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Background. The hypercoagulable status, which forms a vicious cycle with hematogenous metastasis, is a common systemic alteration in cancers. As modeling is a key approach in research, a model which is suitable for studying how the hypercoagulable status promotes hematogenous metastasis in breast cancer is urgently needed. Methods. Based on the tumor-bearing period (TBP) and postoperative incubation period (PIP), 4T1-breast cancer models were constructed to evaluate coagulation and tumor burden to generate multiple linear regression-based lung metastasis prediction formula. Platelets and 4T1 cells were cocultured for 30 min or 24 h in vitro to evaluate the early and late phases of their crosstalk, and then the physical characteristics (concentration and size) and procoagulant activity of the coculture supernatants were assayed. Results. The multiple linear regression model was constructed as log 10 photon number = 0.147 TBP + 0.14 PIP + 3.303 ( TBP ≤ 25 and PIP ≤ 17 ) to predict lung metastasis. Coculture of platelets and 4T1 cells contributed to the release of extracellular vesicles (EVs) and the development of the hypercoagulable status. Conclusions. In vivo and in vitro hypercoagulable status models were developed to explore the mechanism of hypercoagulable status which is characterized by platelet activation and promotes hematogenous metastasis in breast cancer.

Background: Nanoparticle albumin-bound paclitaxel (nab-PTX) has exhibited clinical efficacy in breast cancer treatment, but toxicities can be yielded more at the same time. We did this meta-analysis aiming to unambiguously compare nab-PTX with conventional solvent-based paclitaxel (sb-PTX) in breast cancer patients of all stages. Method: Pubmed, Embase and Cochrane Library were searched for head-to-head randomized controlled trials of nab-PTX and sb-PTX in breast cancer. Risk ratio (RR) with 95% confidence interval was used for dichotomous variables while Hazard ratio (HR) was used for time-to-event outcomes. Results: Our review finally included 9 studies with 3508 patients. Nab-PTX showed a benefit on objective response rate (ORR) (RR=1.22 [1.04-1.43], P=0.01) as well as non-inferiority compared with sb-PTX in disease control rate (DCR) (RR=1.01 [0.98-1.04], P=0.44), overall survival (OS) (HR=0.99 [0.93-1.05], P=0.81) and disease free survival/progression free survival (DFS/PFS) (HR=0.92 [0.81-1.05], P=0.21). However, when it comes to toxicities (fatigue, nausea or vomiting, peripheral sensory neuropathy and adverse event related discontinuation), results favored sb-PTX (RR=2.89 [1.07-7.8], 3.15 [1.78-5.59], 2.11 [1.32-3.37], 2.02 [1.61-2.53]; P

Intelligent robots, as an important type of Cyber–Physical systems, have promising potential to take the central stage in the development of the next-generation of efficient smart systems. Robotic calligraphy is such an attempt, and the current research focuses on the control algorithms of the robotic arms, which usually suffers from significant human inputs and limited writing styles. This paper presents an autonomous robotic writing system for Chinese calligraphy empowered by the proposed automatic stroke matching and generation mechanisms. Thanks to these mechanisms, the robot is able to effectively learn to write any Chinese characters in a style that is sampled by a small amount of handwritten Chinese characters with a certain target writing style. This is achieved by firstly disassembling each given Chinese character into individual strokes using the proposed character disassemble method; then, the writing style of the dissembled strokes is learned by a stroke generation module, which is built upon a generative adversarial learning model. From this, the robot can apply the learned writing style to any Chinese character from a given database, by dissembling the character and then generating the stroke trajectories based on the learned writing style. The experiments confirm the effectiveness of the proposed system in learning writing a certain style of characters based on a small style dataset, as evidenced by the high similarity between the robotic writing results and the handwritten ones according to the Frechet Inception Distance.

Sufficient water and fertilizer inputs in agriculture play a major role in crop growth, production, and quality. In this study, the response of sugarcane to limited water irrigation and foliar application of potassium salt of active phosphorus (PSAP) for photosynthetic responses were examined, and PSAP's role in limited water irrigation management was assessed. Sugarcane plants were subjected to limited irrigation (95-90 and 45-40% FC) after three months of germination, followed by a foliar spray (0, 2, 4, 6, and 10 M) of PSAP. The obtained results indicated that limited water irrigation negatively affected sugarcane growth and reduced leaf gas exchange activities. However, the application of PSAP increased the photosynthetic activities by protecting the photosynthetic machinery during unfavorable conditions. Mathematical modeling, a Skewed model, was developed and compared with the existing Gaussian model to describe the photosynthetic responses of sugarcane leaves under the limited irrigation with and without PSAP application. The models fitted well with the observed values, and the predicted photosynthetic parameters were in close relationship with the obtained results. The Skewed model was found to be better than the Gaussian model in describing the photosynthetic parameters of plant leaves positioned over a stem of limited water irrigation and applied PSAP application and is recommended for further application.

The anti-angiogenic drug Bevacizumab (Bev) is engaged in neoadjuvant therapy for non-metastatic breast cancer (NMBC). However, whether neoadjuvant Bev providing a greater benefit to patients is debatable. Our study aimed to review Bev's role in Neoadjuvant therapy (NAT) in NMBC and identify predictive markers associated with its efficacy by systemic review and meta-analysis. Eligible trials were retrieved from the Pubmed, Embase, and Cochrane Library, and random or fixed effects models were applied to synthesize data. Power of pCR to predict DFS or OS was evaluated by nonlinear mixed effect model. In NMBC, Bev significantly improved the rate of patients achieving pCR, but this benefit discontinued in DFS or OS. Biomarkers such as PAM50 intrinsic subtype, VEGF overexpression, regulation of VEGF signaling pathway, hypoxia-related genes, BRCA1/2 mutation, P53 mutation and immune phenotype can be used to predict Bev-inducing pCR and/or DFS/OS. Unfortunately, although patients with pCR survived longer than those without pCR when ignoring the use of Bev, but patients achieving pCR with Bev might survive shorter than those achieving pCR without Bev. Subgroup analyses found Bev prolonged patients' OS when given pre- and post-surgery. Lastly, adding Bev increased adverse effects. Overall, Bev offered limited effect for patients with NMBC in an unscreened population. However, in biomarkers - identified subgroup, Bev could be promising to ameliorate the prognosis of specific patients with NMBC.

