхід до формування мультипроекта розвитку судноплавного підприємства, який дає змогу досягати стратегічних цілей компанії у єдності проекта, мультипроекта та портфеля підприємства

Transition to a post-industrial society determines the development of an educational system through innovations. To address the related issues, we need a methodology lined up with the post-industrial society and capable of maintaining effective innovation management in education. Creation of much-in-demand, competitive, and economically attractive educational innovations is largely associated with combined efforts of several educational organizations. Once merged in a territorial educational cluster, they establish conditions for a complete innovation life cycle. A driving mechanism for innovations to move throughout the entire life cycle is logistics. So far, two scientific positions have been formed in relation to the use of logistics in education. The first position is represented by educational logistics aimed at sustainable functioning of the educational system infrastructure. The second one encompasses pedagogical logistics, which facilitates effectiveness and quality of the teaching and educational process. None of them aim at development of an educational organization or its pedagogical system being implemented. Boosting the situation already in place could be done through integration of the educational and pedagogical logistics’ achievements supplemented by the idea to develop an educational infrastructure with a pedagogical system already in place into pedagogical innovation logistics. This logistics serves as a methodological basis of pedagogical innovations management in education. The scope of such logistics is a territorial educational cluster; its subject is infrastructural, educational, integrative flows, a flow of obstacles, and a pedagogical innovation flow. As a matter of applicability, the efficiency of pedagogical innovation logistics has been tested with a regional educational holding being an example. Its performance has been analyzed by using six criteria that evaluate the changes in the pedagogical innovation flow: rate, capacity, reference quality assessment, density, content variability, and uniformity. The data obtained have provided the evidence of practical efficiency of pedagogical innovation logistics.

Purpose Data centres (DC) serve as critical infrastructure and require a sustainable and uninterrupted building operation. Effective risk management (RM), as a component of enterprise RM (ERM), is the basis for secure DC operations. The purpose of this paper is to determine, whether holistic and integrated RM solutions already exist or what they might look like. Design/methodology/approach A literature review of laws, norms, standards, methods and certifications combined with transcribed paper and pencil expert interviews with DC, facility service companies and consulting firms has been conducted. The study also investigates RM practices of 23 large international DC and facility service companies. Findings Results of literature research and intensive interviews with experienced DC experts, covering the entire life cycle of buildings, indicate that there are no holistic and integrated RM practice applications for DC on a sound academic basis. Practical implications Findings suggest that there is a need for developing a holistic and integrated RM framework for DC. This paper is a contribution to the expansion of ERM research and can be very valuable for builders and operators. The results of this research form the basis for the development of a structured RM framework for DC that improves performance. Originality/value The study allows professionals to understand the operational state-of-the-art of RM in critical environments and shed light on the wide spectrum of conceptualities and definitions.

Since 2015 3TI Progetti is involved in Doha Metro Project in Qatar, one of the world’s most important and significant construction infrastructure sites. The Project “Phase 1” includes the construction of three (Red, Gold, Green) out of the future four metro lines and 37 passenger stations. In 2017 3TI became “Lead Designer” on the Red Line South Underground that runs for about 40 km from Al Wakra to Lusail connecting Terminal 1 of Hamad International Airport with the Doha city centre. 3TI tasks include the management and coordination of the architectural and the engineering design process of five passenger underground stations and the exchange facilities. One of the main challenges faced during the development of the project was the use of BIM. Given the complexity of the project and the multiplicity of stakeholders involved, the use of BIM allowed the integrated control and update of the information, the timely resolution of clashes even during the progress of the site work, the identification and scheduling of the most effective maintenance strategies during the entire life cycle of the facilities. The BIM technology allowed the management and development of the project from its earliest design stages, through the creation of easily-replicable and automatically-updatable parametric elements, enhancing the operations of realization and construction in order to reduce complexities and to minimize time and costs. The leading role on the entire design process managing all the interdisciplinary BIM interfaces, acquired by 3TI within the JV led by Vinci Construction, was faced and carried out through the creation of a focused team, both in Rome headquarters and in Doha, where up to 90 engineers and architects took turns.

Well integrity technology can effectively ensure the safety of the entire life cycle of oil and gas wells. With the exploration and development of more and more high-temperature, high-pressure, high-yield and deep wells, and the constantly increasing requirements for safety and environmental protection in various countries, well integrity technology has become a research hot spot in the oil industry. Based on the analysis of the four basic concepts of well integrity: full life cycle, well integrity management system, well barrier, and risk assessment, this article conducts a comparative analysis of the development history of well integrity technologies at home and abroad, and systematically summarizes foreign wells. The current status of integrity technology, based on the above investigation and analysis, puts forward suggestions for the next development direction of well integrity technology, which has certain guiding significance for the development of the integrity of the next step.

Since the impact of manufacturing industries towards the global environmental issues such as climate change is significant, it is required to adhere to stringent environmental performance measures to survive from different pressure groups in the global markets. To improve the environmental performances of the manufacturing sector, it is essential to consider the entire life cycle of products to identify environmental hotspots mitigated through Life Cycle Management(LCM) by subsequent product designs as eco-design. It is required to have adequate and timely information about the entire product life cycle of the product and processes it manufacture and typically it is a time-consuming and costly operation. This issue can be eased some extent through the Internet of Things (IoT) which is tracking data real time. To manage a product life cycle, it is required to evaluate many alternatives scenarios which is impossible to carry out manually. Therefore, this study develops an IoT base Decision Support tool for LCM.

