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El objetivo de la presente revision sistematica fue realizar una busqueda acerca de la validez del perimetro de cuello como marcador de adiposidad en ninos y adolescentes asi como en poblacion adulta. Se realizo una busqueda sistematica de articulos publicados antes del 30 de junio de 2017, utilizando las bases de datos PubMed y Web of Science. Se buscaron estudios originales, en idioma espanol o ingles, que analizaran la asociacion entre el perimetro del cuello y al menos un marcador de adiposidad. En PubMed se usaron las categorias MeSH (medical subject heading).El criterio de busqueda utilizado fue: ((“neck circumference” or “neck diameter”) AND (“Body Composition”[Mesh] OR “Anthropometry”[Mesh])). Se repitio la busqueda en Web of Science. Se identifico un total de 494 estudios, de los cuales 47 fueron finalmente seleccionados para esta revision. El 66% de los estudios (16 en ninos y adolescentes y 15 en adultos) solo especifican que existe relacion entre perimetro del cuello e indicadores doblemente-indirectos tales como el indice de masa corporal, la circunferencia de cintura o ratio circunferencia cintura/cadera en ninos y adultos. Ademas, se observo que el perimetro del cuello se asocia de forma directa con marcadores de adiposidad indirectos, medidos mediante metodos de referencia tales como la tomografia axial computarizada (TAC) o la absorciometria dual de rayos X (DXA) en adultos, mientras que no se encontraron estudios en ninos. En conclusion, el perimetro del cuello se asocia a marcadores indirectos de masa grasa total y central en ninos y adolescentes, mientras que en adultos el perimetro del cuello se asocia a parametros de adiposidad medidos tanto con metodos indirectos como doblemente-indirectos. Se requieren nuevos estudios con metodos que analicen la asociacion entre el perimetro del cuello y la composicion corporal analizada mediante metodos de referencia, principalmente en ninos y adolescentes.

The aim of this review was to determine what type of physical activity programmes have been developed in patients with fibromyalgia and what are its effects and benefits on the degree of pain and quality of life. The search was performed in MEDLINE, Web of Science and SPORTDiscus databases. The word "fibromyalgia" was always used as a criterion for combined search (using "AND" connector) with physical activity, exercise, physical therapy and training (MeSH terms). Of the 2,531 initial results, 33 papers were selected for review. The studies reviewed focus primarily on dance activities, water activities, multidisciplinary, mind-body work, fitness and stretching. After applying the intervention program, the pain level was reduced between 10 and 44.2%, and the impact of the disease between 5.3 and 17.9%, improving the symptoms of these patients. In conclusion, a multidisciplinary programme (in which physical activity is included) may have positive effects on the quality of life of people with fibromyalgia.

© 2014 American Society for Nutrition. Adolescence is a critical period, because major physical and psychologic changes occur during a very short period of time. Changes in dietary habits may induce different types of nutritional disorders and are likely to track into adulthood. The aim of this review is to describe the key findings related to nutritional status in European adolescents participating in the HELENA (Healthy Lifestyle in Europe by Nutrition in Adolescence) study. We performed a cross-sectional study in 3528 (1845 females) adolescents aged 12.5-17.5 y. Birth weight was negatively associated with abdominal fat mass in adolescents and serum leptin concentrations (in female adolescents), providing additional evidence for a programming effect of birth weight on energy homeostasis control. Breakfast consumption was associated with lower body fat content and healthier cardiovascular profile. Adolescents eat half of the recommended amount of fruit and vegetables and less than two-thirds of the recommended amount of milk and milk products but consume more meat and meat products, fats, and sweets than recommended. For beverage consumption, sugar-sweetened beverages, sweetened milk, low-fat milk, and fruit juice provided the highest amount of energy. Although the intakes of saturated fatty acids (FAs) and salt were high, the intake of polyunsaturated FAs was low. Adolescents spent, on average, 9 h/d of their waking time (66-71% and 70-73% of the registered time in boys and girls, respectively) in sedentary activities. Factors associated with adolescents' sedentary behavior included the following: 1) age; 2) media availability in the bedroom; 3) sleeping time; 4) breakfast consumption; and 5) season. Sedentary time was also associated with cardiovascular risk factors and bone mineral content. In European adolescents, deficient concentrations were identified for plasma folate (15%), vitamin D (15%), pyridoxal 59-phosphate (5%), β-carotene (25%), and vitamin E (5%). Scientists and public health authorities should raise awareness of the importance of a healthy and sustainable lifestyle as a foundation of the health of the European population, now and in the future.