Objective: To study the effect and mechanism of Huayu Wan (化瘀丸, HYW) in combination of chemotherapy of tumor treatment. Methods: HYW serum was added in Lewis cells to assess its impact on fluorescent doxorubicin delivery in vitro. Then, Lewis tumor cells was implanted in C57BL/6 mice via xenograft transplantation. Tumor growth was measured and signal intensity corresponding to blood flow was assessed by laser doppler perfusion imaging (LDPI). Finally, the effect of HYW on the effificacy of doxorubicin was studied. Results: HYW can improve the transfer of fluorescent doxorubicin into cells. The blood flow signal in the tumor tissues of the HYW group was higher than that of the control group (P

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is characterized by poor prognosis and high mortality. The treatment of HCC is closely related to the stage, and the early-stage of HCC patients usually accompanies a more long-term survival rate after clinical treatment. Hence, there are critical needs to develop effective imaging agents with superior diagnostic precision for HCC detection at an early stage. Recently, mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) based imaging agents have gained extensive attentions in HCC detection, which can serve as a multifunctional nanoplatform with controllable size and facile surface functionalization. This perspective summarizes recent advances in MSNs based imaging agents for HCC detection by the incorporation of several clinical imaging modalities. Multi-modal imaging system has been developed for higher spatial resolution and sensitivity. Even though some limitations and challenges need to be overcome, we envision the development of novel MSNs based imaging agents will offer great potential applications in clinical HCC detection.

Purpose To surmount the critical issues of clinical hepatectomy and achieve a precise surgical navigation of hepatocellular carcinoma after long-term transcatheter arterial embolization (TAE).Methods A facile and green pure-nanomedicine formulation technology was developed to construct carrier-free indocyanine green nanoparticles (nanoICG). The nanoICG was dispersed into lipiodol via a super-stable homogeneous lipiodol formulation technology (SHIFT nanoICG) for TAE combined with near-infrared fluorescence-guided precise hepatectomy.Results We demonstrate that SHIFT nanoICG integrates excellent anti-photobleaching capacity, great optical imaging properties, and specific tumoral deposition to recognize tumor regions, featuring sufficient physical stability for fluorescence-guided precise hepatectomy. Importantly, SHIFT nanoICG is capable of visualizing all lesions in rabbit-bearing VX2 orthotopic hepatocellular carcinoma models, even the tiny focus to 0.6 × 0.4 mm.Conclusion Our findings indicate that SHIFT nanoICG provides a promising avenue to address the clinical issue of hepatectomy and has excellent potential for a translational pipeline.

In order to develop a new kind low-dimensional and efficient chaff interference mode, a discontinuous super-long chaff made of S-type glass fiber is proposed. In this paper, its kinematics and scattering characteristics in the thin atmosphere are emphatically studied. Simulation results show that long chaffs have stronger shape-maintaining ability and better interference effect than the traditional dipole chaffs under different polarization conditions.

Background Benign anastomotic stricture remains among the most prevalent complications following surgery for colorectal cancer, albeit its incidence is very low. Objective This study is aimed at identifying risk factors of anastomotic stricture as well as generating an effective nomogram for the stricture. Design: This is a retrospective study. Setting: This study was conducted from January, 2015 to December, 2019 in a single tertiary center with colorectal cancer. Patients: A total of 117 colorectal patients after surgery without recurrence including 39 with anastomotic stricture (the distance between anastomotic site and anal margin

Nitrate (NO3−) loss and enrichment in water bodies caused by fertilization are a major environmental problem in agricultural areas. However, the quantitative contribution of different NO3− sources, especially chemical fertilizers (CF) and soil organic nitrogen (SON), to NO3− runoff loss remains unclear. In this study, a systematic investigation of NO3− runoff and its sources was conducted in a subtropical agricultural watershed located in Yujiang County, Jiangxi Province, China. A semi-monthly sampling was performed at the inlet and outlet from March 2018 to February 2019. Hydrochemical and dual NO3− isotope (15 N and 18O) approaches were combined to estimate the NO3− runoff loss and quantify the contribution of different sources with a Bayesian isotope mixing model. Source apportionment by Stable Isotope Analysis in R (SIAR) suggested that NO3− in runoff was mainly derived from nitrification of ammonium (NH4+) mineralized from SON (37–52%) and manure/sewage (M&S) (25–47%), while the contribution of CF was relatively small (14–25%). The contribution of various sources showed seasonal variations, with a greater contribution of CF in the wet growing season (March to August). Compared with the inlet which contributed 37–40% to runoff NO3−, SON contributed more at the outlet (49–52%). Denitrification in the runoff was small and appeared to be confined to the dry season (September to February), with an estimated NO3− loss of 2.73 kg N ha−1. The net NO3− runoff loss of the watershed was 34.5 kg N ha−1 yr−1, accounting for 15% of the annual fertilization rate (229 kg N ha−1 yr−1). Besides M&S (22%), fertilization and remineralization of SON (CF + SON) were the main sources for the NO3− runoff loss (78%), suggesting accelerated nitrification of NH4+ from CF (24%) and SON mineralization (54%). Our study indicates that NO3− runoff loss in subtropical agricultural watersheds is dominated by nonpoint source pollution from fertilization. SON played a more important role than CF. Besides, the contribution of sewage should not be neglected. Our data suggest that a combination of more rational fertilizer N application (CF), better management of SON, and better treatment of domestic sewage could alleviate NO3− pollution in subtropical China.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to study the impact of outward foreign direct investment (OFDI) on the productivity of parent firms over the food industry. Design/methodology/approach The main data in this paper are derived from the China Industrial Enterprise Database 2005–2013 and a data set of Chinese firms’ OFDI information. Then this paper uses propensity score matching to match the treatment and control groups with firm characteristics and combines that with the differences-in-differences method to estimate the real effect of OFDI on total factor productivity. Findings The food firm’s OFDI significantly improves the parent firm’s productivity (known as the OFDI own-firm effect), but this promotion only exists in the short term. The OFDI own-firm effect of food firms differs remarkably as the sub-sectors, regions and ownership of firms vary. The food firm’s OFDI in “non-tax havens” and high-income destinations has a significantly stronger effect on the parent firm’s productivity. FDI, R&D and exporting can effectively strengthen the OFDI own-firm effect of food firms. Originality/value The effect of OFDI on food industry productivity has not been researched yet. This paper aims to fill this gap. This paper further divides the characteristics of food firms into different sub-sectors, regions and ownership types for a comparative analysis, with the aim of conducting a more comprehensive study at the micro-level of firms. In addition, an investigation into which factors influence the degree of the OFDI own-firm effect at the micro-level has not been found in the literature. This paper will draw its own conclusions.

