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Background Gastric pull-up (GPU) procedures may be complicated by leaks, fistulas, or stenoses. These complications are usually managed by endoscopy, but in extreme cases multidisciplinary management including reoperation may be necessary. Here, we report a combined endoscopic and surgical approach to manage a failed secondary GPU procedure. Case summary A 70-year-old male with treatment-refractory cervical esophagocutaneous fistula with stenotic remnant esophagus after secondary GPU was transferred to our tertiary hospital. Local and systemic infection originating from the infected fistula was resolved by endoscopy. Hence, elective esophageal reconstruction with free-jejunal interposition was performed with no subsequent adverse events. Conclusion A multidisciplinary approach involving interventional endoscopists and surgeons successfully managed severe complications arising from a cervical esophagocutaneous fistula after GPU. Endoscopic treatment may have lowered the perioperative risk to promote primary wound healing after free-jejunal graft interposition.

Background: Obesity is considered a risk factor for postoperative complications as it can limit exposure to the operation field, thereby significantly prolonging surgery time. Obesity-associated comorbidities, such as low-grade systemic inflammation, impaired functional status, and type 2 diabetes, are independent risk factors for impaired anastomotic wound healing and nonsurgical site infections. If obesity itself is an independent risk factor for surgical complications remains controversial, but the reason for this is largely unexplored. Summary: A MEDLINE literature search was performed using the terms: “obesity,” “excess body weight,” and “surgical complications.” Out of 65,493 articles 432 meta-analyses were screened, of which 25 meta-analyses were on the subject. The vast majority of complex oncologic procedures in the field of visceral surgery have shown higher complication rates in obese patients. Meta-analyses from the last 10 to 15 years with high numbers of patients enrolled consistently have shown longer operation times, higher blood loss, longer hospital stay for colorectal procedures, oncologic upper gastrointestinal (GI) procedures, and pancreatic surgery. Interestingly, these negative effects seem not to affect the overall survival in oncologic patients, especially in esophageal resections. A selection bias in oncologic upper GI patients may have influenced the results with higher BMI in upper GI cancer to be a predictor for better nutritional and performance status. Key Messages: Contrary to bariatric surgery, only limited evidence indicated that site and type of surgery, the approach to the abdominal cavity (laparoscopic vs. open), institutional factors, and the type of perioperative care such as ERAS protocols may play a role in determining postsurgical complications in obese patients. The initial question remains therefore partially unanswered. Large nationwide register-based studies are necessary to better understand which aspects of obesity and its related comorbidities define it as a risk factor for surgical complications.

ZusammenfassungDie Adipositas- bzw. metabolische Chirurgie stellt derzeit evidenzbasiert die einzige Therapiemodalität dar, die bei Patienten mit drittgradiger Adipositas zu einem nachhaltigen und auch klinisch relevanten Gewichtsverlust, zu einer Verbesserung der Lebensqualität und Funktionalität sowie zu einer Minderung vorliegender Adipositas-assoziierter Begleiterkrankungen und damit zu einer Verlängerung der Lebenserwartung führt.Die Operationen werden vorzugsweise in zertifizierten Zentren mit niedriger perioperativer Morbidität und Letalität in Schlüsselloch-Technik durchgeführt. Die weltweit am häufigsten durchgeführten adipositaschirurgischen Verfahren sind die Sleevegastrektomie (SG), der Roux-en-Y-Magenbypass (RYGB) und der Omega-Loop-Bypass (oder Mini-Gastric-Bypass) (MGB). Daneben existieren weitere intestinale Bypassverfahren.Die Entscheidung für das jeweilige Operationsverfahren ist im interdisziplinären Konsens von einem Team, bestehend aus Chirurgen, Internisten, Psychiatern/Psychologen und Ökotrophologen, individuell für jeden Patienten in Abhängigkeit der Komorbiditäten und patientenbezogener Daten zu treffen. Im Nachfolgenden werden die verschiedenen Operationsverfahren im Hinblick auf ihre jeweiligen Vor- und Nachteilen miteinander verglichen und auf die für das jeweilige Verfahren am besten geeignete Patientengruppe eingegangen.

Zusammenfassung Hintergrund Die Weichgewebsrekonstruktion bei alten Patienten stellt eine Herausforderung dar. Der freie Gewebetransfer kann bei gesunden Patienten trotz hohen Alters mit hoher Erfolgsrate durchgeführt werden. Bei multimorbiden Patienten, die für den freien Gewebetransfer nicht in Betracht kommen, werden häufig lokale Lappenplastiken eingesetzt, welche mit einer hohen Komplikationsrate assoziiert sind. Gerade solche Rettungseingriffe müssen so gewählt werden, dass eine Amputation durch die Wahl der Entnahmestelle nicht nachteilig beeinflusst wird oder gar unmöglich wird. Methode Drei distal basierte lokale Lappenplastiken wie Suralis‑, Peronaeus-brevis- und Propellerlappenplastik werden im Hinblick auf die Platzierung der Entnahmestelle sowie die Komplikationen der Wundheilungsstörung diskutiert. Ergebnisse Die Entnahmestelle der Suralislappenplastik ist nachteilig, da die proximale, dorsale Wadenregion betroffen ist, die im Falle einer Unterschenkelamputation die Weichteildeckung des Stumpfes ermöglicht. Schlussfolgerung Soll eine lokale Lappenplastik als „Rettungseingriff“ als Versuch der Vermeidung einer Unterschenkelamputation bei für einen freien Gewebetransfer nichtgeeigneten Patienten zum Einsatz kommen, gilt es, Lappenplastiken zu wählen, die die Entnahmestelle außerhalb der dorsalen, proximalen Wade platzieren, um die Weichteildeckung einer Stumpfbildung potenziell zu ermöglichen.

Zusammenfassung Derzeit ist die metabolische/bariatrische Chirurgie die einzige evidenzbasierte Therapie, die bei einem Großteil der morbid adipösen Patienten zu einer relevanten und nachhaltigen Gewichtsabnahme und Verbesserung der Adipositas-assoziierten Morbidität führt. Das historische Konzept, dass die dominanten zugrundeliegenden Mechanismen der bariatrischen/metabolischen Chirurgie eine Nahrungsrestriktion (durch Verkleinerung des Magens) und eine Malabsorption von Makronährstoffen (durch einen intestinalen Bypass der oralen Dünndarmabschnitte) sind, ist mittlerweile widerlegt.Grundlagenwissenschaftliche Studien konnten zeigen, dass der Darm als physiologische Schaltzentrale dient und nach anatomischer Umstellung, wie beispielsweise nach einer Magenbypass-Operation, veränderte neuronale und endokrine Signale an unterschiedliche Organsysteme aussendet.Es existiert eine robuste, spezies-übergreifende Datenlage, dass es nach metabolischer/bariatrischer Chirurgie zu einer nachhaltigen Veränderung des Mikrobioms kommt. Insgesamt ist eine erhöhte Vielfältigkeit der Bakterienstämme mit einer häufigen Reduktion von Firmicutes und Bacteroidetes und eine Erhöhung von Proteobakterien beschrieben. Dabei scheint die Veränderung des Mikrobioms Chirurgie- und Prozeduren-spezifisch und nicht Folge der erreichten Gewichtsabnahme zu sein. Die biologische Relevanz konnte mehrfach experimentell in konzeptionellen Beweisstudien (Mikrobiomtransfer) gezeigt werden. Experimentelle Daten legen nahe, dass die Zusammensetzung des Mikrobioms nicht nur durch die Operation selbst verändert wird und damit unterschiedliche Systeme (entero-endokrin, Darmbarriere, Konjugation von Gallensäuren) maßgeblich beeinflusst, sondern auch einen Einfluss auf den Wirkungsgrad der Operation selbst zu haben scheint. Trotzdem sind die verfügbaren Daten meist nur beschreibend und zeigen Assoziationen auf. Den Einfluss des veränderten Mikrobioms auf das gesamte Metabolom und vice versa ist bisher nur unzureichend verstanden und muss in weiterführenden Studien weiter untersucht werden.

