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Background and Aim: Globally, pestiviruses are among the most economically important viral pathogens of livestock. The genus Pestivirus comprises four species, including bovine viral diarrhea virus type 1 and 2 (BVDV-1 and BVDV-2), which infect cattle, border disease virus and classical swine fever virus which infect small ruminants and pigs, respectively. Accumulating evidence suggests that pestiviruses are no longer species-specific, creating new challenges for disease control. In Indonesia, investigations related to pestiviruses remain focused on cattle as the primary host and no research has been conducted on small ruminants (sheep and goats). Therefore, the present study aimed to study the possible occurrence of pestivirus (BVDV or BVD) infections in small ruminants in Indonesia, particularly in Central Java. Materials and Methods: We used 46 blood samples consisting of 26 sheep's blood and 20 goat's blood. Samples were selected from 247 small ruminant blood collected between July and October 2020 in Central Java, Indonesia, which met the following criteria: Female, local species, approximately 1-2 years old, never been pregnant, raised in the backyard, and had no close contact with cattle in either shelter or grazing area. We tested plasma samples from sheep and goats using competitive antibody enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to detect specific antibodies against pestivirus followed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis for all positive samples to differentiate the species of pestivirus. Results: Two of the 20 samples collected from goats were positive for pestivirus at the serological and molecular levels, whereas 2 of 26 samples collected from sheep were doubtful but tested negative by RT-PCR. The genotyping test results obtained using nested PCR revealed that the positive samples collected from goats had a BVDV-1 genotype. Conclusion: The results of the present study demonstrated that BVDV-1 can infect species other than bovines, in Central Java, Indonesia. Further studies involving a larger number of samples are required to: (1) Determine the actual seroprevalence of pestiviruses in small ruminants and (2) Determine the potency of small ruminants as reservoirs for pestiviruses, both of which are important for the identification of the appropriate control program for pestiviruses in Indonesia.

Poultry can be infected not only by one type of virus, but also by more than one type of virus. Avian influenza virus (AIV) and Newcastle disease virus (NDV) are two important pathogens in poultry that can cause recurrent outbreaks and often lead to clinical symptoms and pathological lesions similar in poultry with high morbidity and mortality causing significant economic losses to the poultry industry. This study aims to detect and differentiate pathogenic viruses in commercial laying chickens with similar clinical symptoms, especially torticolis and curled toe paralysis, and anatomic pathological lesions, such as foci necrotic hemorrhages in the digestive tract by applying streptavidin-biotin immunohistochemical immunological test (IHC SB). Samples (chickens) were taken from the cases of the disease in poultry in several commercial poultry farms. The layer chickens in which showed clinical symptoms of torticolis and curled toe paralysis, and hemorrhagic lesions in the lungs and / or digestive system are suspected of having AIV and NDV infections. After being necropsied, then lungs and gastrointestinal tract were tested IHC SB. The IHC SB results were examined with a digital microscope camera system. The results of the present study indicated that AIV antigen was detected in the lungs, but not in the digestive tract, whereas, NDV was detected in the digestive tract, but not in the lungs. It was concluded, that the IHC SB can be applied for confirmation of the diagnosis of AIV and NDV and indicated, that the commercial laying chickens with clinical symptoms of torticolis and curled toe paralysis, as well as pathological hemorrhagic lesions in the gastrointestinal tract could be infected by both viruses.

House flies (Musca domestica L.) are one of the major pests found in poultry farms resulting in not onlyannoyance and indirect damage to the poultry production but also transmitting many infectious organismsmechanically and biologically. A highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N1 (HPAIV H5N1) collectedfrom field house flies in Java Island, have fully succeeded identified and isolated in 2008. The AIV H5N1isolates were further used in the present study to determine the presence and persistence of the AIV H5N1in the laboratory infected house flies. One hundred house flies from a free AIV poultry farm in Yogyakarta,Indonesia were used in this study. The collected house flies were fasted for 12 hours then divided equallyin control and treated groups. The treated group was allowed to imbibe Dulbecco’s modified eagle medium(DMEM) containing AIV H5N1 while the control group imbibed medium without virus for one hour. Theflies from each group were collected at 12 and 24 hours post-exposure, respectively. All flies were immobilizedat 4°C, immersed in absolute ethanol for a few seconds and dissected under the stereomicroscope to collectthe gastrointestinal (GI) tracts. Based on the RT-PCR results, it is concluded that AIV H5N1 remainedexist in GI tracts of house flies for at least 24 hours post-exposure.