Modern monothetic hierarchical soil classification systems such as the Chinese Soil Taxonomy (CST) are semi‐quantitative and their future development is likely to trend towards a fully quantitative system using the concepts of numerical taxonomy. Previous researchers have calculated the taxonomic distances between individual soils based on soil physiochemical properties, not, however, based on spectra of full soil profiles with different horizons. We hypothesized that numerical taxonomy implemented by cluster analysis of the taxonomic distance matrix based on vis–NIR spectra would accord with some CST Orders assigned by pedologists, and not with others, depending on how closely spectral features represent the diagnostic features used in the classification. Taxonomic distances in spectral space were computed for all pairs of 191 profiles, resulting in a distance matrix on which hierarchical cluster analysis was performed. Different indices were calculated to determine the optimum number of clusters, resulting in four spectral soil classes. These were then compared with CST Orders assigned to the profiles by expert allocation. The numerical classes and CST Orders matched poorly because of the completely different classification philosophies behind numerical taxonomy and the CST, which is based largely on presumed genesis and uses sharp thresholds leading to very similar soils being allocated to different classes. Thus, we consider the numerical classification as information that is complementary to the monothetic hierarchical system. Numerical classification can reveal the taxonomic objective aspects of the relation between the defined classes and can suggest new groupings. HIGHLIGHTS: Taxonomic distances can serve as an objective measure of soil similarity. Soil spectra are a good candidate for numerical classification based on taxonomic distances. The conceptual basis of Chinese Soil Taxonomy (CST) does not match that of taxonomic distance. Numerical classification based on spectra can suggest revisions to the CST.

Soil diagnostic horizons, which each have a set of quantified properties, play a key role in soil classification. However, they are difficult to predict, and few attempts have been made to map their spatial occurrence. We evaluated and compared four machine learning algorithms, namely, the classification and regression tree (CART), random forest (RF), boosted regression trees (BRT), and support vector machine (SVM), to map the occurrence of the soil mattic horizon in the northeastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau using readily available ancillary data. The mechanisms of resampling and ensemble techniques significantly improved prediction accuracies (measured based on area under the receiver operator characteristic curve score (AUC)) and produced more stable results for the BRT (AUC of 0.921 ± 0.012, mean ± standard deviation) and RF (0.908 ± 0.013) algorithms compared to the CART algorithm (0.784 ± 0.012), which is the most commonly used machine learning method. Although the SVM algorithm yielded a comparable AUC value (0.906 ± 0.006) to the RF and BRT algorithms, it is sensitive to parameter settings, which are extremely time-consuming. Therefore, we consider it inadequate for occurrence-distribution modeling. Considering the obvious advantages of high prediction accuracy, robustness to parameter settings, the ability to estimate uncertainty in prediction, and easy interpretation of predictor variables, BRT seems to be the most desirable method. These results provide an insight into the use of machine learning algorithms to map the mattic horizon and potentially other soil diagnostic horizons.

Objective To investigate the effect of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) combined with conventional comprehensive rehabilitation on dysphagia after brainstem stroke. Materials and methods Forty brainstem stroke patients were randomly divided into tDCS group and conventional comprehensive treatment group, including 20 patients in each group. Both groups were given routine swallowing function training, and tDCS group added transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). The Dysphagia Outcome and Severity Scale (DOSS) and Functional Dysphagia Scale (FDS) were evaluated respectively before and after 8 weeks of continuous treatment with VFSS. The white blood cell (WBC), c-reactive protein, prealbumin (PAB), albumin (Alb), and hemoglobin (Hb) were also compared between the two groups before and after 8 weeks of continuous treatment. Results After 8 consecutive weeks of treatment, the score of DOSS scale and FDS scale in both groups was improved (P < 0.05), WBC and CRP were decreased (P < 0.05), and Alb and Hb were improved (P < 0.05), and PAB had no differences (P=0.474). The tDCS group was superior to conventional comprehensive group in improving the swallowing function and nutritional indexes (P < 0.05). Conclusions tDCS therapy combined with routine training can improve the swallowing function and nutritional status of patients, and reduce infection.

Robotic calligraphy is a very challenging task for the robotic manipulators, which can sustain industrial manufacturing. The active mechanism of writing robots require a large sized training set including sequence information of the writing trajectory. However, manual labelling work on those training data may cause the time wasting for researchers. This paper proposes a machine calligraphy learning system using a Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) network and a generative adversarial network (GAN), which enables the robots to learn and generate the sequences of Chinese character stroke (i.e., writing trajectory). In order to reduce the size of the training set, a generative adversarial architecture combining an LSTM network and a discrimination network is established for a robotic manipulator to learn the Chinese calligraphy regarding its strokes. In particular, this learning system converts Chinese character stroke image into the trajectory sequences in the absence of the stroke trajectory writing sequence information. Due to its powerful learning ability in handling motion sequences, the LSTM network is used to explore the trajectory point writing sequences. Each generation process of the generative adversarial architecture contains a number of loops of LSTM. In each loop, the robot continues to write by following a new trajectory point, which is generated by LSTM according to the previously written strokes. The written stroke in an image format is taken as input to the next loop of the LSTM network until the complete stroke is finally written. Then, the final output of the LSTM network is evaluated by the discriminative network. In addition, a policy gradient algorithm based on reinforcement learning is employed to aid the robot to find the best policy. The experimental results show that the proposed learning system can effectively produce a variety of high-quality Chinese stroke writing.

Ginger is one of the most frequently used ingredients in Chinese folk medicine and cooking. Ginger rhizome is used in treating/relieving appetite loss and motion sickness in western world. 6-Gingerol has been used as a marker substance of ginger . An HPLC analytical procedure of 6-gingerol was described. The correlation coefficients were greater than 0.999. The described HPLC procedure in this report has been validated and can be used to check 6-gingerol stability. It is also suitable for the preformulat ion study of ginger. The stabilities of ginger solution at different pHs were studied. The 6-gingerol contents in different preparations wer e evaluated.