A globalis klimavaltozassal kapcsolatos aggodalmakkal es a kapcsolodo nemzetkozi szakpolitikaval parhuzamosan alakult ki a vallalati szintű uveghazhatasu gaz, illetve ezen belul a szendioxid-elszamolas. A halozati gazdasag koraban a globalis ellatasi lancok szendioxid-elszamolasa jelentősen tulmutat a kornyezetvedelmen mind gazdasagi, mind tarsadalmi szempontbol kiemelt fontossagu. A tanulmany egyreszt rendszerező jellegű attekintest ad a vallalati szendioxid-elszamolas kialakulasarol, fejlődesi fazisairol es kihivasairol, kulonos tekintettel a vallalatok fizikai hatarain tulnyulo, az ellatasi lancok es a termekek teljes eletciklusanak szendioxid-merlegere vonatkozoan; masreszt megvizsgalja a vallalatokon tulnyulo kibocsatasok elszamolasat a magyarorszagi vallalatok gyakorlataban A szendioxid-elszamolas koncepcionalis hatterenek kialakulasat es fejlődeset a cikkben negy egymasra epulő szakaszra (kornyezeti szamvitel fokusz, kozvetlen szendioxid-kibocsatas fokusz, kozvetlen es kozvetett szendioxid-kibocsatas fokusz, klimahatas-fokusz) bontva tekintik at es ertekelik a szerzők. Ezek alapjan az latszik, hogy a vallalati szendioxid-elszamolasokban egyre nagyobb szerepet kap a kozvetett, a vallalatokon ativelő kibocsatasok nyomon kovetese, amelyet tamogat a tanulmanyban bemutatott, kulonosen a kozvetett kibocsatasok elszamolasanak ternyerese ota egyre komplexebbe valo modszertani eszkoztar is. A magyarorszagi vallalatok elszamolasi gyakorlatanak elemzese alapjan elmondhato, hogy a legnagyobb vallalatok mar komoly figyelmet forditanak a szendioxid-elszamolasra, a kozvetlen (Scope 1) es a vasarolt energiahoz kapcsolodo (Scope 2) kibocsatasaikat nagyreszt szamszerűsitik, mig az ellatasi lanc tovabbi reszeinel megjelenő (Scope 3) kibocsatasok elszamolasa ugyanakkor meg gyerekcipőben jar. ------- Concerns about global climate change and related international policies have led to the development of enterprise-level carbon accounting. In the age of the network economy, carbon accounting for global supply chains goes far beyond environmental protection and is of major economic and social importance. On one hand, the study provides a systematic overview of the evolution, stages and challenges of corporate carbon accounting, with particular reference to the carbon balance of supply chains and the entire life cycle of products; on the other hand, it examines the current practices of Hungarian companies in the field. The article examines and assesses the evolution and development of the conceptual background of carbon accounting in four stages (environmental accounting focus, direct carbon dioxide focus, direct and indirect greenhouse gas emission focus, climate impact focus). Based on these, it appears that the monitoring of indirect emissions is playing an increasingly important role in corporate carbon accounting, supported by the methodological toolkit presented in the study, especially as the accounting of indirect emissions has become more widespread. Based on an analysis of Hungarian companies' accounting practices, the largest companies are already paying close attention to carbon accounting, quantifying their direct (Scope 1) and purchased energy (Scope 2) emissions, while the accounting of their emissions related to the other parts of the supply chain (Scope 3), however, are still in their infancy.

This study compares the economic efficiency of wooden buildings from standard to low-energy, near-passive, and zero-energy homes. The comparison was carried out over the entire expected life cycle of the building (100 years), but due to the high uncertainty of the predictions of fuel and energy prices or discount rates and the clarity of the depiction of the subsequent results, a period of 30 years was also chosen. The most common and most suitable media and combinations for heating (gas, electricity, and wood) were selected. When calculating the entire life cycle of a building, it was found that the more stringent the energy standard, the lower the overall life cycle costs, and the share of heating costs also decreases with the highest costs being electricity heating alternatives. Adversely, the lowest costs were for the fictitious zero-energy home (ZEN) alternative with net metering followed, by some distance, by near zero-energy home alternatives and passive homes. With the chosen period of 30 years, initially after construction, it was shown that the cost is lowest to heat a standard home with gas, which is used by more than 60% of family homes for heating in the Czech Republic.