Objective Hypothalamic inflammation and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress are extensively linked to leptin resistance and overnutrition-related diseases. Surgical intervention remains the most efficient long-term weight-loss strategy for morbid obesity, but mechanisms underlying sustained feeding suppression remain largely elusive. This study investigated whether Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) interacts with obesity-associated hypothalamic inflammation to restore central leptin signaling as a mechanistic account for post-operative appetite suppression. Methods RYGB or sham surgery was performed in high-fat diet-induced obese Wistar rats. Sham-operated rats were fed ad libitum or by weight matching to RYGB via calorie restriction (CR) before hypothalamic leptin signaling, microglia reactivity, and the inflammatory pathways were examined to be under the control of gut microbiota-derived circulating signaling. Results RYGB, other than CR-induced adiposity reduction, ameliorates hypothalamic gliosis, inflammatory signaling, and ER stress, which are linked to enhanced hypothalamic leptin signaling and responsiveness. Mechanistically, we demonstrate that RYGB interferes with hypothalamic ER stress and toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling to restore the anorexigenic action of leptin, which most likely results from modulation of a circulating factor derived from the altered gut microbial environment upon RYGB surgery. Conclusions Our data demonstrate that RYGB interferes with hypothalamic TLR4 signaling to restore the anorexigenic action of leptin, which most likely results from modulation of a circulating factor derived from the post-surgical altered gut microbial environment., Highlights • RYGB surgery-related weight loss independently restores hypothalamic leptin signaling and action in diet-induced obesity. • RGYB modulates hypothalamic TLR4-mediated pro-inflammatory signaling and ER stress to restore leptin's anorexigenic action. • Humoral factors contribute to modulated microglia-POMC neuron interaction, which appears specific to the RYGB procedure. • Altering the gut microbiota environment by antibiotics deteriorates leptin's feeding suppressive action after RYGB.

Background Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) modifies various aspects of eating behavior in morbidly obese individuals to cause marked and lasting weight loss and improvements in metabolic health, but the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. Objectives To assess the relative contributions of the gut hormones glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) and peptide tyrosine tyrosine 3-36 (PYY3-36), whose circulating levels are enhanced by RYGB, in the reduced high-fat (HF) food preference that develops postoperatively. Setting University hospital, Wurzburg, Germany. Methods HF diet–induced obese male Wistar rats underwent RYGB (n = 11) or sham (n = 7) surgeries and were subsequently maintained on a choice of low-fat (10% calories from fat) and HF (60% calories from fat) diets. From postoperative weeks 4 to 6, acute feeding studies were performed in which the selective GLP-1 receptor antagonist exendin-9 (30 μg/kg), the second-generation selective Y2 receptor antagonist JNJ-31020028 (10 mg/kg), or a combination of both drugs was administered intraperitoneally. Results During the observational period weight, adiposity and total food intake were lower while postprandial plasma GLP-1 and peptide tyrosine tyrosine levels were higher for RYGB-operated compared with sham-operated rats. There was a gradual shift in preference from HF to low-fat food in RYGB-operated rats by postoperative week 3. Single antagonist treatments had a relatively modest impact on HF food preference in rats from both surgical groups. However, dual antagonist treatment caused a striking increase in HF food preference specifically in RYGB-operated rats. Conclusions GLP-1 and peptide tyrosine tyrosine 3-36 reduce HF food preference additively after RYGB supporting the use of gut hormone combination strategies for healthier feeding behavior.

Zusammenfassung Hintergrund Digitale Inhalte im Internet sind zu einer wichtigen Lernressource für Studierende geworden. E-Learning kann einen wichtigen Beitrag leisten bei der Unterstützung von Lernprozessen. Gleichzeitig können Lehrangebote im Internet eine größere Zielgruppe erreichen als klassische Lehrformate. Methoden Als Ergänzung des Lehrangebots der chirurgischen Universitätsklinik Würzburg wurde eine frei zugängliche E-Learning-Plattform etabliert, die den gesamten Themenbereich der Allgemein- und Viszeralchirurgie abbildet und die Themen multimedial aufbereitet interaktiv präsentiert. Ergebnisse Im Zeitraum von Februar 2010 bis April 2018 wurden auf den verschiedenen Seiten des E-Learnings kumulativ 1 444 806 Seitenaufrufe verzeichnet von insgesamt 350 212 Nutzern. 24,04% der Nutzer griffen mit mobilen Endgeräten oder Tablets auf die Seiten zu. Schlussfolgerung Mithilfe frei verfügbarer Open-Source-Software ist es möglich, ein modernes E-Learning-Angebot zu realisieren. Der Verzicht auf proprietäre Standards, die Berücksichtigung der Plattformunabhängigkeit sowie der Verzicht auf jegliche Zugangsbeschränkung helfen, die Reichweite des Angebots weit über die eigene Fakultät hinaus zu erhöhen. Bei zukünftigen Weiterentwicklungen wird die stärkere Personalisierung des Angebots zu berücksichtigen sein, auch um Effekte auf den Lernerfolg besser bewerten zu können.

The obese brain is stressed and inflamed. This is mainly at the level of neurons and glial cells in the hypothalamus: a brain region where the adipokine leptin acts to control feeding and body weight. Relieving hypothalamic neuronal endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress with the natural small molecule drugs celastrol or withaferin-A reverses the leptin resistance commensurate with obesity, producing a degree of weight loss found only with bariatric surgery. Here, recent evidence from rodent models of vertical sleeve gastrectomy (VSG) is brought to the fore which suggests that this particular bariatric surgical procedure may work in a similar fashion to celastrol and withaferin-A alongside remedying hypothalamic inflammation and gliosis. Thus, restoring and preserving healthy hypothalamic neuronal and glial cell function, be it by pharmacological or surgical means, ensures a negative energy balance in an environment constructed to promote a one - possibly through re-establishing communication between adipose tissue and the brain.