This paper presents a compact internally-matched power amplifier (PA) worked from 2.5 GHz to 3.6 GHz. Using high dielectric constant substrate (thin-film) as impedance matching circuit, smaller size, cost reduction and performance improvement have been achieved. The size of the internally-matched PA is 27×10 mm. The simulated results of output power, gain and drain efficiency(DE) are over 42.4 dBm, 11.7 dB and 62% respectively.

To assess the effectiveness of Yishen Jiangu Granules (益肾健骨颗粒, YSJGG) on aromatase inhibitor-associated musculoskeletal symptoms (AIMSS). A single-arm, open-label study was conducted in 34 postmenopausal women with breast cancer who experienced AIMSS. Patients were treated with YSJGG for 12 weeks (12.4 g orally twice daily). The primary outcome was a change in the mean worst pain score of Brief Pain Inventory-Short Form (BPI-SF) over 12 weeks, and the second outcomes included changes in pain severity and pain-related interference of BPI-SF and Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC), Modified Score for the Assessment of Chronic Rheumatoid Affections of the Hands (M-SACRAH), the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Breast (FACT-B), bone mineral density (BMD) and blood indices such as calcium (Ca), phosphate (P), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). Of 37 women recruited, 30 initiated the therapy and 24 were evaluable at 12 weeks. The primary outcome (BPI-SF worst pain scores) achieved a 2.17-point reduction compared with baseline (5.75±1.87 vs 3.58±2.15, P

The tumor microenvironment (TME) is featured with aberrant vasculatures, specific physiological parameters, viscoelastic extracellular matrix and stromal cells, which are important factors in tumor initiation, development and metastasis. The components in TME form physical/biological barriers for drug delivery and therapy, and also contribute to resistance to treatment and immunosuppression. The advances in nanobiotechnology have offered a myriad of nanoparticles for targeting and treating tumors through the passive or active targeting strategies. However, the barriers in TME always limit the drug delivery and therapeutic efficacy of nanoparticles. To cope with this, recent strategies have employed nanoparticles to target and remodel tumor microenvironment, while a variety of nanoparticles have been developed with different functions for this score. In this review, we have described the typical features of tumor microenvironment along with their roles in tumor progression, and then focused on recent progresses in development and application of nanoparticles to target and remodel TME for enhanced cancer therapy.

Soil properties are often assumed to be static over time in hydrological studies, especially in hydrological modelling. Although it is well appreciated that soil structure and its impact on hydraulic properties are time-variable, particularly on cultivated land, very few studies have focused on quantifying the influence of such changes on soil hydrology, especially at the short term (i.e. seasonal). This study explored the value of incorporating such short-term time-variable soil properties in hydrological models. It is based on soil hydraulic properties from temporal field data under no-till done by direct seeding and under conventional cultivation done by ploughing to 0.2 m and harrowing. It uses a controlled tillage experiment in Scotland, on a soil with very good structural stability that experiences gentle rainfall in a temperate oceanic climate (Koppen Cfb). Water retention data were collected from intact soil cores sampled at 0.025, 0.095 and 0.275 m depth at three times between April and August 2013; (i) immediately following tillage, (ii) at barley crop establishment 1 month later and (iii) after harvest. Soil structure varied over time, with no-till soils gaining porosity and ploughed soils losing porosity. We hypothesised that no-till soils would have less seasonal temporal variability, but found it to be comparable to ploughed soils, albeit with pore structure changes following different trends. These changes were reflected in Van Genuchten fitting parameters, which if accounted for in 1-D HYDRUS modelling, had a marked impact on modelled soil water content over time if contrasted to predictions assuming a static pore structure. Using data from multiple sampling events, as opposed to one sampling event, resulted in up to a 44 % difference in soil water content predictions and increased the temporal variability by a factor of 1.5. Hence, our results have demonstrated that it is important to account for short-term temporal variability in soil physical properties in soil water modelling studies, and should not be ignored as a default, particularly on cultivated agricultural soils.

To deal with the global and regional issues including food security, climate change, land degradation, biodiversity loss, water resource management, and ecosystem health, detailed accurate spatial soil information is urgently needed. This drives the worldwide development of digital soil mapping. In recent years, significant progresses have been made in different aspects of digital soil mapping. The main purpose of this paper is to provide a review for the major progresses of digital soil mapping in the last decade. First, we briefly described the rise of digital soil mapping and outlined important milestones and their influence, and main paradigms in digital soil mapping. Then, we reviewed the progresses in legacy soil data, environmental covariates, soil sampling, predictive models and the applications of digital soil mapping products. Finally, we summarized the main trends and future prospect as revealed by studies up to now. We concluded that although the digital soil mapping is now moving towards mature to meet various demands of soil information, challenges including new theories, methodologies and applications of digital soil mapping, especially for highly heterogeneous and human-affected environments, still exist and need to be addressed in the future.

Abiotic stress, such as water deficit, is one of the most devastating factors hindering sustainable agricultural crop output today...

A proper animal model is crucial for a better understanding of diseases. Animal models established by different methods (subcutaneous injections, xenografts, genetic manipulation, chemical reagents induction, etc.) have various pathological characters and play important roles in investigating certain aspects of diseases. Although no single model can totally mimic the whole human disease progression, orthotopic organs disease models with a proper stromal environment play an irreplaceable role in understanding diseases and screening for potential drugs. In this article, we describe how to implant breast cancer cells into the mammary fat pad in a simple, less invasive, and easy-to-handle way, and follow the metastasis to distant organs. With the proper features of primary tumor growth, breast and nipple pathological changes, and a high occurrence of other organs' metastasis, this model maximumly mimics human breast cancer progression. Primary tumor growth in situ, long-distant metastasis, and the tumor microenvironment of breast cancer can be investigated by using this model.