Agro-food systems are involved with considerable environmental impacts. Tomato as an important vegetable crop is processed into some products such as puree, ketchup, and paste. This study aimed to investigate the environmental impacts of tomato puree production considering its entire life cycle, including tomato cultivation, processing, packaging, and transportation, to identify the hotspots and potential improvements for each stage to reduce environmental burdens. The primary data were collected from the processing plant located in Urmia County, Iran, and 28 tomato growers which provide tomato to processing plant using a face-to-face questionnaire. The source for secondary data was the Ecoinvent, LCA Food DK, and IDMAT 2001 databases. The functional unit was considered as 500 g tomato puree packaged in a steel can with a plastic cap. The environmental impacts were investigated using the CML 2 baseline method. Results showed that packaging is the most important contributor to all impact categories except acidification (AC) and eutrophication (EP) in which tomato cultivation was indicated as the hotspot. In the cultivation phase, electricity and N-based fertilizers were indicated as the major contributors to most impact categories. Diesel fuel and natural gas were the hotspots in the processing phase. Based on the results, packaging and cultivation phases have enough potential to reduce environmental impacts during puree production. It can be realized through applying materials that are involved with negligible environmental burdens during their production for packaging and improving irrigation systems for reducing electricity as a major hotspot in cultivation phases. Also, soil analysis would be helpful to determine the amounts and types of required fertilizers.

CISCO FogDirector is one of the first available tools supporting the management of the entire life cycle of applications deployed to Fog infrastructures. In this paper, we present a simple operational semantics of the main features of FogDirector, which provides a compact reference for the tool. We then introduce a prototype, based on such semantics, that can constitute the core of a simulation environment of FogDirector application management. The usefulness of the prototype is illustrated over a motivating example.

IT security is getting more and more in the focus of the development of radar systems, especially due to cyber threats, highly connected systems or governmental regulations. IT security takes place as an integrated activity along the entire life cycle of a product development - a new company challenge!

Ground source heat pump (GSHP) systems are an extremely efficient space heating and cooling technology. There is a large consensus throughout the literature that GSHP systems can reduce operational CO2 emissions by up to 80% in comparison to natural gas furnace (GF) and air conditioner (AC) systems. The literature is limited; however, in regards to the specific environmental impacts associated with the systems, as well as the impacts that occur throughout the systems’ entire life cycle. In this project, a comparative life cycle assessment was conducted to compare a GSHP system with a GF/AC system, examining 14 specific environmental impact categories. Results were consistent with the literature in regards to the operational stage; however the GSHP system displayed a significantly greater overall environmental impact. While these results are specific to the region of Ontario, Canada, they call into question the prevailing opinion that GSHPs are the more environmentally sustainable option.

The security of distributed applications backed by blockchain technology relies mainly on keeping the associated cryptographic keys (i.e. private keys) in well-protected storage. Since they are the unique proof of ownership of the underlying digital assets. If the keys are stolen or lost, there is no way to recover the assets. The cold wallet is a good candidate for basic use cases, but it has a substantial challenge for more complex applications as it does not scale. Warm and hot wallets are more convenient options for blockchain-based solutions that aim to transact in a cloud environment. In this work, we focus on Hardware Security Module (HSM) based wallet. The HSM is the de-facto standard device designed to manage high-value cryptographic keys and to protect them against hacks. In this demonstration, we present an HSM-based working prototype that secures the entire life cycle of Ethereum public and private keys.

We present the research findings of the DOE-funded Hydrogen Storage Engineering Center of Excellence (HSECoE) related to liquid-phase and slurry-phase chemical hydrogen storage media and their potential as future hydrogen storage media for automotive applications. Chemical hydrogen storage media other than neat liquid compositions will prove difficult to meet the DOE system level targets. Solid- and slurry-phase chemical hydrogen storage media requiring off-board regeneration are impractical and highly unlikely to be implemented for automotive applications because of the formidable task of developing solid- or slurry-phase transport systems that are commercially reliable and economical throughout the entire life cycle of the fuel. Additionally, the regeneration cost and efficiency of chemical hydrogen storage media is currently the single most prohibitive barrier to implementing chemical hydrogen storage media. Ideally, neat liquid-phase chemical hydrogen storage media with net-usable gravimetric hydrogen capacities of greater than 7.8 wt% are projected to meet the 2017 DOE system level gravimetric and volumetric targets. The research presented herein is a collection of research findings that do not in and of themselves warrant a dedicated manuscript. However, the collection of results do, in fact, highlight the engineering challenges and short-comings in scaling up and demonstrating fluid-phase ammonia borane and alane compositions that all future materials researchers working in hydrogen storage should be aware of.

One of the tasks that the legislator has assigned to the chambers of commerce and industry is that of business promotion. This is to be understood as a first professional help for companies. Important: A chamber of commerce and industry may only ever provide information or initial advice—nothing more. However, discussions with CCI specialists can—and should—serve as a basis for further advice from specialised providers such as management advisory services, tax and law firms. The services provided by the CCI cover the entire life cycle of the company and thus many different areas: from the founding of the company to securing skilled workers and company succession. The chapter begins with an interview explaining the idea of business promotion. A portrait then introduces the Information and Service Centre of the Chamber of Commerce and Industry in Munich, the first point of contact for all questions concerning the entire range of services offered by the Chamber. Then the chapter takes a look at selected service areas. Finally, it describes the regional offices and the work of the CCI Academy.

Large-scale membrane technology has been widely implemented and rapidly growing for roughly 40 years. However, considering its entire life cycle, there are aspects being characterized by low sustai...

