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We demonstrate an intracavity-triggered passively Q-switched Nd:YVO4 laser within a diode-end-pumped configuration. We employ a Cr4+:YAG saturable absorber as the passive Q switch and an Nd:LiYF4 (YLF) laser as the laser triggering of the Q-switched laser. Since we use the same Cr4+:YAG crystal and output coupler with the Nd:YVO4 laser, the Cr4+:YAG Q switch is triggered inside the Nd:YLF laser cavity. As a result, the timing jitter in standard deviation of Nd:YVO4 laser can be reduced to 16 ns.

BackgroundIndigo naturalis is a blue dye in ancient, as well as an extensive used traditional Chinese medicine. It has a wide spectrum of pharmacological properties and can be used to treat numerous ailments such as leukemia, psoriasis, and ulcerative colitis. This article aims to expand our understanding of indigo naturalis in terms of its chemical constituents, pharmacological action and clinical applications.MethodsWe searched PubMed, web of science, CNKI, Google academic, Elsevier and other databases with the key words of “Indigo naturalis”, and reviewed and sorted out the modern research of indigo naturalis based on our research results.ResultsWe outlined the traditional manufacturing process, chemical composition and quality control of indigo naturalis, systematically reviewed traditional applictions, pharmacological activities and mechanism of indigo naturalis, and summarized its clinical trials about treatment of psoriasis, leukemia and ulcerative colitis.ConclusionsIndigo naturalis has a variety of pharmacological activities, such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antibacterial, antiviral, immunomodulatory and so on. It has very good clinical effect on psoriasis, leukemia and ulcerative colitis. However, it should be noted that long-term use of indigo naturalis may produce some reversible adverse reactions. In summarize, indigo naturalis is an extremely important drug with great value and potential.

This is the first study to develop an effective tool for plant sap analysis based on a solid-contact ion-selective electrode (SCISE) array, which has the advantages of on-site, direct and fast analysis. SCISEs are all-solid-state ion-selective electrodes with a conducting polymer for ion-to-electron transduction. With the conducting polymer solid-contact, the electrodes perform high stability and short response time (

Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

In this paper, we enhance physical layer security performance of downlink cellular networks through cooperative jamming technology. Assuming the locations of eavesdroppers (Eve) are available, idle user equipments (UE) are carefully selected to cooperatively transmit jamming signal to confuse eavesdroppers (Eve). Analytical expressions of the connection and secrecy performances are derived, which are validated through Monte Carlo simulations. Simulation results demonstrate that our proposed scheme can improve connection performance, while approaches the secrecy performance of [12]. Furthermore, only 6% idle UEs of [12] are used for cooperative jamming, which helps to decrease energy consumption of network.

In order to enhance the transmission security for the multiple-input single-output (MISO) system, a new physical layer encryption (PLE) scheme based on symbol convolution (CONV-EN) is proposed. Exploiting the randomness and reciprocity of wireless channels, this scheme can effectively counter modulation recognition based on constellation reconstruction and high-order cumulants. The simulation results suggest that this scheme delivers better security performance than the original symbol phase rotated (OSPR) scheme in [9] over quasi-static Rayleigh channel and improves the reliability of encrypted secure communication compared to the PLE scheme in [10].

This paper investigates secure transmission in the radio-frequency (RF) powered untrusted relay networks. The relay conducts amplify-and-forward (AF) protocol and may intercept information passively. Based on the physical-layer security technique, a two-phase communication protocol is proposed for transmit security. We aim to minimize the average total transmit power by jointly designing the transmit parameters of the networks under the security quality of service (QoS). The power minimization problem is non-convex, hence an alternative optimization (AO) based algorithm is proposed. The simulation results show that the proposed transmit scheme can significantly increase the power efficiency.

This letter presents a 5-GHz phase-locked loop (PLL) with fast-locking and charge pump (CP) calibration. Based on dual-mode time division multiplexing discriminator-aided phase detector (DAPD), the fast-locking and CP calibration procedure are proposed in a compatible and efficient manner. The proposed dual-mode time division multiplexing DAPD has coarse-resolution and fine-resolution modes, which is used in fast locking and CP calibration, respectively. The proposed technique is incorporated in a design of 5-GHz PLL. Implemented in the 0.18- $\mu \text{m}$ 1P6M CMOS process, the power dissipation is less than 18.3 mW. The measured total settling time (including fast-locking and CP calibration) is $22~\mu \text{s}$ , evidently improved by $36~\mu \text{s}$ over the conventional method. At 4.905 GHz, the phase noise measured at 1-MHz offset is −123.7 dBc/Hz, and the measured output spur levels are less than −70.44 dBc throughout the whole output frequency range.