Summary Objective This study aimed to examine the association of television (TV) time, the frequency of meals while watching TV and the presence of TV set in the bedroom with total and abdominal obesity and to assess whether physical activity (PA) attenuates the obesity risk of TV viewing. Methods Cross-sectional data were obtained from 2200 adolescents (46% boys) from 10 European cities, The Healthy Lifestyle in Europe by Nutrition in Adolescence study, between 2006 and 2007. TV viewing, PA (by accelerometry) and body composition were measured. Binary logistic regression analyses were performed. Results Even adjusting by vigorous PA, TV in the bedroom (odds ratio [OR]: 1.33, 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.01–1.74) and >4 h d−1TV during week days (OR: 1.30, 95% CI, 1.02–1.67) (in boys) and eating every day with TV (OR: 1.18, 95% CI, 1.07–1.30) and >2 h d−1TV during weekend days (OR: 1.68, 95% CI, 1.25–2.26) (in girls) were significantly associated with total obesity. Likewise, in both sexes, having a TV set at bedroom was significantly associated with abdominal obesity. Conclusions Adolescents spending excessive TV time are prone to obesity independently of their PA levels. Families should put TV sets out of adolescents’ bedroom and keep TV sets off during meal times.

Aim: To describe the effects of chronological age and biological age (pubertal development) on serum lipid and lipoprotein levels, body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference in Spanish adolescents. Methods: A representative Spanish sample of 526 adolescents (254 males and 272 females), were studied. Total cholesterol (TC), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLc), triglycerides, apolipoprotein A1 and B, and lipoprotein(a) were measured, and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLc) was calculated. Additional measurements included BMI and waist circumference. Adolescents were classified according to chronological age, and pubertal development (also age of menarche in females). Results: In males, serum TC levels were lower at late puberty in comparison with early puberty, and serum LDLc levels were lower at late puberty in comparison with mid and early puberty. Serum HDLc levels were lower at mid puberty in comparison with early and late puberty. Serum TC and LDLc levels were not different when analyzed according to chronological age. In females, HDLc levels were lower at late puberty in comparison with early and mid puberty, but no differences were found when HDLc and the other studied lipid and lipoprotein variables were analyzed according to chronological age, or age of menarche. All the observed differences persisted after adjusting for BMI and waist circumference. In female adolescents, both BMI and waist circumference were higher at late puberty in comparison with early and mid puberty, while in males, BMI and waist circumference were different when analyzed according to chronological age. Conclusion: The results suggest that the assessment of pubertal development may provide additional valuable information when interpreting lipid profile and body fat in adolescents. © Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart.

Introduccion y objetivos En diversos estudios se ha mostrado la relacion entre el nivel de forma fisica durante la infancia-adolescencia y el riesgo cardiovascular en la edad adulta. Dado que no se dispone de datos relativos al nivel de condicion fisica de los adolescentes espanoles, los objetivos de este estudio son: a) determinar el nivel de condicion fisica de los adolescentes espanoles y establecer valores de referencia que puedan ser utilizados en el medio sanitario y educativo como indicadores de salud cardiovascular, y b) conocer la proporcion de adolescentes espanoles que no alcanza valores de capacidad aerobica indicativos de salud cardiovascular futura. Sujetos y metodo Se ha utilizado la bateria EUROFIT modificada para evaluar la condicion fisica de una muestra representativa de adolescentes espanoles (n = 2.859; 1.357 varones y 1.502 mujeres) procedente del estudio AVENA (Alimentacion y Valoracion del Estado Nutricional de los Adolescentes). Resultados Se han obtenido los valores normativos de condicion fisica de la poblacion adolescente espanola. El rango del percentil 5 respecto a la capacidad aerobica maxima (test de Course Navette) es de 2,0-3,3 y 1,4-1,9 paliers para varones y mujeres, respectivamente. Casi 1 de cada 5 adolescentes presenta riesgo cardiovascular futuro sobre la base de su capacidad aerobica. Este subgrupo de adoles- centes mostro tambien una peor forma fisica que el resto de adolescentes en todas las pruebas fisicas realizadas. Conclusiones Los resultados obtenidos en el presente estudio permiten evaluar e interpretar correctamente el nivel de forma fisica de cualquier adolescente. Los resultados obtenidos indican la necesidad de mejorar el nivel de condicion fisica de los adolescentes espanoles.