This paper explores whether additive manufacturing (AM) is more environmentally friendly than conventional manufacturing (CM) for the production of medical implants. The environmental impact of manufacturing the femoral component of a knee implant made from Ti-6Al-4V material was investigated. One AM method (electron beam melting (EBM)) and one CM method (milling) were analysed for the production of this part. A cradle to grave life cycle approach was utilised for each manufacturing method focusing on the primary energy consumption (PEC) and CO2 emissions. It was found that when the entire life cycle of the implant is considered, EBM is a more environmentally friendly method of producing the implant. This is mainly due to the complex geometry of the implant. For complex geometries, lots of waste material is generated using CM processes, whereas much less material is wasted using the AM process. The production of the raw material, Ti-6Al-4V, has a high PEC and associated CO2 emissions, so the amount of required raw material for either manufacturing method is the most important factor from an environmental perspective. Finally, the article presents the plans for future work and some remarks are concluded. Science Foundation Ireland

Successful implementation of construction and demolition (C&D) waste management is conducive to urban sustainability. With the rapid development of information and communication technology, smart management of C&D waste (SMCDW) is an inevitable trend. In the literature, more and more scholars have studied the application of emerging technologies or methods in C&D waste management, such as BIM and GIS. However, a comprehensive review of the main existing technologies or methods in SMCDW has not yet been systematically described and analyzed. To bridge this research gap, an analysis and review on the topic of SMCDW is conducted. Forty papers are retrieved according to a rigorous set of procedures. Through the analysis of these papers, five categories of existing technologies and methods in SMCDW are identified, including BIM, GIS, big data, AI and other particular technologies or methods. Among them, BIM has the highest application frequency and a wide range of applications, while GIS is the second one. Limited by the lack of data at this stage, the utilization of big data and AI is still less. Based on the analytical review, the limitations of previous studies are further summarized, such as the lack of comprehensive application of various technologies or methods, and the lack of exploration of SMCDW from the perspective of entire life cycle. Moreover, some potential future research directions are further suggested.

Widespread environmental awareness to achieve product sustainability has triggered great efforts to use more environmentally friendly materials in product design. One of the most promising solutions to meet these needs is the use of wood and plastic composite fibers to reduce reliance on synthetic fibers as reinforcement and fillers for polymer composite construction. Much effort has gone into fully quantifying the benefits of Plastic Wood Composites (PWC) for various applications such as automobiles, building materials, and household appliances. The Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is one of the efforts of personal watercraft whose main objective is to determine the potential environmental impact of the use of these materials on the environment as a whole. One of the main benefits of conducting life cycle analysis is the ability to provide a more holistic view of environmental impacts, covering the entire life cycle of the product, from the extraction of raw materials to the end. life, allowing justified decisions on the suitability of the use of PWC for specific applications that must be scientifically made. This chapter provides an overview of the LCA method, followed by a description of its uses with PWC in various applications. The advantages and disadvantages of the LCA method compared to personal watercraft are discussed, as well as a final conclusion on the future directions of the LCA application for personal watercraft.

Building information technology with BIM (Building Information Modeling) has become the core technology that supports the construction industry to realize functional transformation, upgrading and transformation, changing lanes, technological innovation, production mode and management mode innovation. Its application range has gradually penetrated into various buildings, including industrial plants, residential buildings, etc. The application of BIM covers the entire life cycle of the project, including the planning, design, and construction of the design plan, extending to operation, until the house is destroyed. This article elaborates on the status of BIM application, its characteristics, its application in life cycle management and future trends.

Although digital technology has altered the innovation processes of firms in every industry, the existing literature continues to describe innovation as a sequence of two discrete and unidirectional activities: creation and diffusion. This study proposes that digital innovation should instead be understood as a development process that continues across the entire life cycle, often in collaboration with users. Drawing on in-depth interviews with 22 managers, the paper proposes an empirically grounded framework that explicates digital innovation as a continuous and iterative effort. The paper specifies principles for organizing digital innovation over time as centered on adaptation (containing core and peripheral elements) and user comprehension (containing user proximity and user sensing) of an already launched digital object. For managers, the key implication is that this process is not the exclusive preserve of any specific unit but should instead involve the whole organization.

Resilience partnerships have become the new norm in disaster risk reduction and resilience (Action and the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030 (Sendai Framework)). The International Strategy for Disaster Reduction partnership, facilitated by the UN Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNDRR), specifically advocated for an inclusive, multi-stakeholder and shared responsibility approach to disaster resilience and risk reduction. Consequently, an ample selection of collaborative partnership between different levels of government, and between governments and business and civic sectors, has blossomed across the world. Whilst the need for multi-stakeholder cooperation is undeniable, such partnership are, however, often either ad hoc and reactive in nature or principally limited to sharing of information and good practices. Hence, whilst useful, in a sense of developing capabilities in resilience, partnerships should be more long term and concrete and have a clear value proposal throughout the entire life cycle of disasters.