Altered host-intestinal microbiota interactions are increasingly implicated in the metabolic benefits of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery. We previously found, however, that RYGB-associated ileal microbiota can paradoxically impair host glycemic control when transferred to germ-free mice. Here we present complementary evidence suggesting that this could be due to the heightened development of systemic endotoxemia. Consistently, application of ileal content from RYGB-treated compared with sham-operated rats onto Caco-2 cell monolayers compromised barrier function and decreased expression of the barrier-stabilizing proteins claudin-4 and desmoglein-2. Our findings raise the possibility that RYGB-associated ileal microbiota produce and release soluble metabolites which locally increase intestinal permeability to promote systemic endotoxemia-induced insulin resistance, with potential implications for the treatment of RYGB patients who eventually relapse onto type 2 diabetes.

Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) is an effective weight loss surgery, resulting in a characteristic increase of fecal Gammaproteobacteria. The contribution of this compositional change to metabolic benefits of RYGB is currently debatable. Therefore, this study employed 16S rRNA gene sequencing and metabolic profiling to monitor the dynamic colonization of the RYGB microbial consortium and their metabolic impact on the host. Eleven Wistar rats received vancomycin and enrofloxacin, followed by fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) of cecal slurry obtained from either RYGB- or sham-operated rats. Urine and feces from the microbiota recipients (RYGB microbiota recipients [RYGBr], n = 6; sham microbiota recipients [SHAMr], n = 5) were collected pre- and post-antibiotics and 1, 3, 6, 9, and 16 days post-FMT. No significant differences in body weight and food intake were observed between RYGBr and SHAMr. While neither group reached the community richness of that of their donors, by day 6, both groups reached the richness and diversity of that prior to antibiotic treatment. However, the typical signature of RYGB microbiome—increased Enterobacteriaceae—was not replicated in these recipients after two consecutive FMT, suggesting that the environmental changes induced by the anatomical rearrangements of RYGB could be key for sustaining such a consortium. The transplanted bacteria did not induce the same metabolic signature of urine and feces as those previously reported in RYGB-operated rats. Future work is required to explore environmental factors that shape the RYGB microbiota in order to further investigate the metabolic functions of the RYGB microbiota, thereby teasing out the mechanisms of the RYGB surgery. IMPORTANCE Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery results in a long-term gut bacterial shift toward Gammaproteobacteria in both patients and rodents. The contribution of this compositional shift, or the RYGB bacterial consortium, to the metabolic benefit of the surgery remains debatable. It is unclear how well these bacteria colonize in an anatomically normal gut. This is a fundamental question in both defining the function of the RYGB microbiota and evaluating its potential as a nonsurgical treatment for obesity. We monitored the dynamic colonization of the RYGB bacterial consortium and observed that while approximately one-third of the bacterial taxa from the RYGB donor colonized in the gut of the nonoperated recipients, Gammaproteobacteria were unable to colonize for longer than 3 days. The study highlighted that a successful long-term colonization of Gammaproteobacteria-rich RYGB microbiota in nonsurgical animals requires key environmental factors that may be dictated by the intestinal anatomical modification by the surgery itself.

Summary Regional changes to the intestinal microenvironment brought about by Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery may contribute to some of its potent systemic metabolic benefits through favorably regulating various local cellular processes. Here, we show that the intestinal contents of RYGB-operated compared with sham-operated rats region-dependently confer superior glycemic control to recipient germ-free mice in association with suppression of endotoxemia. Correspondingly, they had direct barrier-stabilizing effects on an intestinal epithelial cell line which, bile-exposed intestinal contents, were partly farnesoid X receptor (FXR)-dependent. Further, circulating fibroblast growth factor 19 levels, a readout of intestinal FXR activation, negatively correlated with endotoxemia severity in longitudinal cohort of RYGB patients. These findings suggest that various host- and/or microbiota-derived luminal factors region-specifically and synergistically stabilize the intestinal epithelial barrier following RYGB through FXR signaling, which could potentially be leveraged to better treat endotoxemia-induced insulin resistance in obesity in a non-invasive and more targeted manner., Graphical Abstract, Highlights • RYGB intestinal contents improve glycemia and suppress endotoxemia in GF mice • RYGB intestinal contents stabilize barrier function and structure in Caco-2 cells • This is partly FXR-dependent for bile-exposed intestinal contents only • Plasma bile acids and FGF19 negatively correlate with endotoxemia in RYGB patients, Human Metabolism; Molecular Biology; Cell Biology

Background The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has escalated rapidly to a global pandemic stretching healthcare systems worldwide to their limits. Surgeons have had to immediately react to this unprecedented clinical challenge by systematically repurposing surgical wards. Purpose To provide a detailed set of guidelines developed in a surgical ward at University Hospital Wuerzburg to safely accommodate the exponentially rising cases of SARS-CoV-2 infected patients without compromising the care of emergency surgery and oncological patients or jeopardizing the well-being of hospital staff. Conclusions The dynamic prioritization of SARS-CoV-2 infected and surgical patient groups is key to preserving life while maintaining high surgical standards. Strictly segregating patient groups in emergency rooms, non-intensive care wards and operating areas prevents viral spread while adequately training and carefully selecting hospital staff allow them to confidently and successfully undertake their respective clinical duties.

Leptin-based obesity pharmacotherapies were originally developed according to the lipostatic view that elevated circulating leptin levels promote a negative energy balance. A series of independent preclinical findings suggest, however, that a partial reduction in circulating leptin levels (either by immunoneutralization, a peripherally restricted CB1 receptor inverse agonist, or bariatric surgery) can paradoxically lead to weight loss.

Although bariatric surgery is the most effective treatment for severe obesity, a subgroup of patients shows insufficient postbariatric outcomes. Differences may at least in part result from heterogeneous patient profiles regarding reactive and regulative temperament, emotion dysregulation, and disinhibited eating. This study aims to subtype patients based on these aspects before and 2 years after bariatric surgery and tests the predictive value of identified subtypes for health-related outcomes 3 years after surgery. Within a prospective multicenter patient registry, N = 229 bariatric patients were examined before bariatric surgery, 2 and 3 years postoperatively via clinical interviews and self-report questionnaires. Pre- and postbariatric subtypes were differentiated by temperament, emotion dysregulation, and disinhibited eating using latent profile analyses (LPA). The predictive value of pre- and postbariatric subtypes for surgery outcomes measured 3 years postoperatively was tested via linear regression analyses. LPA resulted in five prebariatric and three postbariatric subtypes which were significantly associated with different levels of general and eating disorder psychopathology. Post- versus prebariatric subtypes explained more variance regarding eating disorder psychopathology, depression, and quality of life assessed 3 years postoperatively, whereas neither pre- nor postbariatric subtypes predicted postbariatric weight loss. Patients with prebariatric deficits in self- and emotional control had an increased risk for showing these deficits postoperatively. A re-evaluation of patients’ psychological status after bariatric surgery is recommended to detect patients with potential risk for adverse psychological surgery outcomes in the long term.