In recent decades, the advancements in nanotechnology, nanochemistry, and surface modification have inspired the booming development of multifunctional and stimuli-sensitive nanocarriers, which enable effective delivery therapeutic cargos to disease sites, then spontaneously response to local pathological factors or external physical stimuli. Such nanocarriers could improve drug delivery and mediate tumor-specific release spatiotemporally in an on-demand fashion, offering powerful weapons for an effective cancer therapy. Moreover, the external stimuli show promise performance in some therapy modalities, including photothermal, photodynamic, magnetic hyperthermia, and sonodynamic therapy besides chemotherapy or gene therapy. Meanwhile, the concept of image-guided therapy has been proposed. By coencapsulating imaging contrast agents into nanocarriers, real-time monitoring of drug delivery, release, and effectiveness could be achieved for better planning and adjusting therapy strategy during treatment. In this chapter, we summary recent advances in stimuli-responsive nanocarriers for image-guided therapy, including introduction of various imaging modalities and their role in image-guided therapy, and different kinds of stimuli-responsive systems (exogenous or endogenous factors responsive) applied in image-guided therapy.

Background Nanoparticle albumin-bound paclitaxel (nab-PTX) has exhibited clinical efficacy in breast cancer treatment, but toxicities can be yielded more at the same time. We did this meta-analysis aiming to unambiguously compare nab-PTX with conventional solvent-based paclitaxel in breast cancer patients of all stages. Method Pubmed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, Chinese Biomedical database, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure, Chinese Science and Technology Periodical database, and WangFang database were searched for head-to-head randomized controlled trials of nab-PTX and solvent-based paclitaxel in breast cancer. Other sources will also be searched like Google Scholar and gray literatures. Two researchers will independently search the database and extract data from the articles. Risk of bias will be assessed using the Cochrane Collaboration's tool. Objective tumor response rate, chemotherapy completion rate after 4 or 6 cycles, and toxicity will be primary outcomes. Disease control rate, overall survival, and progression-free survival/disease-free survival will be included in secondary outcomes. Risk ratio with 95% confidence interval was used for dichotomous variables while hazard ratio was used for time-to-event outcomes. The following 3 data sets will all be considered when synthesizing the data: intention-to-treat population, those who actually received taxanes treatment, and those who were actually assessed. All the analyses were done using Review Manager Software 5.3. Any disagreements in study selection, data collection, and analysis will be resolved by a third investigator. Results and conclusion This study is aim to evaluate the efficacy and safety of nab-PTX compared with PTX in breast cancer treatment as well as to find the best dose or schedule and identify the benefit population. This meta-analysis could provide evidence for clinicians to make a better choice between nab-PTX and PTX in different specific contexts. Prospero registration number CRD42019117912.

Ethnopharmacological relevance Astragalus mongholicus, Solanum nigrum Linn, Lotus plumule, Ligusticum are widely used traditional herbal medicines for cancer treatment in China. They were typical drugs selected from Gubenyiliu II and series of formula (GYII), which were developed on the foundation of YIQIHUOXUEJIEDU theory. In the present study, four active ingredients (Astragaloside IV, α-solanine, neferine, and 2,3,5,6-tetramethylpyrazine) derived from medicines above were applied in combination as SANT. Aim of the study Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a serious threat to women's health worldwide. Heparanase (HPSE) is often up-regulated in breast cancer with the properties of facilitating tumorigenesis and influencing the autophagy process in cancer cells. This study aimed at evaluating the anti-tumor potential of SANT in treating HPSE related TNBC both in-vitro and in-vivo. Materials and methods In this study, we explored the correlation between HPSE expression and survival of breast cancer patients in databases. We performed MTS, trans-well and wound scratch assays to assess the impact of SANT on cell proliferation and migration. Confocal microscopy observation and western blots were applied to verify the autophagy flux induced by SANT. Mice models were employed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of SANT in-vivo by tumor weights and volumes or serum index, respectively. To analyze the underlying mechanisms of SANT, we conducted human autophagy PCR array and angiogenesis proteome profiler on tumor tissues. Results Patients with elevated HPSE expression were associated with a poor outcome in both RFS (P = 1.7e-12) and OS (P = 0.00016). SANT administration significantly inhibited cancer cells’ proliferation and migration, enhanced autophagy flux, and slightly reduced the active form of HPSE in-vitro. SANT also suppressed tumor growth and angiogenesis in-vivo. Human autophagy PCR array results indicated that SANT increased the ATG16L1, ATG9B, ATG4D gene expressions while decreased TMEM74 and TNF gene expressions.Angiogenesis proteome profiler results showed SANT reduced protein level of HB-EGF, thrombospondin-2, amphiregulin, leptin, IGFBP-9, EGF, coagulation factor III, and MMP-9 (pro and active form) in tumor, raised the protein expression of serpin E1 and platelet factor 4. Conclusions These findings indicated that herbal compounds SANT may be a promising candidate in anti-cancer drug discovery. It also provides novel strategies for using natural compounds to achieve optimized effect.

Aiming at the current situation and existing problems of the sanitary ceramics industry, the paper presents the R&D of a set of multi - robot cooperation in the spraying glazing system. Firstly, the paper introduces the requirement of spraying glazing and puts forward the technics of spraying grazing robot. Then the paper introduces the system solution of spraying glazing robot, the working mode of the cooperative multi-robot, and the method of robot trajectory planning. Finally, according to the real experimentation of established spraying glazing robot system, the paper tested and verified the performance of the system. This system plays a positive demonstration role in the sanitary ceramics industry.

So far, there is very little literature on how pre-transplant pulmonary infection developed in horizontal laminar flow unit (HLFU) affects outcomes of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT).A retrospective analysis was performed on allo-HSCT recipients who were diagnosed with pre-transplant pulmonary infection developed in HLFU between January 2012 and December 2012. Various tests were analyzed to evaluate the overall survival (OS) and pulmonary infection rate after allo-HSCT.Among 317 patients who received allo-HSCT from related donors, 7 cases of human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-haploidentical transplantation reported a fever, cough, and other symptoms before transplantation. Chest radiography findings showed pulmonary infection, and the C-reactive protein (CRP) level was higher than normal, which confirmed pulmonary infection (incidence rate 2.21%). The Breslow test suggested that the early survival rate was lower in the group with pre-transplant pulmonary infection than in the group without pre-transplant pulmonary infection (OS: 28.4 vs. 42.4 months; P=0.023); the early survival rate was lower in patients with a pulmonary infection accompanied by bilateral pleural effusion than in patients without pleural effusion (OS: 1.5 vs. 36.3 months; P=0.010). In the first month after transplantation, the difference in the CD4CD45RO+CD45RA- and CD4CD45RO-CD45RA+ between the groups with and without pre-transplant pulmonary infection was statistically significant (P0.05). Patients with pre-transplant pulmonary infection who survived3 years had a higher rate of pulmonary infection in the first 2 months after allo-HSCT than those without pre-transplant pulmonary infection [100% (5/5 patients) vs. 38.1% (118/310); χ(2)=5.542, P=0.019].Development of pre-transplant pulmonary infection in the HLFU in patients with hematological malignancies who receive HLA-haploidentical HSCT is associated with an increased risk of recurrent pulmonary infection in the early period after transplantation; however, there is no impact on patients' long-term survival rate.