This chapter deals with the use of the nanoscale in the production of food and packaging as well as medical equipment and materials. On the nanoscale, materials behave differently from their macroscale counterparts. In the case of food and packaging, this is especially important because nanoscale materials may have undesirable effects on human health. The use of the nanoscale in medical products, such as medicines and hospital equipment, may also affect human health. In addition, nanoscale materials may have unknown environmental effects. In the United States and the European Union , legal standards produced mainly by regulatory agencies are already in place. The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) has also produced several directive and regulatory documents. Such regulatory texts may serve as an inspiration to assist other countries where specific nanoregulation does not yet exist, such as Brazil. Therefore, based on bibliographic research, this chapter builds a framework model relating established legal standards with NanoAction principles and the principles and rules already in force in Brazil. This third corpus—of Brazilian rules and principles—does not explicitly mention nanotechnologies, nanomaterials, or nanoparticles. However, its content can be associated with specific NanoAction principles as well as the legal standards instituted by the United States, European Union , and the OECD. Thus, a normative model emerges that can serve to regulate the entire life cycle of nanomaterials, even without legislative prognosis currently in force. In its totality, this chapter opens a space in which research structures a “regulatory environment” with plural sources and the participation of various social actors involved with the world on a nanoscale.

Green materials are an emerging solution for reducing waste and pollution. Various studies show that green materials have reached every aspect of product design, which covers the entire life cycle of a product from conceptual design to disposal, causing a minimal adverse impact on the environment by the optimized use of resources. Green materials-based products have the target to minimize the effects of human actions on the environment and ecosystem. Nevertheless, the production of biocompatible composites with the necessary hydrophobicity and hydrophilicity, adhesion, affinity, and mechanical properties pose significant challenges. These issues have, to an extent, been addressed through nanotechnological interventions. Nanobiopolymers have shown immense potential in the biomedical, food, and electronic industries and it may be justly expected that further research into advanced green nanocomposites may be the solution to waste management, pollution control, and lower cost of production. This chapter highlights the future aspects and prospects of green materials toward sustainable production and recycling. To save the environment and reduce the product cost, green materials are essential for sustainable development for the current global issues.

To effectively reuse machine parts for the development of a circulating society, it is essential to manage each part throughout its life cycle. Therefore, we propose a part agent that manages the part information and supports the user in reusing the part. A part agent is a network agent that autonomously acts corresponding to an individual part, manages information regarding a part from manufacturing to disposal, and proposes actions such as disposal and reuse to its user at an appropriate time. This activity promotes part reuse, reduce, and recycle. However, it is difficult to evaluate the effectiveness of a part agent by implementing it in an actual product and operating the product throughout its life cycle. Hence, we developed a system to simulate the behavior of parts and products throughout the entire life cycle with the part agent installed. There are several means to reuse products and the appropriate reuse method for the user differs according to the environment and the user’s manner of thinking. In this study, we conducted a life cycle simulation considering different reuse methods using the part agents.

used police dogs as partner to solve crimes that would otherwise be difficult for an average police officer. Dogs, known as a man’s best friend, have fulfilled this role remarkably because of their noses that are highly sensitive in detecting smells, even going so far as detecting objects under running water. Unfortunately, not all dogs are suited to be a police dog, also known as K9s. This research aims to help the Philippine Coast Guard K9 (PCGK9) in managing their K9 assets efficiently and effectively throughout the K9s entire life cycle. The main objective of this project is to design, develop, and implement a Management Information System specifically created for the needs of PCGK9. The system developed known as K9MIS mainly focused on monitoring the K9 assets of the organization and their performance. It also includes the management of inventory assets as well as transactional processes. And lastly, the system generates different reports that consist of the consolidated data, which will then be used for managerial decisions.

Este estudo realiza uma reflxão sobre a preservação de documentos arquivísticos digitais em uma perspectiva sistêmica, pautada em padrões reconhecidos pela literatura científia. De tal forma, utilizase da visão holística para ressaltar a pertinência da preservação ser pensada em todo o ciclo de vida dos documentos. A metodologia parte do levantamento bibliográfio composto por artigos, livros e publicações técnicas, para assim, obter uma revisão narrativa. Ressalta-se que a preservação digital tem evoluído para novos patamares e requer o uso de padrões para implementar sistemas informatizados confiveis. Com isso, pode-se envolver todo o ciclo vital em uma cadeia de custódia ininterrupta capaz de assegurar a autenticidade dos documentos digitais. Por fi, defende-se uma abordagem sistêmico-holística, em que os documentos são planejados e produzidos tendo em vista a preservação e o acesso em longo prazo.

Life cycle assessment is a methodology to assess environmental impacts associated with a product or system/process by accounting resource requirements and emissions over its life cycle. The life cycle consists of four stages: material production, manufacturing, use, and end-of-life. This study highlights the need to conduct life cycle assessment (LCA) early in the new product development process, as a means to assess and evaluate the environmental impacts of (nano)enhanced carbon fibre-reinforced polymer (CFRP) prototypes over their entire life cycle. These prototypes, namely SleekFast sailing boat and handbrake lever, were manufactured by functionalized carbon fibre fabric and modified epoxy resin with multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). The environmental impacts of both have been assessed via LCA with a functional unit of &lsquo, 1 product piece&rsquo, Climate change has been selected as the key impact indicator for hotspot identification (kg CO2 eq). Significant focus has been given to the end-of-life phase by assessing different recycling scenarios. In addition, the respective life cycle inventories (LCIs) are provided, enabling the identification of resource hot spots and quantifying the environmental benefits of end-of-life options.