Die metabolische/bariatrische Chirurgie fuhrt bei dem Grosteil der Patienten mit morbider Adipositas zu einem nachhaltigen und klinisch relevanten Gewichtsverlust, zu einer Verbesserung der adipositasassoziierten Morbiditat, der Lebensqualitat und der Funktionalitat. Mit der Reduktion von Risikofaktoren fur kardiovaskulare Ereignisse und Krebserkrankungen wird die Lebenserwartung verlangert. Aufgrund der sehr guten antidiabetischen Wirkung wird in der aktuell gultigen S3-Leitlinie eine metabolisch/bariatrische Operation bei schlecht einstellbarem Diabetes bereits ab einem Body-Mass-Index (BMI) von 30 kg/m2 empfohlen. Mit dem Edmonton-Staging-System kann eine vom BMI unabhangige mehrdimensionale Betrachtung des Schweregrades der Adipositas fur den individuellen Patienten vorgenommen werden. Patienten mit relevanten adipositasassoziierten Begleiterkrankungen sollten priorisiert therapiert werden und das moglichst bevor Endorganschaden vorliegen, die zum einen das perioperative Risiko erhohen und zum anderen – zumindest teilweise – nicht mehr reversibel sind. Der Definition individueller Therapieziele und der Vermittlung einer realistischen Erwartungshaltung sollten bereits praoperativ – aber auch im Verlauf – viel Aufmerksamkeit gewidmet werden. Eine unrealistische Erwartungshaltung – „Operation lost meine Probleme“, „Operation macht mich schoner“, „Operation beseitigt Stigma“, „Operation garantiert Therapieerfolg“ – ist nicht selten. Sie kann zu Frustrationen und psychischen Dekompensationen fuhren und muss moglichst fruh durch das interdisziplinare Team adressiert werden. Redundanzen und eine stringente im Team gleichgerichtete empathische Kommunikation verbessern die Therapieadharenz, die Erwartungshaltung und so das Outcome.

Metabolic surgical procedures, such as Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB), uniquely reprogram feeding behavior and body weight in obese subjects. Clinical neuroimaging and animal studies are only now beginning to shed light on some of the underlying central mechanisms. We present here the roles of key brain neurotransmitter/neuromodulator systems in food choice, value, and intake at various stages after RYGB. In doing so, we elaborate on how known signals emanating from the reorganized gut, including peptide hormones and microbiota products, impinge on newly mapped homeostatic and hedonic brain feeding circuits. Continued progress in the rapidly evolving field of metabolic surgery will inform the design of more effective weight-loss compounds.

Obesity is associated with several detrimental health consequences, among them an increased risk for development of cancer, and an overall elevated mortality. Multiple factors like hyperinsulinemia, chronic microinflammation and oxidative stress may be involved. The comet assay has been proven to be very sensitive for detection of DNA damage and has been used to explore the relationship between overweight/obesity and DNA damage, but results are controversial. Very few investigations have been performed to correlate weight loss of obese individuals and possible reduction of DNA damage and these studies have not provided clear results. As currently, only surgical interventions (metabolic/bariatric surgery) enable substantial and sustained weight loss in the vast majority of morbidly obese patients, we analyzed whole blood samples of 56 subsequent patients prior, 6 and 12 months after bariatric surgery. No reduction of DNA damage was observed in comet assay analysis after 6 months despite efficient weight loss, but a significant reduction was observed 12 months after surgery. Concurrently, the ferric-reducing antioxidant power assay showed a significant reduction after 6 and 12 months. The level of oxidised glutathione and lipid peroxidation products were increased at 6 months but normalised at 12 months after surgery. As conclusion, a significant weight reduction in obese patients may help to diminish existing DNA damage besides improving many other health aspects in these patients.

Ein von der Deutschen Gesellschaft fur Allgemein- und Viszeralchirurgie eingesetztes Expertengremium wurde beauftragt ein Qualitatsindikatorenset zur Erfassung der Ergebnis‑, Indikations- und Strukturqualitat fur die metabolische/bariatrische Chirurgie zu entwickeln. Als entscheidende Vorgaben sollten hierzu die aktuell verfugbare Evidenz (systematische Literaturrecherche), die bisherigen Ergebnissen des nationalen Registers der Fachgesellschaft (Studien‑, Dokumentations- und Qualitatszentrum [StuDoQ] | Metabolische und bariatrische Erkrankungen [MBE]) und spezifische soziookonomische Aspekte (schwer limitierter Zugang zur metabolischen/bariatrischen Chirurgie in Deutschland) dienen. Diese Qualitatsvorgaben sollen perspektivisch in die nationale Leitlinie und die Zertifizierungsordnung einfliesen. Es wurde festgestellt, dass sich Mortalitat, MTL30, schwere interventionspflichtige Komplikationen (Clavien-Dindo ≥ 3b) aufgrund ihrer Relevanz, Wissenschaftlichkeit und Praktikabilitat als Indikatoren zur Bestimmung der chirurgischen Ergebnisqualitat eignen. Zur Bestimmung der Prozessqualitat der langfristig notwendigen strukturierten Nachsorge wurde eine Mindestquote zur systematischen Erfassung der Lebensqualitat im Langzeitverlauf festgelegt. Da intestinale Bypassverfahren in einer hoheren Rate zur Remission eines vorbestehenden Typ-2-Diabetes fuhren, sollten diese Verfahren entsprechenden Patienten angeboten werden und auch zur Anwendung kommen. Die auf Basis der Literatur und der StuDoQ-Registerdaten vorgeschlagenen Referenzwerte sind als praliminar zu betrachten und mussen im weiteren Validierungs- und Implementierungsprozess der Qualitatsindikatoren (QI) reevaluiert und ggf. angepasst werden. Eine Risikoadjustierung ist perspektivisch geplant. Das StuDoQ|MBE bietet sowohl zur Erfassung der QI als auch zur Ermittlung relevanter Risikoadjustoren die geeignete Infrastruktur.

Weight loss from caloric restriction (i.e. dieting) tends to be modest and short-lived, whereas from bariatric surgeries such as Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) is pronounced and generally sustained. The reasons behind these opposing outcomes between interventions remain unclear, but likely involve differential effects on gut-brain communication. Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) is a ubiquitously-induced, centrally-acting, anorexigenic cytokine whose systemic levels are elevated under a variety of conditions associated with a negative energy balance, including in patients following RYGB. We therefore asked whether systemic and portal vein GDF15 levels differ between obese Zucker fatty rats that experienced similar weight loss from RYGB or from forced caloric restriction (CR). Compared with ad libitum fed (ALF) controls, body weight, visceral adiposity and food intake of RYGB and CR rats were markedly lower during the postoperative observation period. Both systemic and portal vein GDF15 levels in RYGB rats at postoperative day 28 were higher compared with ALF rats and particularly compared with CR rats. Further, systemic and portal vein GDF15 levels negatively correlated with body weight and food intake specifically in RYGB rats. These findings provide evidence that, unlike dieting, RYGB might achieve sustained weight loss and appetite suppression partly through increased GDF15 release from epithelial cells of the gastrointestinal tract.