A 4.1–5-GHz voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) with phase noise insensitive to equivalent resistance ${R} _{\mathrm {p}}$ is presented in this letter. A self-adjusted current resource (SACR) is implemented to alleviate the phase noise deterioration, while the control logic of SACR is compatible with autofrequency calibration resulting in no additional hardware overhead and power. Based on the equivalent internal resistance of the resonant cavity increases with oscillation frequency, the SACR can improve the phase noise and power efficiency. Fabricated in a 180-nm 1P9M CMOS technology, the SACR is employed inside a 4-bit switching capacitance VCO resulting in a tuning range of 4.1–5 GHz and the corresponding phase noise between −124.67 and −128.04 dBc/Hz at a 1-MHz offset. The phase noise is improved by 2.09 dB at 4.1 GHz with SACR.

In hard rock TBM tunneling, the loss caused by disc cutter wear accounts for a large proportion of time and cost for the entire project. However, existing disc cutter wear prediction models mainly focus on predicting cutter consumption before construction and cannot predict the wear of each disc cutter. Moreover, the accurate rock parameters required in these models are challenging to obtain. Hence, these models are not capable of determining which cutter on cutterhead should be replaced during construction. To solve the problems mentioned above, this paper presents a novel field parameters-based method for estimating the wear of each disc cutter in real-time. The proposed method is implemented through the following steps. To begin with, a new health index is constructed and defined as the ratio of the rolling distance of a cutter in a small excavated section to its maximum rolling distance. Then, specific field parameters related to the new health index are analyzed and selected. Thereafter, the mapping model between the new health index and the specific field parameters is established based on a one-dimensional convolutional neural network. Finally, on the basis of the established model, the estimated health indices corresponding to all excavated sections of a disc cutter are accumulated to obtain its health status. The field data obtained from Mumbai metro tunnel was utilized to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method, which demonstrates that the proposed method can estimate the wear of each disc cutter in real-time with average accuracy as high as 87.8% on the test set. Therefore, the proposed method is capable of significantly reducing the time and cost of cutter inspection, replacement, and repair for TBM, thereby improve tunneling efficiency and reduce construction cost.

This letter presents a 2-GHz fractional-N phase-locked loop (PLL) with a high-precision delta–sigma digital-to-analog converter (DAC) to overcome the frequency deviation of a crystal oscillator due to manufacturing process, supply voltage, and temperature (PVT). The delta–sigma DAC with high power efficiency and linearity consists of a second-order delta–sigma modulator, a finite impulse response filter, and a low-pass filter. With the proposed PLL architecture, the frequency resolution can be lower than a few thousands of pulse per minute. The PLL is implemented in a 0.13- $\mu \text{m}$ 1P6M CMOS process. With temperature from −40 °C to 80 °C, the measured results of 15 chips show that the frequency deviation of output frequency in PVT decreases from 1 to 0.002 ppm. The phase noise of PLLs is less than −126 dBc/Hz at 1-MHz offset at a carrier frequency of 1.99 GHz. The rms period jitter is below 1 ps at 1.99 GHz, while consuming a total power of no more than 10 mW.

Based on the traditional user portrait technology and concept, this paper extracts various indicators that reflect the characteristics of grid operation state from the main aspects of grid operation to construct the grid state portrait label system and label generation method, establishes the grid state portrait analysis model, and evaluates the grid state trend. On this basis, the grid state portrait application system is designed and implemented, and the in-depth analysis of the grid state portrait and operation data is realized by means of an intuitive comprehensive display method. The practical application results show that the system can intuitively reflect the grid operation situation from multiple dimensions, discover and display data rule related to equipment or grid, which can provide technical support for power grid operators to conduct monitoring, take preventive measures and make decision for power grid operation.

