Search

This research aims to determine the causes of land-use conflicts and formulate a participatory conflict resolution model of the Forest Management Unit (KPH) of Kulawi. Through interviews with respondents using the purposive sampling method. The study included the community around the forest area, local government, KPH, Department of Agriculture, BPDAS-HL, and local government. Data analysis was stakeholder's and land use conflict by using problem trees analysis. The study results show that the battle occurred not only because of the community's factor of accessing the area illegally but also because the KPH has not performed its function correctly. Some factors cause enforcement's failure, such as lack of understanding of the area and community empowerment. Some alternative solutions desired by the community: (1) The government through related agencies should supervise forest areas, (2) Clear boundaries between community-owned land, villages, and forest areas, (3) Community empowerment by utilizing potential forest product resources and (4) Granting management rights to community's forest claimed by the community. There are two models of conflict resolution to be offered. First, the KPH needs the collaboration of parties to resolve land-use conflicts. Second, community involvement as the main subject is significant in every stage of conflict resolution. The KPH supports improving community capacity related to competence in conflict resolution is indispensable.

Agroforestry has potential for strengthening the climate change resilience of smallholder farmers in Southeast Asia. In Indonesia, the food security challenges faced by smallholders will likely worsen due to climate change impacts. Agroforestry provides and option for strengthening climate change resilience, while contributing to food access, income, health, and environmental stability. To evaluate the evidence for such benefits, this systematic review identifies 22 peer-reviewed articles published between 2000 and 2019 which assess agroforestry’s contributions to food security in Indonesia, mostly in Java or Sumatra. Analysis of the studies indicate that traditional and commercial agroforestry contribute to food security in diverse ways: for example, traditional homegardens offer 20% more dietary diversity than commercial counterparts, while commercial homegardens may contribute up to five times more income. Agri-silviculture contributions fall along a timber versus non-timber forest product continuum that displays a similar tradeoff between diversity and income. Those systems with a commercial focus may receive 54% of their income from a single commodity crop such as coffee, while traditional systems allow greater access to plants with medicinal benefits. Nearly all agroforestry systems offered indirect benefits for food security, such as allowing more off-farm work than traditional agriculture and contributing to environmental stability: users of agroforestry were found by one study to collect 83% less fuelwood from natural forests. One study highlighted that agroforestry options have up to 98% greater net present value (for periods over 30 years) compared to slash and burn style agriculture. However, very few studies of Indonesian agroforestry focused explicitly on financial analysis and food security, indicating the need for further research. Given the similar situations faced by many Southeast Asia countries, our findings contribute to emerging trends throughout the region regarding the relationship between agroforestry and food security.

Edible mycorrhizal fungi (EMF) have been consumed since ancestral times by humans either as food, medicine or for ceremonial use Nowadays, they are a non‐timber forest product and a diverse genetic resource with great ecological, sociocultural, economic, medicinal and biotechnological relevance around the world Therefore, they have a paramount role to play in meeting the United Nations global sustainable development goals 2030 EMF may promote forest sustainability, biodiversity conservation, mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions through the maintenance of forest masses, human nutrition and health, economic development, conservation of biocultural heritages, women empowerment and hunger mitigation We provide a worldwide review of the knowledge, biodiversity, novel approaches, future challenges and perspectives in the post‐COVID era of this important genetic resource whose relevance has usually received marginal attention despite its strategic global significance Ectomycorrhizal fungi play a key role in the structure and functioning of forest ecosystems They have a paramount importance in nutrient cycling, plant protection against pathogens and abiotic stress, and establishment of underground networks that connect trees and other plants in nature, therefore being the wood wide web, the ‘internet’ of the forests According to our literature review, globally 970 mycorrhizal fungal species (including both mushrooms and truffles) are edible, and they have enormous relevance either as a source of subsistence in low‐income human groups around the world or as an important economic component whose international commerce is worth billions of American dollars annually Since edible mycorrhizal fungi (EMF) are a non‐timber forest product, their sustainable use and management is crucial in order to maintain forest stands and to provide well‐being to the human communities surrounding the forested areas where they grow In different parts of the world, different cultures have developed a traditional knowledge of EMF over millennia Their knowledge might play an important role in food supply and food security in the future, hence contributing towards the “zero hunger” global goal The biotechnological development of EMF has also been crucial in the establishment of plantations, or successful reforestation and ecosystem restoration, which contribute to climate change mitigation by reducing greenhouse gas emissions Here, a worldwide review of how EMF might contribute to forest sustainability, food supply, biocultural conservation, and hunger and climate change mitigation is addressed by analysing the similarities, contrasts and challenges in all five continents [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Plants, People, Planet is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use This abstract may be abridged No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract (Copyright applies to all Abstracts )

An accounting system helps to provide information for planning and control of production. This article presents a Life Cycle Costing by using an Activity Based Costing approach of an innovative forestry company. In order to perform a cradle-to-gate assessment the study covers the forest and industrial activities of the forest product processing. The costs of each product in the portfolio are determined by the treatment activities they undergo. The inventory covers several years of activity of the company, which makes it possible to calculate the uncertainty of the average results with Monte Carlo simulation presented in the result section. Based on the results a products portfolio analysis was performed to identify the development progress phases of the mains products to support the product rollover strategy decision.

The social forestry program which aims to improve the condition of forests and the welfare of the community is a solution in forest governance in Indonesia. However, implementation of social forestry in the field still shows very low performance both qualitatively and quantitatively. Therefore, a transition to a more holistic social forestry management concept is needed, which can be pursued through the implementation of the main social forestry development strategies which include: area management, institutional management and business management. As one of the pillars in the strategy of developing social forestry, business management determines the impact of social forestry activities on improving the welfare of the community. This article aims to present the design of the activities which is needed in establishing business management on social forestry permit schemes in production forests. Analysis of the policy content and the implementation of social forestry programs using interview methods and field observations were presented in both qualitatively and descriptively. We found that, the various activities are business partnerships with corporation or Forest Management Unit, greater authority for communities to harvest forest products, simpler forest product administration regulations, incentives for processing forest products, and ease in obtaining capital support.