There is increased interest in whether bariatric surgeries such as Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) achieve their profound weight-lowering effects in morbidly obese individuals through the brain. Hypothalamic inflammation is a well-recognized etiologic factor in obesity pathogenesis and so represents a potential target of RYGB, but clinical evidence in support of this is limited. We therefore assessed hypothalamic T2-weighted signal intensities (T2W SI) and fractional anisotropy (FA) values, 2 validated radiologic measures of brain inflammation, in relation to BMI and fat mass, as well as circulating inflammatory (C-reactive protein; CrP) and metabolic markers in a cohort of 27 RYGB patients at baseline and 6 and 12 months after surgery. We found that RYGB progressively increased hypothalamic T2W SI values, while it progressively decreased hypothalamic FA values. Regression analyses further revealed that this could be most strongly linked to plasma CrP levels, which independently predicted hypothalamic FA values when adjusting for age, sex, fat mass, and diabetes diagnosis. These findings suggest that RYGB has a major time-dependent impact on hypothalamic inflammation status, possibly by attenuating peripheral inflammation. They also suggest that hypothalamic FA values may provide a more specific radiologic measure of hypothalamic inflammation than more commonly used T2W SI values.

Obesity in part arises from the regular overconsumption of palatable, caloric-dense foods. This maladaptive eating behavior has been described as impulsive, compulsive and even addictive, and has its origins in molecular and cellular aberrations in the gut and brain. Mounting evidence from human and rodent studies suggests that Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery persistantly promotes lower caloric intake by modifying gut-brain communication. In this Review, we discuss how the changes in gut hormones, nutrient sensing andmicrobiota brought about by RYGB together favourably regulate homeostatic, reward and executive brain functions. We further speculate on how this lastingly establishes a negative whole-body energy balance in the face of plenty. Future studies will more completely characterize the role of modified gut-brain communication in the healthier eating behavior following RYGB, possibly facilitating the development of more effective, non-surgical weight loss treatments.

The prognostic value of the local immune phenotype in patients with colorectal cancer has been extensively studied. Neoadjuvant radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy may potentially influence these immune responses. In this study, we examined the prognostic role of indoleamine-2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO1) and infiltrating cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CD8+) in locally advanced rectal carcinomas after neoadjuvant treatment. Expression of IDO1 and CD8 was evaluated by immunohistochemistry in 106 archival tumour tissue samples from patients following neoadjuvant chemoradiation and radical resection. The average infiltration of IDO1+ and CD8+ cells was calculated along the tumour invasive front, in the tumour centre and within the neoplastic cells and expressed as total scores. Of the tumour specimens evaluable for immunohistochemistry, 100% showed CD8+ lymphocyte infiltration and 93.4% stained positive for IDO1. Total IDO1 score positively correlated with total CD8 score for all three subsites (p = 0.002, Kendall-tau-b 0.357). A high total CD8 score was positively correlated with lower ypUICC-stages (p = 0.047) and lower ypT-categories (p = 0.032). Total IDO1 expression showed a clear trend towards a lower risk of recurrence (p = 0.078). A high total IDO1 score was an independent prognostic marker for prolonged disease-free survival (HR 0.38, p = 0.046) and a high total CD8 score for favourable overall survival (HR 0.16, p = 0.029). Analysis of the local CD8 and IDO1 expression profile may be a helpful tool in predicting prognosis for patients with locally advanced rectal cancer following neoadjuvant chemoradiation.

Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) may improve beta cell function by mechanisms other than caloric restriction and body weight loss. We aimed to assess the impact of anatomical and hormonal alterations specific to RYGB on glucose homeostasis, β cell function and morphology.Male Zucker(fa/fa) rats underwent either RYGB (n = 11) or sham surgeries (n = 10). Five of the shams were then food restricted and body weight matched (BWM) to the RYGB rats. Six male Zucker(fa/+) rats underwent sham surgery and served as additional lean controls. Twenty-seven days after surgery, an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was performed and plasma levels of glucose, insulin and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) were measured. Immunohistological analysis of pancreatic islets was performed, and GLP-1 receptor and PDX-1 mRNA content were quantified.Shams consumed more food and gained more weight compared to both RYGB and BWM (p 0.001). Hyperglycaemia was evident in ad libitum-fed shams, whilst postprandial glucose levels were lower in RYGB compared to the BWM sham group (p 0.05). During the OGTT, RYGB rats responded with2.5-fold increase of GLP-1. Histology revealed signs of islet degeneration in ad libitum-fed shams, but not in RYGB and sham BWM controls (p 0.001). GLP-1 receptor and PDX-1 mRNA content was similar between the RYGB and BWM shams but higher compared to ad libitum shams (p 0.05).Combined molecular, cellular and histological analyses of pancreatic function suggest that weight loss alone, and not the enhancement of GLP-1 responses, is predominant for the short-term β cell protective effects of RYGB.

Background/Objectives: Bariatric surgery offers sustained marked weight loss and often remission of type 2 diabetes, yet the mechanisms of establishment of these health benefits are not clear. Subjects/Methods: We mapped the coordinated systemic responses of gut hormones, the circulating miRNAome and the metabolome in a rat model of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery. Results: The response of circulating microRNAs (miRNAs) to RYGB was striking and selective. Analysis of 14 significantly altered circulating miRNAs within a pathway context was suggestive of modulation of signaling pathways including G protein signaling, neurodegeneration, inflammation, and growth and apoptosis responses. Concomitant alterations in the metabolome indicated increased glucose transport, accelerated glycolysis and inhibited gluconeogenesis in the liver. Of particular significance, we show significantly decreased circulating miRNA-122 levels and a more modest decline in hepatic levels, following surgery. In mechanistic studies, manipulation of miRNA-122 levels in a cell model induced changes in the activity of key enzymes involved in hepatic energy metabolism, glucose transport, glycolysis, tricarboxylic acid cycle, pentose phosphate shunt, fatty-acid oxidation and gluconeogenesis, consistent with the findings of the in vivo surgery-mediated responses, indicating the powerful homeostatic activity of the miRNAs. Conclusions: The close association between energy metabolism, neuronal signaling and gut microbial metabolites derived from the circulating miRNA, plasma, urine and liver metabolite and gut hormone correlations further supports an enhanced gut-brain signaling, which we suggest is hormonally mediated by both traditional gut hormones and miRNAs. This transomic approach to map the crosstalk between the circulating miRNAome and metabolome offers opportunities to understand complex systems biology within a disease and interventional treatment setting.