When the renewable energy power station is included, the primary frequency regulation(PFR) of the grid can make a big difference. New control methods are proposed to accommodate this difference.In this case,we propose an on-line monitoring and evaluation method which based on PMU dynamic data for PFR of renewable energy power station. Firstly, the characteristics of the PFR of the renewable energy power station are expounded. Secondly, quantitative evaluation indicators of PFR are proposed. Finally, the concrete implementation method and an application example are introduced. The method has been applied in practice and has obtained good application results.

usc Refereed/Peer-reviewed Radio Frequency Identification technology has gained popularity for cheap and easy deployment. In the realm of manufacturing shopfloor, it can be used to track the location of manufacturing objects to achieve better efficiency. The underlying challenge of localization lies in the nonstationary characteristics of manufacturing shopfloor which calls for an adaptive life-long learning strategy in order to arrive at accurate localization results. This paper presents an evolving model based on a novel evolving intelligent system, namely evolving Type-2 Quantum Fuzzy Neural Network (eT2QFNN), which features an interval type-2 quantum fuzzy set with uncertain jump positions. The quantum fuzzy set possesses a graded membership degree which enables better identification of overlaps between classes. The eT2QFNN works fully in the evolving mode, where all parameters including the number of rules are automatically adjusted and generated on the fly. The parameter adjustment scenario relies on decoupled extended Kalman filter method. Our numerical study shows that eT2QFNN is able to deliver comparable accuracy compared to state-of-the-art algorithms.

Objective Symptom patterns are an important diagnostic concept in terms of Traditional Chinese Medicine. Although symptom patterns and health related quality of life (HRQOL) are common diagnostic measures for cancer patients, the association between them has not been studied. This study aimed to describe the changes in the pattern of symptoms of Yang-deficiency, Yin-deficiency, blood stasis, and HRQOL before and after chemotherapy, and to examine the association between the patterns and the cancer patients’ HRQOL. Methods A panel study was undertaken with 123 cancer patients who were about to begin their first course of chemotherapy at four teaching hospitals in Taiwan. A structured questionnaire was used before and after chemotherapy. HRQOL was assessed using the Medical Outcomes Survey Short-Form 36. The Traditional Chinese Medical Constitutional Scale was used to measure Yang-deficiency, Yin-deficiency, and blood stasis patterns, with higher scores indicating a larger deficiency. Results The patients had significantly worse scores for Yang-deficient pattern, Yin-deficiency pattern, blood stasis pattern, and the physical components of HRQOL after chemotherapy compared with before chemotherapy. The HRQOL scores correlated significantly with Yang-deficiency, Yin-deficiency, and the blood stasis pattern scores. A generalized estimating equation model showed that the HRQOL scores were significantly worse after chemotherapy compared with before chemotherapy for the physical component, but not for the mental component. Blood stasis pattern was significantly associated with a decreased HRQOL in both the physical and mental components. A hemoglobin level < 12 g/dL was associated with a worse physical component of HRQOL. Conclusion The Yang-deficiency, Yin-deficiency, and blood stasis patterns were all associated with lower HRQOL in cancer patients after chemotherapy.

The goal of this study was to investigate the protective effect of recombinant human EPO(rhEPO) on cerebral microvascular endothelial cells and the mechanisms by which rhEPO interacts with TJs proteins, claudin-5, Occludin and ZO-1 during the early period following traumatic brain injury.Rats (n = 81) were randomly divided into sham-operated group, TBI group and rhEPO+TBI group. Traumatic brain injury was induced by the Marmarou method.Rats were killed at 3, 24, 72 and 168 hours after TBI. The integrity of the blood-brain barrier was investigated by using a spectrophotometer to assess extravasation of Evans blue dye. The expression of Claudin-5, Occludin and ZO-1 were determined by immunohistochemistry and real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR.From 3 hours to 3 days, rats in the TBI group demonstrated a remarkable increase in Evans blue content in the brain, relative to rats in the sham-operated group (p0.05). The expression of Claudin-5 and Occludin was significantly lower than those in the sham-operated group (p0.05). In contrast, rats in the TBI+rhEPO group demonstrated a significant decrease in brain levels.It was found that administration of rhEPO protected cerebral microvascular endothelial cells and reduced permeability of BBB and the mechanisms may be due to increasing the expression of TJs proteins.

We propose a new non-intrusive flow measurement method using the distributed feedback fiber laser (DFB-FL) as a sensor to monitor flow in the pipe. The relationship between the wavelength of the DFB-FL and the liquid flow rate in the pipeline is derived. Under the guidance of this theory, the design and test of the flow sensor is completed. The response curve is relatively flat in the frequency range of 10 Hz to 500 Hz, and the response of the flow sensor has high linearity. The flow from 0.6 m3/h to 25.5 m3/h is accurately measured under the energy analysis method in different frequency intervals. A minimum flow rate of 0.046 m/s is achieved. The experimental results demonstrate the feasibility of the new non-intrusive flow measurement method based on the DFB-FL and accurate measurement of small flow rates.

