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Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to analyze the spatial configurations of a sample of Korean regional emergency medical centers (REMCs) to explore its underlying genotypes and thus produce a base line data for the analysis and evaluations of future REMCs designs using space syntax theory. Methods: Space syntax analysis was used as a major tool for the analysis and exploration of Genotype. The measures of Integration(overall integration with exterior and without exterior as well as the integration of individual clinical spaces for each center), base difference factor (DF) and Space link ratio were calculated for a sample of seven Korean REMCs. Results: The result shows a strikingly similar pattern of Syntactic measures across the sample, the mean integration of sample ranges from 0.82-0.99 with exterior (while considering the exterior space as a root) and 0.81-1.01 without exterior (considering the connections of interior spaces only with no outside connection). The base difference factor (DF) of the sample varies from 0.60-0.81 with exterior and from 0.59-0.82 without exterior. Case number-1 was identified as non-genotype with differing order of Syntactic values. Although the genotype had different forms, layouts and even sizes, these results cannot be ex-plained by Phenotypical comparisons. Implications: This study will contribute to the configurational analysis and evaluation of existing and future Korean REMCs design and practice of emergency healthcare delivery system in Korea.Keywords Korean Regional Emergency Medical Center (REMC) Design, Genotype, Phenotype, Spatial Configuration, Design Evaluation.

KEYW O RD Purpose: Healthcare is on the whole a personal and critical service that consumer's use, whereas hospitalization is as a rule painful, because nature nurtures and Sun Light Luminosity for healthcare settings is considered healing. The performance and design of climate responsive buildings such as AKU requires a detailed study of attributes of climate both at micro as well as macro level. The therapeutic value of contact with nature through window view, greenery and landscape is calculated there. Method: A two prong strategy is been devised for this article, at micro level three typical morphologies are analysed by creating same environment of neighboring building on sun shading chart, radiation and temperature range. Since the analysis of local climate helps to determine the design strategies for hospital Healing Environment which is suitable for Karachi climate; in order to track the macro climatic behaviour, a considerable analysis of psychometrics chart for AKU Karachi are designed on Climate Consultant (CC) and analysed by Machine Learning. Climate Consultant proposes different design strategies suitable for Karachi. And on the other hand time wise illumination sources for clinical area which are then measured on psychrometric chart— according to singular space: multi patient admission, secondly: acute ambulatory ward, and tertiary: multi windowed space according to the mushrabiyah and sky light pattern. Result: Our findings support the hypothesis that windowed wall is 75-80% more healing wall; an accelerated evidence was found for healing at macro level if the form of the hospital is designed according to the climatologically preferences, whereas at micro level: the light resource becomes the staff attentiveness determinant. In Conclusion evidence was provided that the actual form of luminosity results consequently in satisfaction while light entering from several set of windows and other sources might be valued if design according to the healing environment. The data added on the sun shading chart to calculate rays entraining into space in patient room equal to 124416.21 Watts/ meter m 2 is calculated as precise healing rate—and is confirmed by questionnaire from patients belonging from each clinical

Purpose: Maximizing human comfort in design of medical environments depends immensely on specialized architects particularly critical care design; the study proposes Evidence-Based Design as an apparent analog to Evidence-Based Medicine. Healthcare facility designs are substantially based on the fin...

The applicability of Saccharomycopsis fibuligera CJN1020, Pichia jadinii CJN1287, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae CJN1514 isolated from Korean nuruk, a starter culture, for preparation makgeolli was investigated. These yeasts were suitable for preparation of both white rice makgeolli using a steam method and white rice-brown rice-wheat flour (WBW) makgeolli using a complex method. Upon physicochemical evaluation, there were no differences in the final ethanol concentrations between white rice makgeolli and WBW makgeolli. Differences in final ethanol yields occurred according to yeast species. Final ethanol yields using S. fibuligera and P. jadinii were 16 and 18% using S. cerevisiae. WBW makgeolli samples received higher sensory scores than white rice makgeolli for overall preference. GC/MS analysis revealed higher amounts of aromatic compounds in WBW makgeolli than in white rice makgeolli. The complex method was suitable for preparation of makgeolli using brown rice and wheat flour.