Jembrana disease constitutes the main concern in cattle industry especially in Indonesia and Australia as it has caused important economic losses due to mortality of cattle. The pathology of the disease is unusual for a lentivirus infection as it is associated with a severe, often lethal disease syndrome and a short incubation period in cattle. For lack of efficient medical treatment of JDV-infected cattle, vaccination may therefore constitute an effective measure for the prevention or eradication of Jembrana disease. Up to date, only one type of vaccine has been reported and tested. It is based on inactivated, tissue-derived virus antigens (Tabanan/87 isolate, JDVTAB/87). This review summarize show current Jembrana disease vaccine was developed as well as evaluated and how these information might be useful in future vaccine design.

Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease of global concern, and is caused by pathogenic serovar Leptospira interrogans. Canine Leptospirososis is widespread worldwide, dogs can act as incidental hosts or maintenance hosts for various serovars. The purpose of this research was to identify leptospire serovars that infect healthy and suspected leptospirosis dogs in Yogyakarta. A total of 56 dogs (36 healthy dogs and 20 suspect leptospirosis dogs) sera were taken from cephalica vein as much as 3 ml. Sera were examined for leptospirosis with Microscopic Aglutination Test (MAT) which conducted at the Research Center for Veterinary Science, Bogor. Microscopic Aglutination Test carried out on various Leptospire serovar, namely: Ichterohaemorrhagiae, Javanica, Celledoni, Ballum, Pyogenes, Cynopeteri, Rachmati, Australis, Pomona, Canicola, Grippotyphosa, Bataviae, Hardjo, and Tarrasovi. The results showed that Celledoni serovars infected 25% of healthy dogs and 5% of suspect leptospirosis dogs, Javanica serovar infected 19% of healthy dogs, Bataviae serovars infected 15% of suspect leptospirosis dogs, Grippotyphosa serovar infected 11% of healthy dogs, Tarrasovi serovar infected 10% of suspect leptospirosis dogs, serovars Cynopteri infects 5% of healthy dogs and 5% of suspect leptospirosis dogs, serovar Pyrogenes infects 5% of healthy dogs and 5% of suspect leptospirosis dogs, and serovar Rachmati infects 5% of suspect leptospirosis dogs. Seven healthy dogs (19%) and 2 suspect leptospirosis dogs (10%) were infected with more than 2 leptospire serovars. From the results of this study it can be concluded that Celledoni serovar of Leptospira interrogans infection causes subclinical leptospirosis, while Bataviae serovar infection causes clinical leptospirosis in dogs in Yogyakarta.

Infection with avian influenza virus (AIV) in laying birds field cases often lead to clinical signs of torticollis and curled toe paralysis. Clinical signs of torticollis and curled toe paralysis is similar to the clinical signs of Newcastle disease virus infection in poultry, making it difficult for the confirmation of diagnosis of infection with both viruses. Immunopathological immunohistochemistry streptavidin-biotin (IHC SB) is an antibody-based test to detect the presence of pathogens, especially AIV in poultry with the principle of antigen detection in tissue specimens. This research aims to detect AIV infection in laying birds field case with clinical signs of torticollis and curled toe paralysis. The samples (brains from 20 layer chicken) were taken from the cases of the disease in poultry in several commercial poultry farms. The chickens showed clinical signs of torticollis and curled toe paralysis, and oedema in the brain suspected of being infected AIV. After being necropsied, then the brains were tested IHC SB and observed with a digital microscope camera system and analyzed descriptively qualitative. The results showed that the avian influenza virus antigens was found in the parenchyma, neural and endothelial cells of brain blood vessels. Based on these results, we can conclude that Immunopathologic immunohistochemical staining of streptavidin-biotin can be applied for confirmation of the diagnosis of avian influenza virus (AIV) on the brain of commercial laying chickens showing torticollis and curled toe paralysis. Keywords : AIV; IHC SB; brain; torticollis; curled toe paralysis

Poultry is one of animal protein sources that have been consumed much in Indonesia. Various of health disorders are caused by environmental changes, woof and infectious agents have caused decline in production and economic loss. One of diseases that have a big impact on poultry husbandry is Newcastle disease (ND). Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is an important disease in Indonesia, because this has spread around Indonesia and caused a big loss for poultry industry moreover, this has high morbidity and mortality and very rapid spread of the virus. The purpose of the research is to find out and determine a fast, exact and accurate, and efficient and effective application immunohistochemistry streptavidin biotin (IHK SB) test on NDV diagnosis affirmation and for NDV fast detection as a cause of disease on commercial laying hens with clinical torticollis and curled toe paralysis symptoms. The samples used in the form of tissues from 20 commercial laying hens with an indication of clinical torticollis and curled toe paralysis symptoms. Brains would be tested using streptavidin biotin. Inspection result data obtained by immunohistochemistry streptavidin biotin (IHK SB) method is analyzed in a descriptive and qualitative way. The result of the research proves that IHK SB coloration, NDV antigen could be detected on brains. Based on the result of the research, it could be concluded that IHK SB could be applied for NDV diagnosis affirmation and it proves that commercial laying hens with clinical torticollis and curled toe paralysis symptoms. Keywords: Newcastle disease virus, immunohistochemistry streptavidin biotin, torticollis, curled toe paralysis