Nontimber forest products (NTFPs)‬ are one of the forest products that can provide direct benefits to communities living around forests. Some of the most used NTFPs in Indonesia are the stems, leaves and fruit of candlenut trees. Candlenut fruit is widely used in the cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and biodiesel industries and is generally used as a cooking ingredient in Indonesia. However, only a limited number of people or community groups manage the forests to increase their income from this business. The aim of this study is to identify business models to serve as the basis for developing alternative business model organizational plans for candlenut extraction. A case study approach was adopted, with in-depth interviews used to collect data. The integration of Business Model Canvas, SWOT Analysis, Internal Factor Evaluation and External Factor Evaluation matrix were used to determine alternative strategies. The results exhibit that the value proposition is the largest barrier for the improvement of these businesses. The Positioning Quadrant SWOT shows that internal factors (strengths and weaknesses) are low, indicating that the candlenut business position is internally weak. However, the scores of external factors (opportunities and threats) are higher implying that there is a great opportunity in the development of candlenut. The alternative strategies to develop candlenut business are to maintain relationships with customers and partners; increasing the quantity and quality of products through technology inputs, promotion, product diversification, and partnership with the government.‬‬

Improving forest product value chains is considered a means to solve forest-related challenges in the Global South. The ‘Participative Innovation Platform’ (PIP) instrument has been developed to design and to continually adapt solutions and strategies for effective cooperation amongst value chain actors. The instrument is rooted in the action-oriented and social learning approach, combined with the concept of innovation systems. This paper presents findings from three PIPs conducted for upgrading non-timber forest product value chains in Ethiopia (bamboo, natural gums) and Sudan (gum Arabic). A comparative analysis of highest ranked contents revealed similarities in the challenges: lack of government support, poor infrastructure, producers’ lack of knowledge and skills, and lack of market information. Priority upgrading measures focused on producers’ knowledge, skills, and capacity to engage in collective action and to lobby interests, and on capital resources to invest in processing technology. It is concluded that although the PIP instrument presents an innovative way to upgrade forest-based value chains, the instrument requires a long-term process with frequently held platform meetings, conducted by neutral institutions with skilled moderators. Crucial in this process is the need to consistently verify and ensure that all actor groups of the chain are represented, and are confident they will derive benefits from the value chain upgrading.

Forests are an integral and inseparable part of the lives of the people who live around them. The potential of natural resources in Indonesia are plentiful, it has a severe impact and high damage. The deteriorating condition of forests, among others are also not balanced with the ability to create plantations and adequate in accordance with the needs of industrial markets. Of the total area of Banten Province amounting to 966,292 Ha, the Area of Forest Area in Banten Province in 2017 according to the Decree of Partial Determination of Forest Areas is an area of 195,286.09 Ha. The purpose of this research is to provide a solution to the Banten Provincial Environment Agency regarding its role in overseeing and controlling the management of forest product resources to implement good environmental governance. The method used in this research is an empirical normative juridical approach, which is an approach that focuses on norms or norms, so that the problem will be assessed and analyzed by referring to the applicable laws and regulations relating to the problem of managing forest resources.

Keeping employees safe is a cornerstone of most industrial safety policies. Often, facility safety personnel are unaware of what the requirements are for electrical systems, so they treat those policies as special. Many forest product industry facilities have standards related to their electrical distribution systems and testing requirements. Most insurance carriers require protective devices to be periodically tested. The National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) 70E standard requires electrical systems to be maintained and, by extension, so does the U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration. How does one know if the systems in place are adequate? How should systems be assessed, and what is the basis for the assessment? Given that resources are limited, how can a representative portion of a system be evaluated to get an idea of how it is overall? This article explores one company's approach based on a recent, corporatewide electrical safety and power system assessment.

The COVID-19 pandemic has had a major impact on forest product markets and the forest product industry, and has also seriously affected the sales of forest products. This research aimed to analyze people’s preference for wood furniture and make policy recommendations. We examined the impact of the pandemic on consumers’ preferences for wood furniture from the perspective of accounting. Taking the accounting data of wood furniture enterprises as the research object, through the translog revenue function, and using the relationship between revenue and consumption in economics, we found that the COVID-19 pandemic has reduced consumers’ preferences for wood furniture, but the decline in preference is smaller for wood furniture produced by extra-large furniture manufacturers. This study contributes to the literature and in view of our research results and the severity of the COVID-19 pandemic, we provide policy suggestions for the related governmental agencies and wood furniture manufacturers, in this special environment, that can reduce the negative impact of a pandemic on the wood furniture industry.

The position of Ukraine and the EU regarding the moratorium which is introduced on the export of rough wood was considered in the paper. The preconditions for introducing a ban of the exports of timber are analyzed. The analysis and generalization of domestic normative legal acts and international commitments of the WTO and Ukraine, including the Association Agreement between the EU and Ukraine and the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), in the field of forestry regulation, is conducted. The actual problems in the forest product industry of Ukraine are found out. The main objective of the article is to propose recommendations for the development of the export policy of timber trade in conditions of European integration that will not contradict the international obligations of Ukraine. Investigations have shown that in the provisions of the GATT and the Association Agreement there are exceptions, which allow non-compliance of commitments in certain extreme cases. However, in adopted bills there is no ample evidence regarding the necessity of applying or restricting exports. Based on international experience, the impact of the export ban on the timber industry as a whole has been determined. It has been established that the wood-based industry receives positive effects only in the short-term period. However, all sectors of forest product industry will be negatively affected in the long-term period. Recommendations on the development of export policy for timber trade by abolishing import duties and value added tax for equipment for forest-based processing enterprises, the analogues of which are not made in Ukraine, for the purpose of modernization of equipment and further development of the forest-based industry, have been given. Based on the experience of European countries, it is proposed to export timber using the “residual method”, that is, primarily to provide raw materials to domestic producers, and to introduce export duties on roundwood production. After analyzing alternative ways of developing Ukraine’s export policy regarding timber trade in conditions of European integration, based on the escalation of tariff and tariff barriers, optimal rates of ad valorem and specific export duties have been proposed. With the justified introduction of export duties, the restriction of domestic consumption of timber, the abolition of import duties on the necessary equipment for wood processing, which are not analogous to those produced in Ukraine, all prerequisites for the development of domestic forestry are created.

Forest products are materials gotten from forest, for the direct consumption or commercial use such as timber and non-timber forest products. The destruction of forest in Andoni due to the exploration and consumption of forest products are done without determining the values of these products that could have been lost. This study attempts to determine the value of identified forest products information gathered through the use of questionnaire focus group discussion, field survey and other related materials. The simple percentage analysis shows that forest products have a lot of value to the people; hence community dwellers involved in it. Conclusively, forest product were identified and categorized into wildlife species (wild animal) and plant species which usefulness were been influenced by socio-external factor, economical factor and livelihood security factor. The economic value of forest product in a study area is N532,351,300.00 while the expected value is N865,648,300.00. Therefore, the government at all levels should provide indiscriminate exploitation of premature forest product policy on forest management that are appropriate. These should be made to effectively reflect and enhance forest protection and improvement of livelihood of the people.