RFID technology has gained popularity to address localization problem in the manufacturing shopfloor due to its affordability and easiness in deployment. This technology is used to track the manufacturing object location to increase the production efficiency. However, the data used for localization task is not easy to analyze because it is generated from the non-stationary environment. It also continuously arrive over time and yields the large-volume of data. Therefore, an advanced big data analytic is required to overcome this problem. We propose a distributed big data analytic framework based on PANFIS (Scalable PANFIS), where PANFIS is an evolving algorithm which has capability to learn data stream in the single pass mode. Scalable PANFIS can learn big data stream by processing many chunks/partitions of data stream. Scalable PANFIS is also equipped with rule structure merging to eliminate the redundancy among rules. Scalable PANFIS is validated by measuring its performance against single PANFIS and other Spark scalable machine learning algorithms. The result shows that Scalable PANFIS performs running time more than 20 times faster than single PANFIS. The rule merging process in Scalable PANFIS shows that there is no significant reduction of accuracy in classification task with 96.67 percent of accuracy in comparison with single PANFIS of 98.71 percent. Scalable PANFIS also generally outperforms some Spark MLib machine learnings to classify RFID data with the comparable speed in running time., 7 pages and 3 figures, IEEE SMC

This paper presents a modified channel likelihood model for optical communication systems with a photon-counting array receiver where photon-counting events are impaired by undesirable dead time and jitters. After the photon-counting detector detects a photon, the detector will go into a period of dead time under which it cannot detect any incident photons. In this context, the channel will have memory. We derive the channel likelihood in the presence of the detector dead time and the random jitter of the photon arrival. The impact of dead time and jitters on the performance of a pulse-position-modulated (PPM) optical communication system is also investigated. The simulation results indicate that the modified channel likelihood expressions can obtain a more obvious performance gain under the context of a stronger background noise, fewer detection elements, longer dead time and bigger jitter.

The solar spectrograph firstly takes the real-time accurate tracking of sun, then detects all monochromatic light within a certain wavelength simultaneously by making use of grating splitter, and finally obtains the continuous atmospheric parameter with high precision. In order to improve the accuracy of data and simplify the structure of the optical system, this article introduces the application of wavelet transform in removing noise and correcting baseline for the data measured. Baseline wander is mainly concentrated in the wavelet coefficients of low frequency band, while useful spectrum signal usually distributes in the wavelet coefficients of high frequency, and baseline wander can be removed by setting approximation coefficients to zero. Because of the time-frequency locality of wavelet transform, on the same frequency band of wavelet domain, the peak of the spectrum is compressed in few time channels. As a result, the amplitude of corresponding wavelet coefficients is bigger; On the contrary, the wavelet coefficients of noise is distributed on all the time channels with smaller amplitude of wavelet coefficients, so that the threshold method is used in this article to remove noise. The experiment shows that it is more suitable to decompose the spectrum signal at level 15 on the wavelet basis of sym5 with the approximation coefficients being set to zero and to process the detail coefficients by adaptive hard threshold. Examples show that this method provides an effective way to remove noise and correct baseline in the solar spectrum.

A review on the properties of recycled aggregate concrete filled steel tubes (RACSFT) was presented, followed by the short overview on the related researches. The uniaxial mechanical behavior, flexural performance, creep performance as well as eccentric loaded behavior of RACSFT specimens were discussed. It was found that the differences between the element made of recycled aggregate concrete (RAC) and that of natural aggregate concrete (NAC) could not be ignored. The performance of the RACFST is inferior to that of natural concrete filled steel tube (CFST). But, the RACSFT can be applied into structural elements safely. Based on the test results, it was also concluded that the RACSFT is an effective method to improve the application of RAC.

Extenics and rough set theory are brought into transformer fault diagnosing procedure in this paper to get rid of abundant information data and to obtain more precise diagnosing result. Using the dissolved gas data as fault diagnosing attribution set, attributions which are needed for transformer fault diagnosis are predigested and preliminarily grouped by means of rough set method, and then matter element model for transformer’s fault diagnosing is built. With the transformer’s standard fault modes as the transformer’s fault diagnosing decision set, utilizing extenics association function to calculate each fault degree, acceptance and rejection rule is defined to diagnose transformer’s fault. 76 dissolved gas information data have been collected to verify the method proposed in this paper, the diagnosing results show that the correctness of diagnosing results got by this method is better than frequently used IEC three ratio methods.