Brain μ-opioid receptors (MORs) stimulate high-fat (HF) feeding and have been implicated in the distinct long term outcomes on body weight of bariatric surgery and dieting. Whether alterations in fat appetite specifically following these disparate weight loss interventions relate to changes in brain MOR signaling is unknown. To address this issue, diet-induced obese male rats underwent either Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) or sham surgeries. Postoperatively, animals were placed on a two-choice diet consisting of low-fat (LF) and HF food and sham-operated rats were further split into ad libitum fed (Sham-LF/HF) and body weight-matched (Sham-BWM) to RYGB groups. An additional set of sham-operated rats always only on a LF diet (Sham-LF) served as lean controls, making four experimental groups in total. Corresponding to a stage of weight loss maintenance for RYGB rats, two-bottle fat preference tests in conjunction with small-animal positron emission tomography (PET) imaging studies with the selective MOR radioligand [11C]carfentanil were performed. Brains were subsequently collected and MOR protein levels in the hypothalamus, striatum, prefrontal cortex and orbitofrontal cortex were analyzed by Western Blot. We found that only the RYGB group presented with intervention-specific changes: having markedly suppressed intake and preference for high concentration fat emulsions, a widespread reduction in [11C]carfentanil binding potential (reflecting MOR availability) in various brain regions, and a downregulation of striatal and prefrontal MOR protein levels compared to the remaining groups. These findings suggest that the suppressed fat appetite caused by RYGB surgery is due to reduced brain MOR signaling, which may contribute to sustained weight loss unlike the case for dieting.

Hintergrund Die Divertikelkrankheit stellt ein haufiges Problem im klinischen Alltag dar. Neben der Frage, wer stationar und wer ambulant behandelt werden soll, ist vor allem die Frage nach der Operationsindikation und dem Zeitpunkt zur Operation entscheidend. Da international die Erkrankung unterschiedlich klassifiziert wird, sind die Empfehlungen diesbezuglich nicht einheitlich.

Objective: To determine whether rats reaching the same body mass, having been fed either a low-fat (LFD) or a high-fat diet (HFD), differ in white adipose tissue (WAT) deposition. Methods: In experiment 1, 22 Sprague-Dawley rats of the same age were divided into 11 rats with body mass below the batch median and fed a HFD, and 11 above the median and fed a LFD. In experiment 2, 20 Sprague-Dawley rats of the same age and starting body mass were randomised to either a HFD or LFD. When all groups reached similar final body mass, WAT was quantified using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), dissection, and plasma leptin. Results: In experiment 1, both groups reached similar final body mass at the same age; in experiment 2 the HFD group reached similar final body mass earlier than the LFD group. There were no significant differences in WAT as assessed by MRI or leptin between the HFD and LFD groups in both experiments. Dissection revealed a trend for higher retroperitoneal and epididymal adiposity in the HFD groups in both experiments. Conclusions: We conclude that at similar body mass, adiposity is independent of the macronutrient composition of the feeding regimen used to achieve it.

Highlights • Serious complications during routinely performed procedures due to improper use of V-Loc™ barbed wire can occur. • When used intraabdominally the V-Loc™ barbed absorbable wire needs to be shortened and the suture stump to be extraperitonealized. • Surgeons need to be aware of relevant “tricks and traps” of routinely performed procedures., Introduction Transabdominal preperitoneal endoscopic hernia repair (TAPP) is part of primary surgical health care. While both, the reported recurrence rate and procedure specific morbidity are consistently low, rare serious complications occur. Presentiation of case A 36-year-old male patient developed bowel obstruction three days after both-sided TAPP for inguinal hernia repair. A computer tomography scan of the abdomen revealed a small bowel volvulus in the right lower quadrant of the abdomen requiring urgent revisional surgery. Intraoperatively, the small bowel and its mesenterial vessels were found to be twisted around a 5 cm long V-Loc™ barbed absorbable suturing wire. After successful laparoscopic adhesiolysis, removal of the wire and detorquing of the bowel conglomerate, resection of small intestine was not necessary. The patient's further postoperative recovery was uneventful. Discussion Due to the barbed configuration of the V-Loc™ wire, a gapless continuous suturing of the peritoneum without laparoscopic knotting is easily and fast to accomplish. In this case the recommendation of the manufacturer to shorten the wire was not strictly followed and neither had the suture stump been extraperitonealized in order to avoid such rare complications. Conclusion Surgeons need to be aware of relevant “tricks and traps” of routinely performed procedures and have to know all tools and material they use very well. This case may therefore increase our attention when it comes to little things which actually do matter.

Bariatric surgery improves arterial hypertension and renal function; however, the underlying mechanisms and effect of different surgical procedures are unknown. In the present prospective study, we compared the 12-month follow-up results after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding, and laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy on weight loss, hypertension, renal function, and inflammatory status.A total of 34 morbidly obese patients were investigated before, one and 12 months after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (n = 10), laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding (n = 13), and laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (n = 11) for hypertension, kidney function, urinary and serum cytokine levels of macrophage migration inhibitory factor, monocyte chemotactic protein-1, and chemokine ligand-18.At 12 months after surgery, the patients in all 3 treatment arms showed a significant decrease in the mean body mass index, mean arterial pressure, and urinary and serum inflammatory markers (all P.001). The reduction in urinary and serum cytokine levels correlated directly with body weight loss (P.05). Patients with impaired renal function at baseline (corresponding to serum cystatin C.8 mg/L) had a marked improvement in renal function 12 months after surgery (P.05).Surgically induced weight loss is associated with a marked decrease in renal and systemic inflammation and arterial hypertension and improvement in renal function in patients with pre-existing renal impairment. These effects appear to be independent of surgical procedure. The improvement in renal inflammation could be 1 of the mechanisms contributing to the beneficial effects of bariatric surgery on arterial blood pressure, proteinuria, and renal function.

Objective: To investigate whether gastric bypass induces a higher activity of brown adipose tissue and greater levels of the brown adipose tissue-specific protein uncoupling protein-1 (UCP-1) in rats. Methods: Gastric bypass rats and sham-operated controls (each n = 8) underwent whole body 1H-MR spectroscopy for analysis of body composition and 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography combined with computed tomography (18F-FDG PET/CT) imaging for measurement of the metabolic activity of brown adipose tissue. Brown adipose tissue was harvested and weighed, and UCP-1 mRNA content was measured by Northern Blot technique. Results: Gastric bypass rats had a significantly lower percentage of whole body adipose tissue mass compared to sham-operated rats (p = 0.001). There was no difference in brown adipose tissue activity between the two groups (standardised uptake value sham 2.81 ± 0.58 vs. bypass 2.56 ± 0.46 ; p = 0.73). Furthermore, there was no difference in the UCP-1 mRNA content of brown adipose tissue between the two groups (sham 49.5 ± 13.2 vs. bypass 43.7 ± 13.1; p = 0.77). Conclusion: Gastric bypass does not increase the activity of brown adipose tissue in rats suggesting that other mechanisms are involved to explain the increased energy expenditure after bypass surgery. Our results cannot justify the radiation dose of 18F-FDG PET/CT studies in humans to determine potential changes in brown adipose tissue after gastric bypass surgery.