Forested landscapes around the world are owned, governed, and managed by many small owners and collectives. The management decisions that these owners and collectives make aggregate into measurable impacts on forest cover, fragmentation, carbon storage, biodiversity, and on the ecosystem services these forests provide to owners and broader society. Conversely, large scale processes such as climate change, globalization of markets, changes to laws regarding land tenure and access, and labor migration and remittances dramatically affect individual forest owners and the activities they are able to do on their land. Using NVivo 11.0, I coded and analyzed 456 papers describing research in the intersection of private or communal owners, forests, and landscape-scale impacts or influences. This analysis identified several prominent themes. Forested landscapes are increasingly split into smaller managed segments among more owners, in some cases facilitating deforestation. Global-scale processes such as labor migration and globalized forest product systems influence management decisions of family forest owners in most countries, particularly the choice of growing exotic species plantations and converting forests to cash crops. Programs and policies aimed at family and communal forest owners can be better targeted to incentivize these owners to protect and enhance forest benefits for broader society, and to better support owners’ adaptations to climate change, invasive species, biodiversity loss, and population demographics. Forest-based tourism and non-timber forest products are important but undervalued incentives for forest conservation. Given the large proportion of forests owned and managed by smallholders, landscape-scale planning and conservation goals cannot be met without engaging these forest owners.

Due to globally uneven distribution of forest resources and timely difference of supply and demand, forest products are difficult to achieve market equilibrium among neighboring countries. The global forest product trade not only alleviates the contradiction of supply and demand, but also ensures the sustainable development of the economic construction for each country. Previous literature analyzed the structure and evolution mechanism of forest product trade from different perspectives, but ignored the competitive relationships among forest product importers. Based on complex network theory, this paper selected global wood forest product trade data from 2004 to 2016. Then we constructed global unweighted and weighted wood-forest-product competitive network from import perspective, and three indicators (density, average path length, and clustering coefficient), core–periphery model and two indicators of competitive intensity were introduced to study the spatial competitive evolution of global wood forest product trade among countries. The results showed that there was wide competition in global wood forest product trade among continents, and the tightness of competitive relationships gradually decreased with time. Secondly, core countries and periphery countries were clearly identified in the competitive network, and China, Japan, the U.S., were the main core countries influencing the evolution of core–periphery structure. Finally, the U.S. played an important role in the global competition system. But with the increment of demand for Asian market, China and other Asian countries gradually became the center of wood-forest-product competition. The research tried to provide some references for importers to follow the laws of global wood forest product trade, and formulate the corresponding policy under constructing sustainable society and facing climate change.

With the advent of the European bioeconomy and a shift in lifestyle among European citizens, non-wood forest products (NWFPs) are given more attention in the public debate. Their potential to strengthen the economic viability of rural economies appears to be high, particularly in regions where wood is not the most profitable forest product. However, information on NWFP production potentials are scarce and tools to support forest owners in decision making about NWFP management are rarely available. Considering the complex relationships between a sustained production of NWFPs, the use of the available ecological resources, as well as the organizational and the market potential of forest management regimes, we introduce a knowledge-based expert model for supporting NWFP management. In a mixed-method approach qualitative and quantitative techniques are combined to depict regional production and business potentials of NWFPs, explicitly addressing different environmental and socio-economic contexts. For the model building multi-criteria analysis methods were used for preference elicitations in an iterative form, including stakeholders and experts. Within two distinct case study settings (i.e. Austria and Finland) the expert model is tested for applicability and to depict the most suitable option from a suite of selected NWFPs. Results for both case studies well reflect current NWFP business potentials and provide insights to the opportunities of mixing more resilient and more risky NWFPs to a solid regional business portfolio, fostering the co-production of wood and non-wood resources. The approach presented has a potential to steer the mindset of different forest owner types to critically revise their interests in forest management. It could act as an eye-opener for forestry-oriented stakeholders who have not yet considered NWFPs as potential assets in forest management systems. With its ability to include various NWFPs and to consider different forest owner preferences, future applications can be tailored towards the needs of both small-scale (non-industrial) forest owners and bigger forest holdings.

Although a large number of studies have been conducted to evaluate the success of farmer groups, a comprehensive evaluations starting from group formation process has not been carried out much. This research rates the success of farmer groups as a vehicle to improve the livelihoods of farmers in the area of Management Unit of Production Forest (KPHP) of Puncak Ngengas-Batu Lanteh, Sumbawa. The success was measured by evaluating three roles of farmer groups namely, a) class for learning, b) forum for collaboration, and c) unit for production. This research was conducted in two periods, i.e. on April 2016 and April 2017. The sample consisted of 20 forest farmers selected purposively, the data were collected through interviews and focus group discussion techniques and analysed descriptively. This study revealed that the roles scale of farmer groups as class for learning and as a forum for collaboration were categorized as low level, while as a unit for production was categorized as moderate level. These categories show that in general the farmer group had not succeeded in carrying out its function as a class for learning, and as a vehicle for collaboration, except as a unit for production. This weak condition was utilized by middlemen to take advantages from marketing activity by controlling forest product prices. The Kanada farmer group was categorized in the beginner group which needs 75 % intervention from outsider such as continual mentoring by counsellors to grow the attitude from working alone to working together in a group.

To date, the role of borderlands in global production networks is an under-researched topic. In this study, we take the production network of the highly valuable non-timber forest product ophiocordyceps sinensis (yarsagumba) as a case to study the trans-border connectivities of state and non-state actors in the borderland of India, Nepal and China located within the rural Kailash Landscape. We present the results of an in-depth qualitative study on the informal trade networks through which non-state actors transport yarsagumba from India to Nepali markets, and on the related governmental marketing mechanisms for non-timber forest products in India and Nepal. By looking through the lens of borderland studies we focus our analysis on the power and embeddedness of state authorities and non-state actors on both sides of the border within these legal and illegal trade networks and relate the findings to the function of borders as both material and institutional demarcation lines. Our case study shows that state authorities and non-state actors are closely enmeshed with each other, using or bypassing state regulations for their own benefits. This reproduces a ‘licit’ but illegal cross-border trade system. Besides economic interdependencies, social relations between actors are crucial for building trust between business partners who deal with high product values and cash flows outside formal regulatory spaces or between different regulatory spaces across state borders. We conclude that the power and embeddedness of actors in the production networks enable a network dynamic that undermines the function of the border as a line of separation.