With the development of modern technology, the degree of integration between design business and information technology is increasing. The digital design with three-dimensional digital design as the core will become the main axis throughout the whole process and the entire life cycle management. Through the gradual exploration and application in the power industry, certain results have been achieved in three-dimensional digital design, but the main problems remain in the local scope of individual units, and the overall lack of technical standards and development plans. Based on the full understanding and research of transformer substation design status and three-dimensional digital design, this paper draws the design depth of each professional three-dimensional digital design at each design stage by analyzing the application of three-dimensional digital design in the feasibility study, preliminary design and construction drawing stage. This paper provides a reference for comprehensive promotion of applications.

Recent decades have witnessed wave and tidal energy technology receiving considerable attention because of their low carbon emissions during electricity production. However, indirect emissions from their entire life cycle should not be ignored. Therefore, life cycle assessment (LCA) has been widely applied as a useful approach to systematically evaluate the environmental performance of wave and tidal energy technologies. This study reviews recent LCA studies on wave and tidal energy systems for stakeholders to understand current status of methodological practice and associated inherent limitations and reveal future research needs for application of LCA on wave and tidal technologies. The conformance of the selected LCAs to ISO 14040 (2006) and 14044 (2006) are critically analyzed in strict accordance with the ISO stepwise methodologies, namely, goal and scope definition, life cycle inventory (LCI) analysis, as well as life cycle impact assessment (LCIA). Our systematically screening of these studies indicates that few of the selected studies are of strict conformance with ISO 14040 and 14044 standards, which makes the results unreliable and thus further reduces the confidence of interested stakeholders. Further, our review indicates that current LCA practice on wave and tidal energies is lacking consideration of temporal variations, which should be addressed in future research, as it causes inaccuracy and uncertainties.

The calculation of the energy cost of a cultivation is a determining factor in the overall assessment of agricultural sustainability. Most studies mainly examine the entire life cycle of the operation, considering reference values and reference databases for the determination of the machinery contribution to the overall energy balance. This study presents a modelling methodology for the precise calculation of the energy cost of performing an agricultural operation. The model incorporates operational management into the calculation, while simultaneously considering the commercially available machinery (implements and tractors). As a case study, the operation of tillage was used considering both primary and secondary tillage (moldboard plow and field cultivator, respectively). The results show the importance of including specific operation parameters and the available machinery as part of determining the accurate total energy consumption, even though the field size and available time do not have a significant effect.

A helicopter is a specific product, not only because of the unique technical and operational characteristics of the equipment but also because of the relatively high production and operating costs. Until recently, the manufacturers of helicopter equipment in the Russian Federation, when developing a marketing policy, focused mainly on the value of production costs. However, the prospective buyer also takes into account the costs of the entire life cycle of a helicopter. This approach should not only be taken into account by Russian helicopter builders but also actively applied to reduce operating costs by introducing new design and technological solutions.

Journal of photogrammetry, remote sensing and geoinformation science : PFG 88, 33-42 (2020). doi:10.1007/s41064-020-00090-4, Published by Springer International Publishing, [Cham]

Like many nations, Mexico is reviewing its waste management laws and policies in the face of growing evidence of the ubiquity, longevity, and negative effects of plastic waste in the environment, particularly in aquatic habitats. Split into two sections, this chapter will first explore the current Mexican legal framework and regulatory mechanisms regarding single-use plastics through its legal structure starting with the Constitution and continuing with self-executing international treaties, federal legislation, and related regulations. Although the analysis is not extended to the legal activities at state and municipality levels, it is noted that some states and municipalities have, as a result of international and local public pressure, enacted legislation regarding single-use plastics, generally targeting plastic bags and straws. In part two, a framework is proposed for a national legislative approach to address plastic pollution in the waterways of Mexico. Such an approach is intended to reconcile the differences across the states and provide a uniform regulatory structure, which draws upon the best practices to date from an international context. The proposed framework requires the creation of a hierarchy of plastics that identifies those that are beneficial to a healthy society and those that are detrimental. The resulting hierarchy suggests which plastics should, and should not, be in the stream of commerce. From there, the legal framework focuses on defining the composition of the polymers to be used for the chosen plastics to emphasize health, recyclability, and technical compatibility with closed loop systems where possible. Such uniformity is intended to enhance the value of the plastic waste to ensure products will in fact be recycled and that there will be a market for the material. To better protect Mexico’s waterways and aquatic life, the legal mechanisms must ensure that the federal legal framework for pollution meets constitutional requirements and considers the entire life cycle of plastics from production to the end of its life.

Nuclear power plant safety grade software performs important safety functions in nuclear power plants, and the consequences are very serious once the failure occurs. In order to ensure the safety and reliability of such software, software verification and validation of the entire life cycle is required in accordance with standards and regulations. Traceability analysis is an important method for software verification and validation. How to use this method correctly in engineering practice is one of the difficulties of software V&V. In the industry, requirements are often split and itemized according to document chapters, and then traceability analysis is performed. This can lead to poor results in retrospective analysis and is time consuming and labor intensive. Based on the experience of engineering practice, this paper discusses in detail the advantages and disadvantages of different requirements items methods, the main points of traceability analysis, traceability analysis and other V&V tasks. Finally, the itemization method based on quality attribute is proposed, and the execution method and suggestion of traceability analysis are given, which provides a technical reference for the traceability analysis of the safety software of nuclear power plants.