Electromagnetic brake system can make the vehicle brake effectively, there were many factors affect the system’s performance, so it was very important to find some method to evaluate the system properly. Firstly, the article introduced the concept, calculation method of the electromagnetic brake and friction brake integrated system evaluation. Through a simple example described extension assessment method in the integrated system selection evaluation, extension assessment method was applied. Finally, during the selection of multi-program evaluation, according to the index weight binding extension assessment method, we got the best selection program.

Metastasis is the leading lethal factor severely restraining the effectiveness of clinical treatment. TGF-beta is the key regulator for metastasis and influences paradoxically on cancer progression. The known TGF-beta blockers exert little selectivity on its functions, indiscriminately causing the anti-metastatic and pro-growth effects. Under such circumstances, specifically rebalancing the oncological function of TGF-beta provides a crucial oncotarget against metastasis. In our study, we established the screening platform targeting cell motility and identified a potential flavonoid, Chamaejasmenin B (ICJ), extracted from Stellera chamaejasme L..It suppressed the migration and invasion in breast cancer cells in vitro. Moreover, by dynamical quantification of breast cancer progression in small-animal imaging system, ICJ was proved to be a potent inhibitor of metastasis with minimal toxic side effects. Mechanism study further revealed that ICJ efficiently blocked TGF-beta induced EMT, disrupted the interaction between β3 integrin-TβRII complex and, consequently, resulted in the selective inhibition of FAK:Src:p38 pathway. Meanwhile, specific blockage of this pathway largely attenuated the anti-metastatic function of ICJ. Importantly, in contrast with the antagonistic effects on TGF-beta induced metastasis, ICJ obviously sensitized its cytostatic activity, suggesting that it was not a pan-blocker but a rebalancer for the functional output of TGF-beta. Collectively, by targeting TGF-beta Paradox, we experimentally provided a promising candidate for metastatic intervention.

Soil moisture content (SMC) is a key hydrological parameter in agriculture, meteorology and climate change, and understanding of spatio-temporal distributions of SMC in farmlands is important to address the precise irrigation scheduling. However, the hybrid interaction of static and dynamic environmental parameters makes it particularly difficult to accurately and reliably model the distribution of SMC. At present, deep learning wins numerous contests in machine learning and hence deep belief network (DBN), a breakthrough in deep learning is trained to extract the transition functions for the simulation of the cell state changes. In this study, we used a novel macroscopic cellular automata (MCA) model by combining DBN to predict the SMC over an irrigated corn field (an area of 22 km2) in the Zhangye oasis, Northwest China. Static and dynamic environmental variables were prepared with regard to the complex hydrological processes. The widely used neural network, multi-layer perceptron (MLP), was utilized for comparison to DBN. The hybrid models (MLP-MCA and DBN-MCA) were calibrated and validated on SMC data within four months, i.e. June to September 2012, which were automatically observed by a wireless sensor network (WSN). Compared with MLP-MCA, the DBN-MCA model led to a decrease in root mean squared error (RMSE) by 18%. Thus, the differences of prediction errors increased due to the propagating errors of variables, difficulties of knowing soil properties and recording irrigation amount in practice. The sequential Gaussian simulation (sGs) was performed to assess the uncertainty of soil moisture estimations. Calculated with a threshold of SMC for each grid cell, the local uncertainty of simulated results in the post processing suggested that the probability of SMC less than 25% will be difference in different areas at different time periods. The current results showed that the DBN-MCA model performs better than the MLP-MCA model, and the DBN-MCA model provides a powerful tool for predicting SMC in highly non-linear forms. Moreover, because modeling soil moisture by using environmental variables is gaining increasing popularity, DBN techniques could contribute a lot to enhancing the calibration of MCA-based SMC estimations and hence provide an alternative approach for SMC monitoring in irrigation systems on the basis of canals.

Aim The aim of this study was to explore the efficacy of a new sonographic morphology score (SMS) to differentiate malignant from benign ovarian tumors. Methods Data on 84 ovarian tumors in patients hospitalized in our hospital between 2013 and 2014 were retrospectively analyzed. We established a new sonographic morphology score for ovarian tumors based on volume and structure scores. The efficacy of the new SMS was compared with that of Ueland's index (the old SMS). Receiver–operator curves (ROC) of the two SMS were constructed, and the areas under the curve were calculated and compared. The ROC of the new SMS was also compared with those for the patients' CA-125 and CA-72-4 levels. Results The area under the ROC of the new SMS for ovarian tumors was 0.836, while for the old SMS for ovarian tumors it was 0.709. By Z-test (Z = 2.452, P = 0.0384), there was a significant difference between the new SMS and the old SMS in the diagnosis of ovarian tumors. There was no significant difference in the area under the ROC between the new SMS and CA-125 and CA-72-4 in the diagnosis of ovarian tumors. With a cut-off value of 6, the sensitivity, specificity, positive prognostic value, and negative prognostic value of the new SMS were 0.797, 0.85, 0.944, and 0.567, respectively. Conclusion The new SMS may be used to differentiate malignant ovarian carcinomas from benign tumors except in the case of ovarian thecoma.