Ever since man realized the benefits of mangroves, the habitat has been impacted, but peaked in the twentieth century. Approximately 35% of the world’s mangrove area was lost between 1980s and 1990s with deforestation rates ranging from 1% to 8%. The major drivers of mangrove deforestation in recent times include aquaculture, agriculture, urban expansion, forest product extraction, salt pond conversion, and the oil and gas industry. The boom in the aquaculture industry from 1970s onwards resulted in almost 28% of the habitat being lost in Asia (Bangladesh, India, China, Thailand, Vietnam, and Indonesia) and South America (Ecuador, Brazil, Peru) but by country, wise losses ranged from 7% to 63%. In South East Asia alone mangrove loss to aquaculture amounted to approximately 30% (1.66 million hectares). The total global economic value of mangrove loss to aquaculture is amounted at US$3.78–17.01billion/year. Three types of organisms are generally cultured in mangroves, namely fish, shrimp/prawns, and crabs. Mangrove conversion to aquaculture is a response to food security which is mainly to an increase in demand for protein and a decrease in marine capture fisheries. This is however is not without costs, such as habitat destruction, loss of ecosystem services, water quality reduction, exotic species introduction, and disease.

The development of economic forestry industry is an important support in the process of rural revitalization strategy and precise poverty alleviation, as well as enrichment of the people. As the market of economic forestry products is close to a perfectly competitive market, brand effect is crucial under homogeneous competition, and economic forestry product enterprises and other business entities need to win and maintain sustainable competitive advantages through brand management. Currently, in the field of economic forest, products such as Chinese wolfberry, jujube, blueberry, fungus, walnut, tephrosia, hazelnut, and chestnut and forest foods and product brands with certain market recognition have emerged, but for most small- and medium-sized economic forest product enterprises, forest product brand cultivation and construction are still in the initial stage. Under the rapid development of the Internet, different types of Internet platforms, which provide new tools and possibilities for branding, the way of corporate brand marketing, and customer management services, have also undergone significant changes. In the market with serious homogenization and increasingly fierce competition, how to establish brand-consumer connection through the Internet platform, strengthen the intensity of consumer participation and connection to the brand, give play to the brand effect, and enhance the brand value in the long term, so as to obtain a new way to win a sustainable competitive advantage, has become an important proposition for all kinds of enterprises, including economic forest product enterprises. Combining the competitive characteristics of economic forestry products and the development of the Internet, the model of brand value enhancement of economic forestry products based on virtual brand communities is constructed. The model takes the experience value obtained by consumers in the virtual brand community as the antecedent and studies the path relationship from experience value, community identity, brand fit, and consumer brand value creation to brand value in four dimensions, utilitarian experience value, emotional experience value, social experience value, and learning experience value, and takes community integration and community support feeling as the moderating variables.

Pine oleoresin is an important nontimber forest product. It can be used to produce rosin and turpentine, which are important industrial chemicals. The production and industrial uses of oleoresin have received much attention, and chemical taxonomy based on the components of essential oil from needles has been a popular research topic. The molecular and biosynthesized basis of the composition of the resin has been more comprehensively studied in relation to traditional genetics, such as heritability and correlation. Here, the characteristics of the chemical compositions of oleoresins from 43 pine species using GC and GC–MS methods were reviewed. Then, the chemical taxonomy of oleoresin was compared with Little and Critchfield's classification and Gernandt's classification, and the traditional genetics of the chemical components of oleoresin using two pine species (Pinus elliottii and P. massoniana) were compiled. NIR spectroscopy methods for oleoresin composition analysis were first reported, and the potential of the oleoresin for renewable and sustainable energy was addressed with reference to recent publications. Oleoresin is not only an important nontimber forest product currently but also, an important resource for renewable and sustainable energy in the future.

In tropical rainforests, access to and availability of natural resources are vital for the dietary diversity and food security of forest-dwelling societies. In the Congo Basin, these are challenged by the increasing exploitation of forests for bushmeat, commercial hardwood, mining, and large-scale agriculture. In this context, a balanced approach is needed between the pressures from forest exploitation, non-timber forest product trade and the livelihood and dietary behavior of rural communities. While there is a general positive association between tree cover and dietary diversity, the complex biocultural interactions between tropical forest food resources and the communities they sustain are still understudied. This research focuses on the knowledge and use of wild food plants by the forest-dwelling Baka people in southeast Cameroon. By using two different sets of methods, namely ex-situ interviews and in-situ surveys, we collected ethnographic and ethnobotanical data in two Baka settlements and explored the diversity of wild edible plants known, the frequency of their consumption, and potential conflicts between local diet and commercial trade in forest resources. Within a single Baka population, we showed that the in-situ walk-in-the-woods method resulted in more detailed information on wild food plant knowledge and use frequency than the ex-situ methods of freelisting and dietary recalls. Our in-situ method yielded 91 wild edible species, much more than the ex-situ freelisting interviews (38 spp.) and dietary recalls (12 spp.). Our results suggest that studies that are based only on ex-situ interviews may underestimate the importance of wild food plants for local communities. We discuss the limitations and strengths of these different methods for investigating the diversity of wild food plant knowledge and uses. Our analysis shows that future studies on wild food plants would profit from a mixed approach that combines in-situ and ex-situ methods.

The forest-based sector plays diverse roles among the emerging bio-based industries. The goal of this study is to examine how forest product markets could develop in the face of a growing bioeconomy and which interdependencies occur between traditional and emerging forest-based sectors. Therefore, we analyze the development of dissolving pulp together with lignocellulose-based textile fibres and chemical derivatives in a partial equilibrium model. For this purpose, we extend the product structure of the Global Forest Products Model (GFPM) and analyze three different bioeconomy scenarios from 2015 to 2050. The simulation results show that, in a scenario where the world is changing toward a sustainable bio-economy, wood consumption patterns shift away from fuelwood (&minus, 30% by 2050) and classical paper products (&minus, 32% by 2050) towards emerging wood-based products. In this context, the dissolving pulp subsector could outpace the continuously shrinking paper pulp subsector by 2050. To develop in this way, the dissolving pulp subsector mainly uses released resources from the decreasing paper pulp production. Simultaneously, wood-based panels are finding increasing application (+196% by 2050) and thus are taking over potential markets for sawn wood, for which production growth remains limited. Our results also show that, until 2050, the production of many wood-based products will take place mainly in Asia instead of North America and Europe.