Models are central for the development and management of complex systems. In order to be useful along the entire life cycle of software they must provide reliable support and enable automatic management. For that purpose, they must be precise, consistent, correct, and be subject to stringent quality verification and control criteria. Model automation calls for deep formal study of models, so that tools can provide inclusive support to users. This paper deals with optimization of multiplicity constraints in Class Models, i.e., models that provide abstraction on the static structure of software. The paper introduces an in-depth analysis of redundancy of multiplicity constraints, i.e., multiplicities that cannot be realized in any legal instance. The analysis includes: (1) a formal study of gaps of redundancies in multiplicity intervals; (2) algorithmic and rule-based methods for removing redundancies in multiplicity constraints; (3) a formal study of completeness of the algorithmic procedures, with respect to most UML class model constraints. The algorithmic procedures are implemented in our FiniteSatUSE tool. To the best of our knowledge, there is no previous study of properties of multiplicity redundancy, no completeness analysis of tightening methods, and no systematic study of these features with respect to most UML class model constraints.

Chinese libraries, from academic to public, are undergoing or preparing for transformation, to meet users' ever changing needs and expectations in the new social, economic, and technological environment. However, there are many factors deeply embedded in the process which may cause potential risks for the transformation. This paper has surveyed the perceptions of library professionals on such risks, and proposes 40 possible risk indicators (RIs) which comprehensively cover the entire life cycle of library transformation. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and multi-dimensional analysis have been used to categorize risks into different types and dimensions. It reveals that library professionals are aware of potential risks, especially the ones from inside the field. Their awareness is positively affected by their current positions in the profession. In general, they are likely to overlook some types of potential risks such as the ones from the leadership, originating outside the library community, or involving long-term uncertainty. The authors suggest library practitioners should be fully aware of the potential risks and their dynamic nature, and should take the opportunity to promote leadership and management in the process of transformation, and to cooperate with parties outside of the library community, thus making the library transformation rational and successful.

It is essential to design buildings that take on the dynamics of the climate throughout their entire life cycle, guaranteeing the development of a building stock that is certainly sustainable and resilient. This study's main objective is to demonstrate that the official Spanish climate zones for building do not represent the current climatic conditions and to show how these climate zones will evolve due to the impact of climate change. Given the significant impact that climate change will have on this country, as well as its climatic variety, the proposed methodology can be used as a reference in other regions. Updating of the climate zones of peninsular Spain for 49 cities has been carried out, through the adaptation of these zones to the RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5 scenarios. The results show that two-thirds of these cities are currently designing and constructing buildings with obsolescent climate data that do not take into account the current or future climate reality, which is significantly affecting previous calculations on the thermal performance of buildings. This work represents a significant scientific contribution in terms of reflecting on the current capacities and the possibilities of improving the building stock.

There is a drastic rise and evolution of Software and Systems Product Lines (SSPL) as a potential solution to deliver quality software products in a shorter time and with less effort. This has led to a plethora of diversified tools across the entire life cycle of SSPL, making it difficult for product line organizations to select the right set of tools for product line realization and tool vendors to develop interoperable tools. In this paper, we motivate the need for standardization of tools and methods for SSPL. The ISO/IEC JTC1/SC7 (Software and Systems Engineering) of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) has proposed a set of interrelated standards in the area of SSPL to cater to the emerging demands of software and systems industry. We present the foundation of SSPL family of standards that are driven by market needs and discuss the core patterns and processes of SSPL. We then present an overview of ISO/IEC 26550, which is the reference model for SSPL family of standards and provide examples from current and ongoing standards. We highlight a few examples of industry adoption of SSPL and standards and emphasize the need for further research for standards in SSPL. We see this paper as a first step to bring standards knowledge into the academic world in the field of SSPL.

Recent decades have witnessed increased public awareness of refrigerants, due to their significant global warming potential (GWP) and ozone depletion potential (ODP). Using the life cycle assessment (LCA) method, this study estimates and predicts the potential GWP and ODP of refrigerants over the entire life cycle of household air conditioners during 1998–2035 in Macau. The results show that the total environmental impacts of refrigerants were 2.19 ± 0.63 t CFC-11 eq. and 111.62 ± 17.44 Kt CO2 eq. in 2018, respectively. If uncontrolled, cumulative emissions of ODP and GWP will rise to approximately 15.54 ± 2.63 t CFC-11 eq. and 1.31 ± 0.21 Mt. CO2 eq. between 2019 and 2035. Specifically, ODP effects experienced a historical peak of 3.24 ± 0.54 t CFC-11 eq. in 2013, and GWP effects peaked at 128.05 ± 20.83 Kt CO2 eq. in 2014. Furthermore, the GWP contribution in the use stage decreased from 88% in 2002 to 11% in 2028, while the end-of-life stage will gradually become the dominant stage of GWP effects. Under the most optimistic scenario (S4), the reduction rates of ODP and GWP will be 44% ± 12% and 38% ± 14%, respectively, compared to the business-as-usual (BAU) scenario in 2035, and will realize zero ODP emissions by 2032 (2 years earlier than the BAU). In the future, the management and disposal of large-scale electronic waste need to be further improved for the effective control of refrigerants in Macau.