We fabricated a wire grid polarizer by using nano-imprinting lithography onto a 3″ liquid crystal display (LCD) panel directly. It realized 19.3% higher luminance than the LCD panel using conventional polarizer with DBEF and 68.5% higher than the LCD panel using conventional polarizer. It enabled to reduce both power consumption and thickness of the LCD panels.

With the Xuhui District primary school, Sunshine Sports League advances each year, but also exposes some problems, such as the cup’s quality and size are different, and some schools are lack of science and innovation in the arrangement system. These problems seriously hinder the Xuhui District Sunshine Sports League to carry out extensive. Therefore, this study will focus on the existing problems, and analysis of main factors affecting the sustainable development of sunshine sports, find out the crux of the problem, on the basis of expert interview, on-the-spot investigation, literature review and other methods. This paper puts forward a series of policy and recommendations to the long-term mechanism of sunshine sports quality education requirements, and seeks "in Xuhui District primary school sports sustainable development" New Sunshine Sports League development model, and meet the students' sports demand. The formation of new sports culture has the characteristics of Xuhui District, and promotes the students' healthy sustainable and healthy and harmonious development of primary and secondary schools in Xuhui District.

Contaminated industrial construction and demolition (C&D) waste will inevitably be mixed with clean waste and transferred into nearby surroundings in collection, stacking, transportation, disposing, and recycling sections without any source identification and reduction of pollutants. Both in situ identification and sampling–lab analysis based on the sampling methods and identification guidance values are feasible. This waste can be divided into ordinary waste, waste slightly contaminated by heavy metals or organic pollutants, and hazardous waste according to the guidance values presented. Leaching toxicity is also an important referring criterion for the classification. 0–2 cm and 0–1.5 cm depth of industrial C&D waste under the surface tends to be severely contaminated when it is exposed to heavy metals and organic pollutants, respectively. Setup of sampling spots and the corresponding procedures of heavy metals, Volatile Organic Compounds, and persistent organic pollutants contaminated waste before and after demolition is introduced. Meanwhile, for remote granular waste, sampling device with Venturi tube and solid–liquid separators that is able to dissolve the possible pollutants and collect the debris is invented, and stripping and classification machine is also made to extract the samples on the surface in workshops.

Whole process management system for construction and demolition (C&D) waste including source prevention, identification and separation, disposal, and recycling has been established. The hazardous wastes among the industrial C&D waste should be separated on site prior to recycling. Acid-resistant brick and stone are recommended as the surface materials and the depth of which should be more than 30 mm for the main blocks in workshops. Meanwhile, resin and sodium silicate are applicable for the masonry materials. Explicit responsibilities among different departments such as the Environmental Protection Department, Bureau of Housing and Construction, Treatment and Recycling Institution, etc., should be regulated. Problems and countermeasures of the pollution prevention of industrial waste generated in fire and explosion accidents are also presented.

Different types of industrial construction and demolition wastes in various places were collected. The mercury content varies much overall, whereas the wastes from the chemical industry contain most due to the mercury-containing raw materials used. Waste from the light industry poses a high risk of Cd. Residential wastes and recycled aggregates exhibit a low ecological risk. The mobility fractions of heavy metals can be very high; most anthropogenic polluted metals bind loosely with minerals in construction waste. The metals easiest to be leached are Zn and Cu, whereas Cd is the hardest. A high Cd content exists in pesticide manufacturing factory, mainly coming from phosphorus rocks. These wastes are also severely contaminated by organophosphorus, intermediates, and pyrethroid pesticide. Pesticides spread all over the plant both in enclosed workshops and in residues, in which bricks and coatings contain the most. Centralized collection for disposal of wastes can only eliminate part of the contaminated waste. Risk assessment indicates that highly noncarcinogenic risks exist, especially in dermal contact and oral ingestion. Industrial construction and demolition waste generated in a fire/explosion accident may be hazardous and cause spread of pollution with explosion shock waves.

Construction and demolition (C&D) waste has become an enormous part of municipal solid wastes in recent years due to rapid urbanization and industrialization process. Traditionally, it can be processed depending on its type, source, or utilization pathways, most of which is harmless and is able to be disposed or reused without much pretreatment. The general properties, management and recycling technologies, yield estimation for C&D waste in developing and developed countries is introduced. Industrial C&D waste, which is also of a huge amount and contains pollutants or other poisonous substances, is described. A large proportion of these C&D wastes comes from industrial workshops and possesses the characteristics of both hazardous waste and common waste, reflecting in its massive production and high environmental risk. As a general principle the hazardous waste should be primarily separated and sorted before industrial C&D waste is recycled.