Mursidah, Lahjie AM, Masjaya, Rayadin Y, Ruslim Y. 2020. The ecology, productivity and economic of swiftlet (Aerodramus fuciphagus) farming in Kota Bangun, East Kalimantan, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21: 3117-3126. Swiftlet nest is a high-value non-timber forest product produced from the saliva of swiftlet birds. While the demands for this commodity continue to increase in global market, careless harvesting techniques have diminished the swiftlet population and the production of swiftlet nests, threatening its sustainability. One effort to solve this problem is by developing swiftlet farming which involves building swiftlet. This research aimed to analyze the ecology, productivity, and financial feasibility of swiftlet farming of different-sized swiftlet houses in Kota Bangun Subdistrict, East Kalimantan, Indonesia. This research used qualitative and quantitative analysis methods. Data were collected using purposive sampling to determine the location, sample of swiftlet houses, and interviews with respondents. Quantitative analysis on the financial performance of swiftlet farming was analyzed using the net Benefit-Cost Ratio (net B/C), Net Present Value (NPV), Internal Rate of Return (IRR) and Payback Period (PP) methods. The results showed that swiftlet nest production in Kota Bangun begins in the third year and ends between 27 and 45 years later, depending on the age and size of the house as well as the quality of the timber. The swiftlet house with a size of ​​512 m2 had the net B/C of 4.06, NPV of IDR 1,403.79 million, IRR of 30%, and PP of 5.44 years. The swiftlet house with a size of ​​1,600 m2 had the net B/C of 2.27, NPV of IDR 1,774.83 million, IRR of 24.09%, and PP of 9.4 years. Our study suggests that swiftlet farming is financially highly feasible, especially for the swiftlet house with a size of 512 m2.

China&rsquo, s collective forestland tenure reform has dramatically affected the business environment of domestic forest product firms. This study examines the impact of the said reform on the expected values of these firms, via the reaction of investors (as seen on the stock markets) towards the issuance of related policies. Based on signaling theory and the assumption that the Chinese stock markets are efficient in terms of work form, this study adopts an event study method and examines five policies during the 2003&ndash, 2009 period. The numbers of forest product firms used in the examinations herein differ among the policies and range from 21 to 29. This study found that the policies have differentially affected the expected values of forest product firms and that the impact on firms lacking forestland holdings is generally more significant than that on firms that hold forestland. The findings of this study enhance our understanding of the effect of collective forestland tenure reform on the value of forest product firms, they also have implications on forest product firms as they work to adapt to the reform.

Private forest (PF) program has the potential to be one of the most efficient forest management programs in Nepal but it has not gained the momentum compared to the other forest management regimes. Considering this, this paper aims to portray policy provisions, existing institutional arrangements as well as landholder experiences and perceptions over the existing mechanisms of PF registration, management, and forest product harvesting. Using the Sudoorpashchim province of Nepal as a case study, we conducted policy and literature reviews, key informant interviews, household surveys, and field observations. We found only 300 PFs registered in the Sudoorpashchim province, with lowland districts having the highest proportion (87%). Institutional arrangements and procedures for timber harvesting and selling were found to be lengthy and complex, with this being a major issue for PF owners with small forest areas. Government initiatives are inadequate to facilitate PF development due to poor implementation of policy provisions, as well as the lack of appropriate incentives and program packages. Despite a very small government investment in PF development, we found the return from PFs in terms of timber supply to be substantially higher than other forest management regimes. Among others, PF owners perceive the cumbersome regulatory procedures and lack of technical support to be the most pertinent factors responsible for the limited growth of PFs. Based on our results, we have discussed and recommended a number of policy and institutional measures to mainstream PF development programs, in order to support economic prosperity of the nation.

The volume, value and distribution of the nontimber forest product (NTFP) trade in the United States are largely unknown. This is due to the lack of systematic, periodic and comprehensive market tracking programs. Trade measurement and mapping would allow market actors and stakeholders to improve market conditions, manage NTFP resources, and increase the sustainable production of raw material. This is especially true in the heavily forested and mountainous regions of the eastern United States. This study hypothesized that the tendency to purchase medicinal NTFPs in this region can be predicted using socioeconomic and environmental variables associated with habitat and trade, and those same variables can be used to build more robust estimates of trade volume. American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) dealers were surveyed (n = 700), because by law they must acquire a license to legally trade in this species, and therefore report a business address. They also record purchase data. Similar data are not reported for other medicinal species sold to the same buyers, known colloquially as &lsquo, off-roots&rsquo, Ginseng buyers were queried about trade activity in eleven commonly-harvested and previously untracked medicinal NTFP species in 15 states. Multinomial logistic regression comprised of socioeconomic and environmental predictors tied to business location was used to determine the probability that a respondent purchased off-roots. Significant predictors included location in a particular subregion, population and percentage of employment in related industries. These variables were used in a two-step cluster analysis to group respondents and nonrespondents. Modeled probabilities for off-root purchasing among respondents in each cluster were used to impute average off-root volumes for a proportion of nonrespondents in the same cluster. Respondent observations and nonrespondent estimations were summed and used to map off-root trade volume and value. Model functionality and estimates of the total volume, value and spatial distribution are discussed. The total value of the species surveyed to harvesters was 4.3 million USD. We also find that 77 percent of the trade value and 73 percent of the trade volume were represented by two species: black cohosh (Actaea racemosa L.) and goldenseal (Hydrastis canqdensis L.)

In forestry applications in Turkey, forest enterprise depots (FEDs) are permanent main places where forest products such as logs and round timbers are stored and presented for sale to the market. The principal functions of FEDs are receiving, classifying, protecting, preparing the forest products for the sales and tracking the stock movements. According to Communiqué No 288 on the Production of Fundamental Forest Products published by General Directorate of Forestry in Turkey, it is obligatory to conduct stocktaking twice a year in FEDs for tracking and controlling the stock movements. The capabilities of using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) in tracking stock movements in FEDs have not been extensively studied yet in the current literature. This study aimed to test UAVs in determining volume of round timber storages inside a FED named "Göl", located in Gölyaka District (Düzce, Turkey). A UAV flight was conducted and volume of round timber storage was calculated from point cloud, and compared to stock records for validation of UAV-based measurements. It was found that UAV-based volume measurements of the stock were quite compatible with available stock records. This study concluded that UAVs could be used in tracking stock movements in FEDs in an effective way.

Timber Legality Assurance System or Sistem Verifikasi Legalitas Kayu (SVLK) is implemented and recognized as a certification for timber products exported from Indonesia. SVLK applied to all the forest product chains included the smallholder Forest Management Unit (FMU). It has been a particular concern to smallholder FMU on achieving the compliance of SVLK at least at two points: 1) the capability and knowledge for the technical process; and 2) the challenges to meet the certification cost. Researches have been done on the capability, challenges and opportunity, cost and benefit, strategies, and how the absence of smallholders FMU certification on supply chain affected timber product legality uncertainty. Meanwhile, a concern on smallholder FMU’s willingness to pay (WTP) certification as one of the main constraints of SVLK implementation is still unseen. A case study in KTH Enggal Mulyo Lestari aims to reveal the actual willingness to pay to fulfill the SVLK certification cost. Research conducted by Focus Group Discussion followed by a questionnaire. This study’s findings illustrate that the WTP of smallholders FMU is still under the certification costs minimum standard stipulated on regulation. Some partnerships with the wood industries, local government and non-government organizations are suggested in this article.