The use of herbal medicine (phytopharmaca) has increased manifold because of the safety. Red fruit extract is one of the supplements that has many advantages for health. The efficacy of pre-clinical trial using the rats induced by iodine deficient ration has proven that 1-2 ml of red fruit extract supplementation with/without KIO3 fortification for 30, 60 and 90 days has potency as anti-goitrogenic herbal medicine. For standarization, however, the extract red fruit has to be tested for the safety in the important organs like livers and kidneys. The research results have proven that in the normal Sprague Dawley rats, supplementation of 2 ml/day/rat of red fruit extract for 135 consecutive days has.no toxic effect in the livers and kidneys. In hyperplastic goiter Sprague Dawley rats induced by goitrogenic ration, the red fruit extract supplementation has to be in a combination with KIO3 to overcome iodine deficiency disorders and has no-toxic effect to the livers. Therefore, it can be concluded that based on pre-clinical studies using Sprague Dawley rats, the red fruit extract can be categorized as standardized anti-goitrogenic herbal medicine.

The objective of this research is to determine the effects of turmeric (Curcuma domestica Val) extract administration toward heart histopathologic lesions of male albino Wistar rats + 3 months old exposed by cigarette smoke. Twenty male Wistar rats were divided randomly into four groups of five each: Group I was given neither cigarette smoke exposure nor turmeric extract administration (control) (KI), Group II was given cigarette smoke exposure of 9 cigarettes/ day (KII), Group III was given 1 ml turmeric extract 0.25% (KIII) and Group IV was given cigarette smoke exposure of 9 cigarettes/ day and 1 ml turmeric extract 0.25% (KIV). After 2 months of treatment, necropsy was conducted to all rats and the heart samples were collected to be processed histopatologically and stained routinely with hematoxylin-eosin. The results of the present study indicated that the cigarette smoke caused cardiomyopathy in KII marked by the histopathologic lesions such as vacuolation, homogeneous eosinophilic cytoplasms, edema and necrosis of myocardia, also congestion and mild hemorrhages (KII). Whereas, rats in Groups KI, KIII and KIV had normal histologic structures of myocardia. It is concluded, that turmeric extract could be a preventive herbs toward cardiotoxic effects of cigarette smoke. Further research has to be conducted to determine the anti cardiomyopathy mechanism of turmeric rhizome due to cigarette smoke exposure.

An increasing number of smokers who tend to rise rapidly from year to year has become a major focus of public health issues. Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke, containing toxic chemicals can trigger acute or chronic inflammation and oxidative stress in the eyes. To overcome this condition, phytotherapeutic and/or phytopreventive approaches which are efficatious, safe and cheap is needed. One of spices from Indonesia which is greatly possible to be promoted as a herbal medicine, is a phytochemical curcumin in turmeric. This present study was conducted to identify and determine the effects of turmeric extract (Curcuma domestica Val.) as phytotherapeutic and/or phytopreventive in the eyes lesion of Wistar rats induced by cigarette smokes. Twenty male Wistar rats at 3 months old were divided randomly into four groups of five each. Those were the control group (KI), the group given 9 cigarettes smoke/day (K II), the group given turmeric extract 1 ml 0, 25% /day (K III) and the group given 9 cigarettes smoke/day and 0, 25% turmeric extract 1 ml /day (K IV) for 60 days. Water and feed was given ad libitum. At the end of the experiment, all rats were euthanized with ether, necropsied andeyes balls were collected, fixed formalin 10% and stained with routine hematoxylin-eosin. The results of the present study indicated that 9 cigarettes smoke/day increased mitotic activity and caused hyperplasia in the corneal epithelial cells (K II), and addition of turmeric extract 0, 25% 1 ml per oral for 60 days prevented both mitotic activity and hyperplasia in the corneal epithelial cells (K IV). Extract of turmeric (Curcuma domestica Val.) has been proved to have herbal therapeutic and/or preventive effects againts the pathotoxicological cigarette smokes. Further study needs to be done to more evaluate pathogenesis of the eyes lesions and phytotherapeutic and/or phytopreventive effects of turmeric extract as well.