Over the last three decades, both the crop yields and population in China have steadily increased due to continued agricultural investments. K fertilizer and the return of straw have played vital roles in the yield and quality of crops. However, the effects of long-term fertilization on soil K to a soil depth of 1 m have received little focus, and unbalanced K fertilization frequently occurs because local farmers lack sufficient information about soil K. In this study, the spatial distribution of available potassium (AK) in East China was predicted using kriging with external drift (KED) and random forest (RF) techniques. A comparison of the trends in the 1980s and 2010s showed that the mean AK values in East China generally increased. The mean AK values at soil depths of 0–20 cm, 20–50 cm and 50–100 cm increased by 17%, 12% and 23%, respectively, and the AK stocks increased from 0.14 Pg to 0.17 Pg. However, the spatial patterns of AK at the regional scale suggested that approximately 68.12% of the study area lacked AK. AK deficiency was found in Northeast and South China. The ratios of AK concentrations in the subsoil to those in the topsoil suggested that less K was stored in the subsoil than in the topsoil. Relatively more AK was found in the subsoil (20–50 cm) of paddy fields in the middle of East China than in the other areas. The maps produced in this study could be used to support the decisions of regional agriculture management, and our study demonstrates that effective K fertilizer application in East China should be taken into consideration.

There exists an emergency clinical demand to overcome TRAIL/Apo2L (tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand) resistance, which is a major obstacle attributed to insufficient level or mutation of TRAIL receptors. Here, we developed an iron oxide cluster-based nanoplatform for both sensitization and MR image-guided evaluation to improve TRAIL/Apo2L efficacy in colorectal cancer, which has an inadequate response to TRAIL/Apo2L or chemotherapy. Specifically, NanoTRAIL (TRAIL/Apo2L-iron oxide nanoparticles) generated ROS (reactive oxygen species)-triggered JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinase) activation and induced subsequent autophagy-assisted DR5 upregulation, resulting in a significant enhanced antitumor efficacy of TRAIL/Apo2L, which confirmed in both TRAIL-resistant HT-29, intermediately resistant SW-480 and sensitive HCT-116 cells. Furthermore, in a subcutaneous colorectal cancer mouse model, the in vivo tumor retention of NanoTRAIL can be demonstrated by MR T2 weighted contrast imaging, and NanoTRAIL significantly suppressed tumor growth and prolonged the survival time without observable adverse effects compared with control and TRAIL/Apo2L monotherapy. Importantly, in the study of colorectal cancer patient-derived xenograft models, we found that the NanoTRAIL treatment could significantly improve the survival outcome with consistent ROS-dependent autophagy-assisted DR5 upregulation and tumor apoptosis. Our results describe a transformative design that can be applied clinically to sensitize Apo2L/TRAIL-resistant patients using FDA-approved iron oxide nanoparticles.

Background: Nausea and vomiting are the most common complications following chemotherapy and usually lead to decreased quality of life. Acupuncture therapy is an effective method for chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV), the effects and safety have been observed by many clinicians and demonstrated in a systematic review, which was included in the Cochrane Library in 2014. After several years, new studies have occurred and an updated systematic evaluation is needed. This protocol describes a method for performing a systematic review and meta-analysis to further evaluate the beneficial effects and safety of acupuncture for CINV. Methods: A searching strategy will be carried out mainly in eight databases in English and Chinese, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, PubMed, Embase, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, the Chinese Scientific Journal Database, the Wanfang database, China Doctoral Dissertations Full-text Database, and China Master's Theses Full-text Database. Only randomized controlled trials related to acupuncture for CINV will be included to enhance the effectiveness. The effective percentage will be used as primary outcome. Changes in the symptoms of nausea and vomiting, like severity, duration, and frequency as well as quality of life will be assessed as secondary outcome. Side effects and adverse events will be used as safety evaluations. To ensure the quality of the systematic evaluation, study selection, data extraction, and quality assessment will be independently performed by 2 authors, and the third author will deal with any disagreement. The Review Manager V.5.3.3 s will be used to perform the data synthesis and subgroup analysis. Results: There are additional studies, further explanations and more subgroup analyses compared with the previous systematic analysis to determine the effects and safety of acupuncture for CINV. Conclusion: The result of this systematic review may offer clinicians stronger evidence to assist patient in relieving CINV. Ethics and dissemination: There is no need to acquire ethical approval for individuals come from literatures instead of recruiting directly. The findings of this review will be reported in peer-reviewed publications and/or presented at relevant conferences Trial registration number: CRD42016045223.

The VAD (vincristine-doxorubicin-dexamethasone) regimen has been used for decades to treat multiple myeloma (MM). Based on reports that vascular endothelial growth factor- (VEGF-) mediated angiogenesis is critical for MM pathogenesis, the antiangiogenic compound thalidomide has been added to VAD (T-VAD). However, it remains unclear whether T-VAD is more efficacious than VAD for serum VEGF reduction or if the difference influences clinical outcome. Pubmed, Cochrane library, China Biomedical Literature (CBM) database, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) database, Vip database, and Wanfang database were searched for relevant studies published up to June 2017. RevMan5.2 was used for methodological quality evaluation and data extraction. Thirteen trials (five randomized, seven nonrandomized, and one historically controlled) involving 815 cases were included. Serum VEGF was significantly higher in MM cases than non-MM controls (MD=353.01, [95%CI 187.52–518.51], P

BACKGROUND: Mammalian cells express a single functional heparanase, an endoglycosidase that cleaves heparan sulfate and thereby promotes tumor metastasis, angiogenesis, and inflammation. Malignant mesothelioma is highly aggressive and has a poor prognosis because of the lack of markers for early diagnosis and resistance to conventional therapies. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the mode of action and biological significance of heparanase in mesothelioma and test the efficacy of heparanase inhibitors in the treatment of this malignancy. METHODS: The involvement of heparanase in mesothelioma was investigated by applying mouse models of mesothelioma and testing the effect of heparanase gene silencing (n = 18 mice per experiment; two different models) and heparanase inhibitors (ie, PG545, defibrotide; n = 18 per experiment; six different models). Synchronous pleural effusion and plasma samples from patients with mesothelioma (n = 35), other malignancies (12 non–small cell lung cancer, two small cell lung carcinoma, four breast cancer, three gastrointestinal cancers, two lymphomas), and benign effusions (five patients) were collected and analyzed for heparanase content (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay). Eighty-one mesothelioma biopsies were analyzed by H-Score for the prognostic impact of heparanase using immunohistochemistry. All statistical tests were two-sided. RESULTS: Mesothelioma tumor growth, measured by bioluminescence or tumor weight at termination, was markedly attenuated by heparanase gene silencing (P = .02) and by heparanase inhibitors (PG545 and defibrotide; P < .001 and P = .01, respectively). A marked increase in survival of the mesothelioma-bearing mice (P < .001) was recorded. Heparanase inhibitors were more potent in vivo than conventional chemotherapy. Clinically, heparanase levels in patients’ pleural effusions could distinguish between malignant and benign effusions, and a heparanase H-score above 90 was associated with reduced patient survival (hazard ratio = 1.89, 95% confidence interval = 1.09 to 3.27, P = .03). CONCLUSIONS: Our results imply that heparanase is clinically relevant in mesothelioma development. Given these preclinical and clinical data, heparanase appears to be an important mediator of mesothelioma, and heparanase inhibitors are worthy of investigation as a new therapeutic modality in mesothelioma clinical trials.