Main pointsThough stakeholders are already aware of the importance of sustainable non-timber forest product (NTFP) management and integrated watershed management, they have yet to fully appreciate or implement them.Experiences from community facilitation show that management of one type of traditional NTFP – tengkawang (illipe nut) – from its upstream cultivation to downstream marketing could become an entry point for integrated landscape management in the Labian-Leboyan watershed.Lessons learned from activities in several Iban Dayak communities show that external facilitation from outside the villages is important as it can accelerate collaboration processes between village communities and external stakeholders; and help in establishing local strategies that integrate modern knowledge with customary rules.

Key messagesThis policy brief shows the investment priorities of stakeholders in the field of forests protection and development from 2011-2019, focusing on 16 key areas: 1. forest conservation; 2. enhancement of forest carbon stocks (forest restoration/regeneration); 3. sustainable logging practices (RlL; forest certification); 4. afforestation and reforestation; 5. agricultural land use emission reductions (low emission agriculture/greening business practices, e.g. zero deforestation supply chains); 6. design of national level REDD+ strategies policies and programs; 7. design of sub-national level REDD+ strategies, policies and programs; 8. national level implementation of REDD+ strategy, policies and programs (e.g. MRV or safeguards institutions); 9. implementation of REDD+ site activities (including demonstration sites); 10. tenure rights (land, trees); 11. biodiversity conservation; 12. poverty alleviation; 13. forest governance (illegal logging, rule of law, corruption); 14. community-based or joint forest management (as co-benefit of REDD); 15. adaptation to climate change; and 16. REDD+ related carbon finance/trading. Stakeholder investment priorities for these 16 areas mostly expanded throughout these years to keep up with worldwide forestry sector development trends. Favorable support from stakeholders can create advantageous conditions for Vietnam to experiment with and pioneer many policy areas and new technologies.Areas such as poverty alleviation, forest governance, biodiversity conservation, agricultural land use emission reductions, and sustainable logging practices, as well as REDD+ design and implementation have attracted the greatest attention from stakeholders. Issues of tenure rights and sustainable logging practices, despite limited increases in priority, remain key investment priorities of the organizations surveyed. Stakeholder prioritization of and investment in afforestation and reforestation have decreased over time.Although the prioritization of financial and technological support during the period from 2011-2019 has created favorable conditions for developing the forestry sector, stakeholders' current priorities also show that many areas (e.g. community-based forest management, carbon finance/trading, forest product processing) remain underdeveloped and their investment potential and roles have not been met.The aims of the Forest Law are to develop a comprehensive forestry sector, a chain of management, protection, development, forest use, and forest product trade. However, stakeholders' areas of interest and priorities have so far focused mainly on forest management and protection. Comprehensive and sustainable forestry sector development requires investment prioritization for all stages.As each stakeholder requires different investment priorities, understanding these can not only help the Government to use resources more efficiently and avoid duplication, but also create more effective strategies for mobilizing capital for the forestry sector.

Aim of study: This study explores the adoption of information and communications technologies (ICTs) and current and potential ICT use in forest products industry. Based on the perceptions of the respondents, the paper investigates the underlying factors affecting the adoption of ICT. Area of study: Case study is conducted in Düzce province where nearly all types of forest product enterprises are conducting business operates. Material and method: Face-to-face interviews were conducted with owners and/or engineers of forest products companies. A questionnaire was developed with three main sections, including 20 questions and 81 judgments. Data on the study parameters were coded and analyzed using SPSS software.Main results: The three major constructs of these factors, based on the purposes of ICT use, were identified as business productivity, information exchange and customer communications. Increased access to current industry news was the principle benefit expected by the respondents from the Internet use, followed closely by enhancement of the company image and facilitation of banking transactions. According to the study, information and communications applications were more common than e-business and e-commerce use in the forest products industry. Research highlights: The forest products industry should plan to develop and implement ICT strategies focusing on increased business productivity, competitiveness and profits, in addition to efficient customer and supplier communications and expanded markets., Çalışmanın amacı: Bu çalışma, orman ürünleri endüstrisinde bilgi ve iletişim teknolojilerinin (BİT) benimsenme düzeyi ile mevcut ve potansiyel kullanımını incelemektedir. Makalede katılımcıların algılarına dayanarak, BİT'in benimsenmesini etkileyen temel faktörleri araştırılmaktadır. Çalışma alanı: Vaka çalışması, hemen hemen her türlü orman ürünü işletmesinin faaliyet gösterdiği Düzce ilinde gerçekleştirilmiştir.Materyal ve yöntem: Sahipler ve/veya mühendislerle yüz yüze görüşme yapıldı. 20 soru ve 81 yargı içeren üç ana bölümden oluşan bir anket formu geliştirilmiştir. Çalışma parametreleriyle ilgili veriler SPSS yazılımı kullanılarak kodlanmış ve analiz edilmiştir.Temel sonuçlar: BİT kullanım amaçlarına göre; işletme verimliliği, bilgi alışverişi ve müşteri iletişimi olarak tanımlanan üç faktörlü yapı belirlenmiştir. Katılımcıların internetten beklediği temel fayda mevcut endüstri haberlerine erişimin artması olup, ardından şirket imajının iyileştirilmesi ve bankacılık işlemlerinin kolaylaştırılması faydaları gelmektedir. Çalışmada, orman ürünleri endüstrisinde bilgi ve iletişim uygulamalarının, e-işletme ve e-ticaret kullanımından daha yaygın olduğu belirlenmiştir. Araştırma vurguları: Orman ürünleri endüstrisi, etken müşteri ve tedarikçi iletişimi ile genişleyen pazarlara ilaveten, daha yüksek işletme verimliliği, rekabet gücü ve kârlara odaklanan BİT stratejileri geliştirmeli ve uygulamalıdır.