Background Evidence on bariatric surgery induced weight loss and its possible impact on cancer risk is limited, but also controversial. We used obese Zuckerfa/fa and lean Zuckerfa/+ to investigate the association between obesity, oxidative stress and genomic damage after weight loss induced either by Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery (RYGB) or caloric restriction. Methods Male Zuckerfa/fa rats underwent RYGB (n=15) or sham surgery (n=17). Five shams were food restricted and body weight matched (BWM) to RYGB. Twelve Zuckerfa/+ rats served as lean controls. Body weight and food intake were measured daily. An oral glucose tolerance test was performed on day 27. DHE staining and western blots of HSP70 and HO-1 were used to evaluate oxidative stress and anti-3-nitrotyrosine antibody staining for nitrative stress detection in colon and kidney. Lipid peroxidation products in urine were quantified by TBARS assay. LC/MS/MS was applied to measure urinary excretion of 8-oxoGua (oxidized DNA derived base), 8-oxodG (oxidized DNA derived nucleoside) and 8-oxoGuo (oxidized RNA derived nucleoside). DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) and cell proliferation (PCNA) were detected by immunohistochemistry. Results Sham-operated rats showed impaired glucose tolerance, elevated plasma insulin levels as well as elevated oxidative stress and nitrative stress markers, which were less severe after weight loss by RYGB or caloric restriction. Cell proliferation showed similar trends but no significant alteration. DNA DSBs were more frequent in sham-operated compared to all other groups. DNA damage in Zuckerfa/fa rats positively correlated with basal plasma insulin values (Spearman's correlation coefficient for colon, 0.634 and for kidney, 0.525). Conclusions RYGB and caloric restriction were sufficient to significantly reduce elevated oxidative/nitrative stress and genomic damage in obese Zuckerfa/fa rats. Further investigations are needed to elucidate the underlying mechanism of these genome protective effects.

Numerous studies using gastric bypass rat models have been recently conducted to uncover underlying physiological mechanisms of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. Reflecting on lessons learned from gastric bypass rat models may thus aid the development of gastric bypass models in mice and other species. This review aims to discuss technical and experimental details of published gastric bypass rat models to understand advantages and limitations of this experimental tool. The review is based on PubMed literature using the search terms 'animal model', 'rodent model', 'bariatric surgery', 'gastric bypass', and 'Roux-en-Y gastric bypass'. All studies published up until February 2011 were included. 32 studies describing 15 different rat gastric bypass models were included. Description of surgical technique differs in terms of pouch size, limb lengths, preservation of the vagal nerve, and mortality rate. Surgery was carried out exclusively in male rats of different strains and ages. Pre- and postoperative diets also varied significantly. Technical and experimental variations in published gastric bypass rat models complicate comparison and identification of potential physiological mechanisms involved in gastric bypass. In summary, there is no clear evidence that any of these models is superior, but there is an emerging need for standardization of the procedure to achieve consistent and comparable data.

The obesity epidemic is in Germany as well as worldwide a major health problem which is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Bariatric surgery is currently the most effective therapy for significant and sustained weight loss. The most common form of bariatric surgery worldwide is Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery. The underlying mechanisms behind the superiority of this procedure are unclear and remain to be elucidated, but recent findings suggest that gastrointestinal hormones play an important role rather than malabsorption or restriction. It appears that gastric bypass surgery alters the physiology of weight regulation and eating behaviour in patients who have undergone the procedure. Gastrointestinal hormones have recently been found to be an important element in the physiology of appetite regulation due to the signals from the periphery to the brain. It is the purpose of this article to review the current knowledge about the regulation of body weight and eating behaviour by gastrointestinal hormones and how their levels are altered after bariatric surgery.

BACKGROUND Whilst weight loss results in many beneficial metabolic consequences the immediate improvement in glycaemia after Roux en Y Gastric bypass (RYGB) remains intriguing. Duodenal jejunal bypass (DJB) induces similar glycaemic effects while not affecting calorie intake or weight loss. We studied diabetic ZDF(fa/fa) rats to compare the effects of DJB and RYGB operations on glycaemia. METHODS Male ZDF(fa/fa) rats aged 12 weeks underwent RYGB DJB or sham operations. Unoperated ZDF(fa/fa) and ZDF(fa/+w)ere used as controls. Body weight food intake fasting glucose insulin and gut hormones were measured at baseline and on postoperative days 2 10 and 35. An oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was performed on days 12 and 26. RESULTS DJB had similar food intake and body weight to sham operated and unoperated control ZDF(fa/fa) rats (p?=?NS) but had lower fasting glucose (p?0.05). RYGB had lower food intake body weight and fasting glucose compared to all groups (p?

Changes of food preference toward foods with low caloric density have been demonstrated after bariatric surgery and may contribute to sustained body weight loss. It has been hypothesized that olfactory perception as an integral part of food selection might be altered after bariatric surgery. Sniffin’ Sticks® were used to investigate the olfactory perception of morbidly obese patients undergoing either Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB, n = 15) or sleeve gastrectomy (SG, n = 15) before 1, 6, 12, and 24 weeks after surgery. Obese patients without surgical intervention served as controls (CG, n = 12). Results are presented using the testing odor threshold, discrimination, and identification score (TDI; higher scores indicate better olfactory perception). Body weight loss was recorded. Initial BMI of the SG group (56.04 ± 7.096 kg m−2) was higher compared to the BMI of the RYGB (48.71 ± 6.49 kg m−2) and CG (50.35 ± 6.78 kg m−2); p = 0.011. Body weight loss among the surgical groups was not different (p = 0.011) while controls did not lose weight. Mean baseline TDI scores were significantly lower in the SG group 27.1 ± 3.9 vs. 32.6 ± 3.6 (RYGB) and 32.1 ± 5.3 (CG), respectively, whereas there were after 24 weeks no changes in RYGB and CG patients; the TDI score in the SG group increased significantly to 31.1 ± 3.5 (p

To elucidate whether duodenal-jejunal-bypass (DJB), which improves blood glucose control, changes activity of Na-D-glucose cotransporter SGLT1 in small intestine.DJB has been shown to improve oral glucose tolerance in normal rats and a genetic diabetic rat model. Because intestinal D-glucose absorption is mediated by SGLT1 localized in the brush border membrane of small intestinal enterocytes, it is unclear whether function of SGLT1 is altered by DJB and whether this contributes to the improvement of glycemic control.A high-fat diet and low-dose streptozotocin administration were used to induce a type 2 diabetes in male Lewis rats. The diabetic animals underwent DJB or sham surgery. An oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was used to evaluate glucose control 3 weeks after surgery. SGLT1-mediated glucose transport was assessed using everted rings of different small intestinal segments. SGLT1 mRNA expression was determined by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).DJB improved the OGTT significantly (P0.001) compared with sham-operated rats while body weight was not different among the surgical groups. DJB induced a 50% reduction of SGLT1-mediated glucose uptake into enterocytes of duodenum and jejunum (P0.001). The concentration of D-glucose in the blood following glucose gavage increased more slowly after DJB versus sham.The data indicate that DJB surgery decreases glucose absorption in the small intestine by downregulation of SGLT1-mediated glucose uptake. We suggest that the downregulation of SGLT1 contributes to the body-weight independent improvement of diabetes type 2.