We investigated the phenomenon of second wind in four patients with McArdle's disease: a brother and sister (aged 4 and 12 years respectively) and two unrelated patients, a boy of 14 and a 17-year-old girl. We also studied the siblings' healthy 6-year-old sister. Each patient performed a 15-min exercise test at a constant workload and a subsequent graded exercise test until exhaustion. Overall the healthy girl and the youngest McArdle's patient, the 4-year-old boy, did not show a second wind phenomenon. Further, the peak cardio-respiratory capacity of the young McArdle's boy was normal for his age (32.3 mL 02/kg/min) and he did not report any function limitations during physical education classes. 2.977 JCR (2009) Q2, 49/167 Clinical neurology, 105/231 Neurosciences UEM

For centuries, the general consensus has been that vigorous, competitive exercise was harmful and shortened life expectancy. Recent data from prospective cohort studies conducted on marathon runners, professional cyclists, and Olympic athletes indicate, however, that regular intense endurance-exercise training has protective benefits against cardiovascular disease and premature death. There are still important questions to be answered, such as what is the optimal dose, in terms of both duration and intensity of training or competition, beyond which the health benefits of regular exercise stabilize or might even potentially disappear. 2.662 JCR (2014) Q1, 13/81 Sport sciences; Q2, 34/83 Physiology UEM

Objective There is a substantial interest in the potential role of chocolate in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases. It has been recently reported that a higher frequency of chocolate intake is linked to lower body mass index (BMI) in adults. The aim of the present study was to determine if higher chocolate consumption also is associated with lower BMI, as well as other markers of total and central body fat, in adolescents. Methods This study comprised 1458 adolescents (ages 12.5–17.5 y) participating in HELENA-CSS (Healthy Lifestyle in Europe by Nutrition in Adolescence Cross-Sectional Study). Dietary intake was self-registered using a computer-based tool for 24-h dietary recall on 2 non-consecutive days. Weight and height were measured, and BMI was calculated. Adiposity was estimated using skinfolds (Slaughter's equation) and bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA). Waist circumference was measured. Sexual maturation also was recorded. Physical activity was measured by accelerometry. Results Higher chocolate consumption was associated with lower levels of total and central fatness, as estimated by BMI, body fat estimated from skinfolds and BIA, and waist circumference, regardless of potential confounders ( P ≤ 0.01). Conclusion Our results demonstrate that a higher chocolate consumption was associated with lower total and central fatness in European adolescents.

OBJECTIVE:To examine the associations between active commuting to school and cognitive performance in adolescents. DESIGN:Cross-sectional study. SETTING Five cities (Granada, Madrid, Murcia, Santander, and Zaragoza) in Spain. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 1700 adolescents (892 girls) aged 13 to 18.5 years. Main Exposures Mode and duration of transportation to school and participation in extracurricular physical activity were self-reported. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Cognitive performance (verbal, numeric, and reasoning abilities and an overall score) was measured by the Spanish version of the SRA Test of Educational Ability. RESULTS: Active commuting to school was associated with better cognitive performance (all P < .05) in girls but not in boys, independent of potential confounders including participation in extracurricular physical activity. In addition, adolescent girls who spent more than 15 minutes actively commuting to school had better scores in 3 of the 4 cognitive performance variables (all P < .05) than those who spent less time actively commuting to school (¿15 minutes) as well as better scores in all of the cognitive performance variables (all P < .001) than girls inactively commuting. CONCLUSION: Active commuting to school and its duration may positively influence cognitive performance in adolescent girls.

Objective: To assess the association between birth weight and body composition and fat distribution in adolescents, and to test the possible sex-specific effect in these relationships. Methods and Procedures: A total of 1,223 adolescents 13-18.5 years old (553 male adolescents and 670 female adolescents) born at >35 weeks, were selected from a cross-sectional multicenter study conducted in five Spanish cities in 2000-2002. BMI was calculated from weight and height. Triceps and subscapular skinfold thickness (ST) were measured on the left side, and fat mass (FM) and fat-free mass (FFM) were estimated according to the equations of Slaughter et al. Subscapular skinfold adjusted by tricipital (ST) and waist circumference were used as markers of central adiposity. Results: Birth weight Z-score was positively associated with FFM in female adolescents (P < 0.001), but not in male adolescents, after controlling for age, pubertal stage, gestational age, socioeconomic status, physical activity, and current height (P < 0.001 for interaction between adjusted birth weight Z-score and sex). Adjusted birth weight Z-score was inversely associated with central adiposity in male and female adolescents as measured by ST (P = 0.026). Discussion: These results provide further evidence that gender has an important influence on the programming effect of birth weight on later FFM in adolescents because the effect was only observed in female adolescents. Our results suggest that small size for gestational age at birth could program more central subcutaneous fat deposition in adolescents of both sexes, but further research is needed on this issue. © 2008 The Obesity Society.

Tool replacement operations have a great influence over the cost of machined parts. At present, the common criteria used to determine the tool life do not optimize the use of tools and lead to significant economic losses. The main objective of this work is to define a new procedure to improve the decision about the time for tool replacement. The approach followed is based on digital images of the cutting edge that has already been explored in the literature. The novelty of the present work relies on the use of contour signatures of the wear region as the input to two techniques of classification, k-nearest neighbour and a neural network. The influence of the signature size vector is also analysed. A total of 1383 flank wear images were acquired and the error rate estimation was about 5%.