The wide extension area occupied by babassu palm (Atallea speciosa Mart. Ex Spreng) is usually considered as an important obstacle for agricultural activities, such as crop production and pasture maintenance in Brazil. This study aimed to evaluate the non-wood forest product use and income generated in an Integrated Crop-Livestock-Forestry (ICLF) system using babassu palm as the main forestry component in a rural area of Pindaré-Mirim, a municipality of Maranhão state, in the Amazon Eastern Region, Brazil. In order to rise a well-balanced agroforestry system in numerous rural areas of the country, three main questions were addressed in this study: 1) What is the production of babassu fruits in the system? 2) Is the babassu extractivism income economically suitable for traditional communities of women babassu breakers? 3) Which commercialization scenario of NWFP could generate more income? Data on phenology and fruit production, processing of all fruit components, and commercialization of babassu products were collected in two 12-month seasons of palm production (2017/2018 and 2018/2019). The mean fruit production reached 2,345.49 kg ha-1 season-1, resulting in an estimate of income generation ranging from R$ 8,206.96 ha-1 season-1 to R$ 36,628.54 ha-1 season-1, depending on the commercialization scenario. These numbers were compared to the statewide monthly income per household of R$ 605.00 and to the per capita monthly income of 54% of the municipality of less than R$ 499.00. The real field data and the estimates for two seasons of using babassu palm, as the innovative forestry component in ICLF system, demonstrated that babassu NWFP could generate substantial income for the surrounding user communities. Such innovative agricultural system may contribute to change people understanding, diversifying agrarian production, improving the socioeconomic household welfare, and reducing the long-term conflicts between livestock activities and babassu palm existence in Brazil. Made available in DSpace on 2020-10-08T09:14:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ILPF.pdf: 780417 bytes, checksum: 7a8994fb85cecef33c7f6cbfd600d281 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2020

Njansang -Ricinodendron heudelotii (Baill.) Pierre ex Pax.- is a commonly traded non-timber forest product from Central African humid forests, used as a spice. South West Cameroon was selected as major production area and market where little data exist on the contribution of njansang to stakeholders livelihoods in the value chain. Interviews were used to gather information from 261 harvesters, traders and processing enterprises. From 2013 to 2015, 65.8 tons were harvested, with 13.17 tons traded in markets in the South West Region and in Nigeria for a value of €33,511. The ease of accessing markets makes a significant difference to the quantity harvested and contribution to harvesters’ household income. Average profit for harvesters is higher in regional markets than in local ones. Harvester’s profits were higher than buy’amsell’ams, retailers and exporters. Processors add the most value and earn the highest unit profits. Livelihood dependence upon njansang decreases along the chain, with harvesters more dependent than traders. Seasonality, corruption, storage and processing, influence price. Long-term value chain sustainability could be improved by increasing collaboration between stakeholders, collective action, disseminating knowledge about processing and storage techniques, and promoting domestication and cultivation to enable trade in this largely wild harvested NTFP to continue sustainably.

The influence of tourism on biodiversity consumption is massive, yet poorly understood. We investigate the emergence of the thatched hut as an icon of tropical tourism, exploring linkages between widespread conceptions of paradise, tourism architecture and tropical forest management. Drawing on fieldwork in Mexico, cross-disciplinary literature review and web-based research, we globally examined how ideas of paradise along with commodification of plant resources influence touristic use of plant-based construction materials. In contrast with declining subsistence use of forest-based building materials, thatched huts have become a prevalent element of tropical tourism architecture. We documented the use of 148 plant taxa in 31 tropical and subtropical countries on 4 continents. The emergence of thatched architecture in tourist contexts represents not only a scale-up in the demand of plant-based materials, but often resulted in changes in the species utilized, resource management regimes and governance, architectural uses, and often a partial or total substitution for synthetic look-alike materials. We identified four factors distinctive to the growing commercial versus declining subsistence presence of thatched hut architecture: (1) local regulations in forest product uses and building and urban development codes, (2) prevalence of aesthetic values over material authenticity and structural efficacy, (3) greater dependency on unpredictable economic and tourist destination cycles, and (4) greater maintenance needs in environments highly vulnerable to decay and extreme weather. Our pluralistic approach of examining the iconic thatch hut through diverse disciplinary perspectives facilitated identification of multiple facets of commonly overlooked forest product use and biodiversity consumption in tropical tourism.

The construction and maintenance of forest roads are the activities that require the highest financial investment in the extraction of forest products. In addition, the cost of transporting forest products from landing to storage area can be significant proportion of the total extraction cost. For this reason, forest engineers are obliged not only to reduce the cost of road construction and maintenance, but also to prepare the most appropriate transportation plan to minimize total costs. Computer aided models can be used to solve complex transportation problems that require the evaluation of many alternative routes and selection of the alternative with least cost. In this study, the Network 2000 program based on the shortest path algorithm was used in transportation planning of forest product, and then the solution capacity of the method was examined in a sample application. As a study area, two Forest Enterprise Chiefs (FECs) of Paşalar and Sarnıç were selected from Mustafakemalpasa Forest Enterprise Directorate (FED) in the border of Bursa Forest Regional Directorate. The transportation cost of the road sections, forest product types, location of landing and forest depots were entered into the Network 2000 program after being digitized with ArcGIS 10.2 software. In the solution process, firstly, the route that minimized the transportation cost was investigated, and then, the route with the maximum net profit was determined by taking the sale prices of forest products into consideration. According to results, the transportation cost mostly depends on the transportation time, hourly truck cost and load capacity of the truck.

Exactly how do forest bureaucracies manoeuvre to regain power and maximise benefits in the bewildering legal, financial, and administrative field of forest decentralisation? Based on a review of thirty management plans, stakeholder consultations, intensive interactions with six forest user groups, forest officials, and donor project employees in Nepal, we document the mechanisms of legal-sounding re-centralisation. The central tenet is that bureaucratically established procedures, which are not required by law but treated as if they were, are used to impose regular revisions of community forest management plans. Meagre government or more generous donor budgets financed the revisions. Forest bureaucrats and/or consultants did the work and benefitted financially. None of the approaches, however, lived up to technical, scientific standards or followed stipulated participatory processes. The revised plans were almost identical to their previous versions and differences mostly a result of mere desk exercises to fulfil donor requirements and government orders, at least on paper. While legitimised by a perceived promotion of rational, technical sound, and equitable forest governance, the main function of plan revisions appears to be strengthening or re-establishing the forest bureaucracy's control over community forest resources which allows forest bureaucrats to tap into donor project and forest product value chains.