Currently, the most effective therapy for the treatment of morbid obesity to induce significant and maintained body weight loss with a proven mortality benefit is bariatric surgery. Consequently, there has been a steady rise in the number of bariatric operations done worldwide in recent years with the Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (gastric bypass) being the most commonly performed operation. Against this background, it is important to understand the physiological mechanisms by which gastric bypass induces and maintains body weight loss. These mechanisms are yet not fully understood, but may include reduced hunger and increased satiation, increased energy expenditure, altered preference for food high in fat and sugar, altered salt and water handling of the kidney as well as alterations in gut microbiota. Such changes seen after gastric bypass may at least partly stem from how the surgery alters the hormonal milieu because gastric bypass increases the postprandial release of peptide-YY (PYY) and glucagon-like-peptide-1 (GLP-1), hormones that are released by the gut in the presence of nutrients and that reduce eating. During the last two decades numerous studies using rats have been carried out to further investigate physiological changes after gastric bypass. The gastric bypass rat model has proven to be a valuable experimental tool not least as it closely mimics the time profile and magnitude of human weight loss, but also allows researchers to control and manipulate critical anatomic and physiologic factors including the use of appropriate controls. Consequently, there is a wide array of rat gastric bypass models available in the literature reviewed elsewhere in more detail. The description of the exact surgical technique of these models varies widely and differs e.g. in terms of pouch size, limb lengths, and the preservation of the vagal nerve. If reported, mortality rates seem to range from 0 to 35%. Furthermore, surgery has been carried out almost exclusively in male rats of different strains and ages. Pre- and postoperative diets also varied significantly. Technical and experimental variations in published gastric bypass rat models complicate the comparison and identification of potential physiological mechanisms involved in gastric bypass. There is no clear evidence that any of these models is superior, but there is an emerging need for standardization of the procedure to achieve consistent and comparable data. This article therefore aims to summarize and discuss technical and experimental details of our previously validated and published gastric bypass rat model.

Diabetes surgery in nonobese or moderately obese patients is an emerging topic. The identification of preoperative factors predicting diabetes outcome following bariatric surgery, especially for metabolic nonresponders, is imperative. Between 2005 and 2011, 235 patients underwent bariatric surgery for morbid obesity. Eighty-two of 235 patients had type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Data from this subgroup were investigated with univariate and multivariate analyses to identify predictors for metabolic nonresponse after surgery. Diabetes did not improve in 17/82 patients within 3 months after surgery. No correlation between excess body weight loss and metabolic response was detected. In univariate analysis, preoperative duration of diabetes was significantly longer in the nonresponder group (9.146 vs. 6.270 years; *p = 0.016), preoperative HbA1c levels were significantly higher among the nonresponders than among the responders (8.341 vs. 7.781 %; *p = 0.033), and more patients in the nonresponder group were reliant on a multi-drug approach preoperatively (*p = 0.045). In multivariate analysis, age, preoperative doses of insulin, and preoperative oral antidiabetics showed positive correlation to metabolic nonresponse after surgery (*p = 0.04; *p = 0.021; *p = 0.021). Metabolic failure rate was lower after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass compared to other bariatric procedures (**p = 0.008). A long history of preoperative T2DM, high preoperative HbA1c levels, and a preoperative therapy consisting of diverse approaches to diabetes treatment may be factors predicting failure of diabetes improvement in the early postoperative course after bariatric surgery. Age, preoperative insulin, and oral antidiabetic medication can be regarded as independent, significant predictors for metabolic outcome after bariatric surgery.

A reproducible Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) model in mice is needed to study the physiological alterations after surgery. Male C57BL6 mice weighing 29.0 ± 0.8 g underwent either RYGB (n = 14) or sham operations (n = 6). RYGB surgery consisted of a small gastric pouch (~2 % of the initial stomach size), a biliopancreatic and alimentary limb of 10 cm each and a common channel of 15 cm. Animals had free access to standard chow in the postoperative period. Body mass and food intake were recorded for 60 days. Bomb calorimetry was used for faecal analysis. Anatomical rearrangement was assessed using planar X-ray fluoroscopy and computed tomography (CT) after oral Gastrografin® injection. RYGB surgery led to a sustained reduction in body weight compared to sham-operated mice (postoperative week 1: sham 27.8 ± 0.7 g vs. RYGB 26.5 ± 1.0 g, p = 0.008; postoperative week 8: sham 30.7 ± 0.8 g vs. RYGB 28.4 ± 1.1 g, p = 0.003). RYGB mice ate less compared to shams (sham 4.6 ± 0.2 g/day vs. RYGB 4.3 ± 0.4 g/day, p

To analyze gastric leakage following sleeve gastrectomy depending on its point of detection and localization in order to evaluate therapeutic strategies.From Dec 2006 until June 2010, data of all patients undergoing bariatric surgery were entered into a prospectively documented database. Evaluation contained patient's gender, age, body mass index (BMI), type of surgery, clinical symptoms, diagnostics, onset and localization of leakage, type of therapy, length of stay (LOS), and clinical outcome.Forty-five of 196 bariatric patients underwent sleeve gastrectomy, 22 male and 23 female with mean age 43 ± 9.7 years and mean BMI 54.9 ± 10 kg/m(2). Four patients developed a gastric leak (8.9%)-three proximal leaks and one distal leak. Leakage was detected by upper gastrointestinal (UGI) radiography in two cases, by gastroscopy in one case, and by abdominal computed tomographic (CT) scan in another case. In two cases, CT scan was not feasible because of patient's conditions. Three patients underwent relaparoscopy with re-suture of staple line, abdominal lavage, and placement of an intraabdominal drain. Both patients with proximal leaks required stent graft application as leakage reoccurred within 5 days after relaparoscopy. LOS varied between 30 and 120 days. None of the patients died.The location of leakage, and the presence or absence of an intraabdominal drain are determining factors for its treatment. UGI radiography with contrast media and gastroscopy are comparable and superior to standard CT scan. Stent graft application is a promising therapy in case of proximal leakage; re-suture or resection of the staple line are possible solutions in case of a distal leak.

Einleitung: VielePatienten berichten nach Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass (RYGB) von einer reduzierten Vorliebe für fettreiche Speisen. Diesbezüglich führten wir drei Experimente in der Ratte durch. Material und Methoden: 26 Wistar-Ratten erhielten entweder eine RYGB oder Sham[for full text, please go to the a.m. URL], 127. Kongress der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Chirurgie