Endothelial progenitor cell (EPC)-based therapy has brought potential benefits to stroke patients as an important restorative therapeutics. However, its efficacy is limited by poor migration and survival ability. Here, we found out that hif-prolyl hydroxylase 2 (PHD2) silencing could enhance the migration and survival ability of EPCs which could improve the therapy efficacy for ischemic stroke. We successfully developed a siRNA delivery system, which could achieve siRNA delivery and EPCs tracking with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) simultaneously. Besides, combining MRI and bioluminescence imaging (BLI), we successfully observed full temporal profile of EPCs dynamics in vivo. Furthermore, we found out that PHD2 silencing in EPCs elevated the expression of C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4) and hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α), which enhanced the migration and survival ability of EPCs respectively. Significantly decreased infarct volume, functional deficits and increased fractional anisotrophy (FA) value, fiber counts were observed in the siPHD2-EPCs (EPCs transfected with siRNA targeting PHD2) group. What's more, higher level of BNDF, CD31, DCX, NeuN and MBP were also observed in the siPHD2-EPCs group. Altogether, our study provides an effective method to improve EPC-based therapy efficacy for ischemic stroke.

Background: Ischemic stroke caused severe damages to patients, mostly treatments for ischemic stroke focused recovery on the peri-infarct areas. In this study, we found that focal ischemic stroke caused damages to whole brain, endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) treatment could significantly promote the recovery of the whole brain after ischemic stroke. Methods: EPCs were infected with lentivirus carrying luc2 and eGFP cassette for bioluminescence imaging (BLI) and labeled with Alkyl-PEI-SPIO for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). 5×10^5 EPCs were transplanted intracardially 24 hours after photothrombotic ischemic stroke onset. BLI, MRI and behavior test were carried out at different time points. Expression of BDNF, VEGF in the ipsilateral and contralateral hemisphere and infarct volume were analyzed 7 days after EPCs transplantation. Expression of myelin basic protein (MBP) and NeuN in the ipsilateral and contralateral hemisphere were detected 14 days after EPCs transplantation. Findings: EPCs transplantation significantly increased the expression of BDNF, MBP and NeuN in both ipsilateral and contralateral hemisphere, while no significant differences were found in VEGF expression. Also, in vivo MRI results showed that fiber counts and FA values in both ipsilateral and contralateral corpus callosum increased 14 days after EPCs transplantation. No significant differences were found in the infarct volume 7 days after EPCs transplantation. mNSS scores and foot-faults test indicated better functional recovery 14 days after EPCs transplantation. Interpretation: Studies should focus on the whole brain recovery after stroke onset. EPCs treatment offered a powerful therapy method for whole brain recovery after ischemic stroke which may associated with elevated BDNF expression. Funding Statement: This work was supported by the National Key Basic Research Program of China (NOs. 2013CB733800 and 2013CB733803), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NOs. 81230034 and 81520108015), the National Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province (NO. BK20130057), the National Science Foundation for Youths of China (NOs. 81601544 and 81501522), the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (NO. 2242018k30004). C. Wang acknowledged the financial support from the China Scholarship Council for his joint PhD scholarship (NO. 201706090204). The funder had no role in the study design, data analysis, write-up or in the writing of the report. The corresponding author had full access to all the data in the study and had final responsibility for the decision to submit for publication. Declaration of Interest: The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose. Ethics Approval Statement: This study was approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) of Southeast University (approval ID: SYXK-2010.4987). BALB/c nude female mice (8 weeks, 20-23 g, Comparative Medicine Centre of Yangzhou University [SCXK (SU) 2012-0004], Yangzhou, China) were used in this study. Briefly, EPCs were isolated from newborns with all mothers’ informed consent and with the approval of the local hospital ethics committee.

Traffic classification technique is an essential tool for network management and system security in terms of high accuracy and fast classification speed. However, in the complex environments such as cloud computing environment, the traditional traffic classifiers will fail facing the unknown protocols that are never seen during training. The state-of-the-art traffic classification methods aim to utilize the semi-supervised learning algorithm to solve the problem. In this paper, we develop a self-adaptive traffic classification system based on semi-supervised learning, which adopts the method, dynamically adding the centers and iterative semi-supervised k-means to choose optimal system parameter and achieve high accuracy. Experiment results derived from real-world traffic are presented to show the effectiveness of the system.

Primary poor graft function (PGF) is a severe complication after allogeneic stem cell transplantation (SCT). The incidence, risk factors, and outcomes of PGF have not been well described, especially in the haploidentical SCT setting. We retrospectively reviewed patients who received haploidentical SCT at Peking University Institute of Hematology between January 1, 2011, and December 31, 2012. PGF was defined as persistent neutropenia (≤0.5 × 10(9) L(-1)), thrombocytopenia (platelets ≤20 × 10(9) L(-1)), and/or hemoglobin ≤70 g L(-1) after engraftment with hypocellular bone marrow and full donor chimerism, without concurrent graft-versus-host disease or disease relapse. Incidence was calculated from all patients. Of the 464 total patients, 26 (5.6 %) developed primary PGF. The risk factors were analyzed and compared with control patients with good graft function who were selected using the case-pair method. Finally, 104 patients were selected as a control group according to the matching conditions: (1) the type (acute leukemia, myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML)) and status (standard risk, high risk) of underlying disease, (2) sex, (3) year in which the transplantation was received, and (4) a 1:4 ratio of case-control. No factors were found to be associated with primary PGF. Compared to cases with good graft function, patients with primary PGF experienced poor overall survival (34.6 vs. 82.7 %, p 0.001). Of the 26 primary PGF patients, only nine achieved hematopoietic recovery and survived. In conclusion, primary PGF is a rare but life-threatening complication after haploidentical SCT, and effective therapies need to be explored.