The Timber Legality Verification System (SVLK) is an instrument stipulated by the Government of Indonesia to build legitimacy on Indonesian forestry governance policies, especially those related to the utilization and distribution of timber forest products. The objective of SVLK is to cut the supply chain of illegal timber from the forest management unit to the market, through timber legality assurance. Since the enactment of SVLK in 2009, there has been no evaluation of the SVLK policy to measure its effectiveness. This study aimed to evaluate the success of SVLK in supporting the improvement of forestry governance. The analytical method used by this study is a descriptive formal evaluation. Interviews were conducted to representatives of four related stakeholder groups: six persons from timber forest product associations, five persons from three government agencies, one person from NGO, and one person from academia. The results of the study indicated that SVLK policy has quite successfully supported the improvement of forestry governance. In this regard, improvement is figured as 46% of law enforcement, 45% of accountability, 43% of participation, 42% of transparency, and 31% of coordination. It can be concluded that the SVLK policy has been quite successful in improving foresty governance.

Efforts to increase the utilization of forest products are realized in the form of forest product processing industries which are referred to as primary forest product industries. The total forest area in Maluku Province is 3,919,701 Ha. The potential of natural forest production has decreased significantly. This condition certainly affects the amount of roundwood produced, in other words, the production of round wood has also decreased. On the other hand, the demand for wood in Maluku is very high indicated by the high capacity of existing industries. This condition does not support the sustainability of the timber industry. This research was carried out with the aim of 1) Knowing the production of timber forest products based on a case study conducted in Maluku Province. 2) analyze the effect of sawn timber production and the number of IPHHK on sawn timber production. The result of research show that the number of IPHHK in Maluku Province in 2017 is 80 units of industrial enterprises, the primary of which is active in the process of processing processed wood as much as 57 units. The results of linear regression analysis, it can be seen that because Fcount 7 Ftable, 0.723> 0.457, then H0 is rejected, meaning that there is a significant influence between the amount of round wood production, the number of IPHHK together for sawn timber production.

Comprehensive study on impact and assessment of self-help groups through problems faced by self-help groups and its members in Amravati Division of Maharashtra was carried out for year 2016-2017 for Amravati division. Study was undertaken in rural areas of Amravati division, 300 SHGs, which were engaged in selected agriculture based activities dairy, poultry, goatary, vermicompost, food processing and floriculture, olericulture and forest product. In order to analyse the objectives of the study primary data was collected with the help of personal interview of self-help groups. Those Self-help groups were selected for the study which should have an activity in existence of at least 10 years, collected data then tabulated according to need and purpose of study and calculated constraints and suggestions obtained from SHGs. The constraints analysis conclude that procurement of raw material was major constraints in production, the lack of social mobility. The major suggestion received from the SHG’s members were analysed and it is observed that most of the members are of the opinion that rate of interest should be minimum, improving market facilities and loan should be release earliest possible, availability or raw materials and infrastructure facilities required for running of SHG’s were the suggestion made by SHG’s members.

The important role of counselling and training activities for the community on improving community skills that can be used to improve the quality of life and welfare by utilizing the resources and potential in the villages is the goal to be achieved. Through counselling and training activities, community get information and insight, so people can understand deeply about the creative economy and its benefits. The material of the counselling delivered is adjusted to the potential of resources in the village. Counselling materials include the understanding of what is the meant of creative economy including creative industry and its definition, including what is creativity, how to utilize local raw materials that can be processed into products, processing of natural materials into decorative products, processed food products from the forest product, packaging techniques and marketing of agricultural and forestry products, Medalsari village is quite famous as a village that has a natural attractions waterfall. Counselling activities for strengthening the creative economy based on village resources was followed by fifty participants could give benefit to the participants and expected to provide motivation to other communities. This could be seen from the enthusiasm of the participants in counselling and question-answering. It also appears that the participants feel motivated to develop their business creativity, as well as participants who only rely on their work as farmers, breeders and gardeners seem quite interested in trying to start developing their creative business.

The adoption of green production behaviors (GPBs) in non-timber forest product (NTFP) operations can improve soil quality and mitigate run-off and soil erosion in mountainous areas, which can support sustainable industry development. Selling NTFPs by e-commerce rather than traditional face-to-face trading can expand markets, prevent any high-quality product premium being lost to profit-seeking middlemen, and reduce the information asymmetry about the quality of products. Therefore, improvements in product quality can achieve a price premium, which can stimulate rural households engaged in NTFP operations (i.e. NTFP households) to adopt GPBs. This study uses survey data from 429 NTFP households in Zhejiang Province in southeastern China and econometric modelling to test whether e-commerce can foster NTFP households' adoption of GPBs The results show that the NTFP households are not commonly adopting GPBs but e-commerce does encourage their adoption of GPBs. In particular, e-commerce has a positive effect on the NTFP households' use of organic fertilizer and formula fertilizer (informed by soil testing). E-commerce has a negative effect on the households’ use of high-toxicity pesticides and the frequency of using pesticides. Compared with small-scale NTFP households whose forestland size is lower than the mean of the total sample (i.e. 1.91 ha) NTFP households. The implication for policymakers from these findings is that e-commerce can be used to drive NTFP households to adopt GPBs in countries with free markets and functioning e-commerce platforms.

Community forest management (CFM) systems have been implemented in developing countries as forest conservation initiatives with community development objectives. Women are often active in CFM by participating in non-timber forest product harvesting and management. Given the increasing presence of women in CFM, this study assesses whether participating in community forest management gives females more household decision-making power, a proxy for empowerment. This is a relevant issue because many development policies are implemented with female empowerment objectives, yet no existing rigorous quantitative studies have examined whether women's participation in CFM empowers them. Using an ordered logistic regression and an instrumental variable method, we analyze a household-level survey of forest-dwelling residents living in the Maya Biosphere Reserve in northern Guatemala. We find that female's participation in CFM increases her intra-household bargaining power on average. The results demonstrate that CFM systems can have development benefits that extend beyond increased household income and welfare.

Agroforestry is a land management system developed in the Bina Wana Community of Forest (HKm). Agroforestri in Community forest land is the main source of livelihood for communities around the forest. Labor is a resource that can affect the quality and quantity of forest product production, so it needs to be managed well in supporting agroforestry management in HKm. The purpose of this study was to analyze the distribution and contribution of outpoured labor in the family for each agroforestry activity in Gapoktan HKm Bina Wana. The data collection method was conducted by survey using interviews using questionnaires to 24 Gapoktan members. Data analysis was carried out by tabulation for all purposes in this study. The results showed that the distribution of labor outflows was most abundant in harvesting and postharvesting activities, namely 23% of the total use of labor for all agroforestry management activities. Subsequent sequences were soil cultivation (19.09%), planting (14.33%), fertilizing (13.26%), weeding (18.77%), and spraying (10.56%). Total of use of labor is 68% which is included in workers outside of the family. The contribution labor in the family towards agroforestry management in HKm Bina Wana shows a percentage of 32% of total workforce used.