Life cycle assessment (LCA) is "primarily a steady-state-tool" and few studies to date have included dynamic temporal and spatial information in matrix-based LCA. Because of this many environmental impacts cannot be determined accurately in conventional LCA. We have integrated both temporal and spatial information in a novel dynamical life cycle inventory (LCI) framework that can produce detailed spatiotemporal results and thus offering more insights for sustainability assessment. This framework employs the existing Enhanced Structural Path Analysis (ESPA) method combined with spatial analysis to determine spatialised LCI over time. Previously we tested this new approach with a local spatial dispersion model using wheat production as an illustration. In this paper we demonstrate the new spatiotemporal LCI method over an entire life cycle, using wind energy as an example and a different approach to spatial analysis at a global scale.

Purpose . Develop a mathematical model of a rational maintenance system for the tractive rolling stock, which takes into account the optimization of three indicators: financial resources and time spent on repairs, as well as consumption of environmental resources during repairs. Methodology . Modern researches of the organization of locomotives maintenance and repair system are analyzed. Vector optimization of three indicators is used as a mathematical tool for determining the rational maintenance system. The conditions for the solution existence of the problem are formulated. Properties that a rational locomotive content system should possess are described. Findings . A mathematical model is proposed that allows choosing the locomotive maintenance and repair system that will meet the optimality conditions for the parameters: repair cost, repair time, environmental resources costs. Originality. A new, integrated approach is proposed for the selection of a tractive rolling stock rational maintenance system. This approach allows us to solve not one problem in the construction of an optimal system of maintenance and repair, but to build a rational maintenance system for three indicators. The first indicator takes into account the cost of financial resources for the maintenance of traction rolling stock for the entire life cycle. The second indicator optimizes the time spent on repairs and technical inspections. The third indicator allows to take into account the costs of environmental resources (water, fuel, electricity, etc.) by the locomotive maintenance system. Practical value . Implementation of the proposed mathematical model will reduce operational costs for maintenance and repair of the locomotive. This model allows to optimize the total costs of the maintenance system for repairs and replacement of locomotive parts, the total time spent on repairs and the costs of natural resources. It is advisable to use the proposed mathematical model in developing such a locomotive content system that will reduce the negative impact on the environment during the operation of traction rolling stock.

The building sector contributes substantially to worldwide greenhouse gas emissions, and efforts to meet emission reduction targets have been gaining importance. Accordingly, the present study investigates the importance of building embodied emissions to the entire life cycle and potential approaches for low-carbon development in China. Life-cycle assessment was proposed for the analysis of building emissions, dividing the life cycle into production, construction, operation, and disposal phases. The temporal perspectives of emissions were considered, including the potential improvements to energy efficiency and the weighted average impacts for delayed emissions in the operation and disposal phases. A case study of a residential building in a cold region was analyzed, and scenario analyses were conducted. The results indicated that the relative contribution of embodied emissions (10551 tCO2e) considering the temporal perspectives could be twice that of conventional calculations. Further discussion revealed that the payback time of constructing a new building could be 45 years compared to the current regional average buildings. Hence, with respect to the high costs and technical limits of passive houses, renovating old buildings with energy saving measures might be the most appropriate approach for implementing the short-term low-carbon development target. Overall, the present study is helpful to better understand the importance of embodied emissions and for policy-making in the regional building sector.

Energy savings in the use phase of a building’s life cycle increased the relative importance of environmental impacts of the product-, construction- and end-of-life stages of a building. The European Committee for Standardization (CEN) thus developed horizontal standards to enable the sustainability assessment of construction works over their entire life cycle. Consistent with the European standards EN 15804, EN 15978 and EN 16485, a life cycle assessment (LCA) was carried out to determine the environmental impacts of the production and construction stages of an average prefabricated timber house produced in Germany as well as its particular building elements (1 m² inner/outer wall, 1 m² roof element, 1 m² ceiling element). The life cycle inventories (LCIs) were compiled on the basis of annual data of 12 participating manufacturers of prefabricated timber houses. A specific LCA model was developed for the calculation of the input- and output flows referring to the functional units on factory level. Furthermore, one focus was laid on the application of the modular principle according to EN 15804/15978 to construction systems with a high level of prefabrication. The normalization to the overall German impacts shows that the contributions to the environmental categories global warming potential (GWP), acidification (AP) and to the abiotic depletion potential (ADPe) are most important. The highest impacts originate from the manufacturing of the building materials. However, for the categories GWP and AP, around 30% of the impacts originate from the prefabrication of the building elements, their transport and the processes at the construction site.

 With the development of economy and technological progress, the civil building design system based on BIM technology can build simulation modeling building model of all building information such as the nature of materials and physical characteristics, which not only integrates all the building information, but also can be used in construction cost analysis,structural design, equipment management and the entire life cycle of the building plays a management role. In this paper, based on the overview of BIM technology, this paper analyzes the application advantages of BIM technology in civil architecture design, and then studies the concrete application and related enlightenment of BIM technology in civil architecture design, so as to provide a reference for practical application of BIM technology.