Purpose: The aim of this paper is to reduce the stress and the disturbance occur in selective action of patient. This article will also help us to control spreading and reduce the order and bacteria produced by leprosy disease among the lepers. This will be achieved with the help of several variables and these variables help us on health benefits is 5s (Sort, Straighten, Shine, Standardize, Sustain) i.e. ratio of sectional morphology, lessor 90 degree angles, day light, universal design building and maximum ventilation. The replies from the questionnaire were collected based on varying levels of satisfaction and gloominess on the scale of 1-10. Methods: The multi-layer methodological framework for maximising the healing environment obtained from the observation of schemes and parameters of ANOVA: (Analysis Of Variance between five deciding factors) are. Firstly applied for the calculation of the patient`s satisfaction for U.V light from sun on ECOTECT simulation, secondly the number of 90 angle, along the corridors. Thirdly understanding the ways to represent people`s perceptual structures and way finding with Space Syntax software. Fourthly the ratio of depth to height of the building typology and finally interviewing the subjects describing their special experiences based on scale value. The focus of this testing of human subjects was to receive data for the existence of image scheme in way-finding and to identify the mechanisms by which sun light impacts human (lepers) health. Results: AMPVA studies concluded that there is similarity between I and O plan as well as L and H plan whereas U plan was difference among the five selected architectural shapes. Implications: The purpose of this research is to show the effects of the I-type, L-type, C-type, U-type and O-type plan design, and to analyse the morphology for EBD (Evidence=Based Design) healing environment which is a universal design for Munghopir Karachi, in Pakistan.

Purpose: It seems obvious that the hospital structures become more large-sized and tall-risen in Korea today. Nothing is more influential than the vertical core plan on the movements of various people in such large-tall hospitals. The present paper, therefore, aims to study on the efficient hospital core space paying first attention to patients by analysing the data on relations between/among department layouts of vertical and horizontal movements. Methods: This study sampled representative 14 hospitals and drew their degrees of data importance on the basis of precedented relative studies. This study also analysed their placements on the blueprint and made confirmations of their arrangements through their homepage on line. Actual visits were made to make sure of the spacial connections between/among departments in the hospitals as well. Results: Even in emergency case in need for vertical movements, the central main core spaces are usually used, which is because special vertical transportation systems are not provided. In these cases, the main core spaces are very important for those who have to move vertically and/or horizontally according to the locations and types of main cores. While special lifts or dumbwaiters are prepared to install for the important articles, such as samples of pathology department, most patients should share with regular visitors the elevators not separated visually and spatially from them. Implications: Vertical core plans are greatly dependent on the ward types and hospital styles. This study is hopefully expected to contribute itself to the standard setting-up of comfortable and quick vertical core system operations for patients.

BACKGROUND Bronchial asthma is a clinical syndrome characterized by reversibility of airway obstruction. However, many asthmatics have evidence of residual airway obstruction. It has become evident that the repair of the chronic inflammatory process can lead to various irreversible changes. It is generally accepted that the most common cause for the change is cigarette smoking but it is controversial whether asthma progresses to emphysema. High resolution computed tomography (HRCT) is more sensitive and more accurate than chest plain films in determining the type and extent of emphysema. This study was carried out to determine whether asthma can be a cause of emphysema without the effect of cigarette smoking and to evaluate clinical characteristics in asthmatics with emphysema. METHODS We studied 58 asthmatic patients with reversible airway obstruction and evaluated the presence of emphysema using HRCT and pulmonary function test. According to HRCT findings, they were divided into 2 groups: Asthmatics with emphysema and the ones without emphysema. RESULTS Of the 58 patients, 7 were revealed to have emphysema. (1) 6 asthmatics with emphysema were smokers, but one patient was a nonsmoker. (2) Highly significant differences between asthmatics with and without emphysema were found in cigarette smoking (p < 0.01) and smoking consumption (p < 0.01). (3) There were no significant differences in the duration of asthma, age or sex between patients with and without emphysema. (4) There were no significant differences in FEV1(%), FEV1/FVC (%), diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide (DLco) (%) and DLco/alveolar volume between patients with and without emphysema (5) Differences between asthma patients without emphysema and those with emphysema were found to be significant in bronchial wall thickness (p < 0.05) and in total Ig E levels (p = 0.07). CONCLUSION These results indicate that smoking is a main factor in causing emphysema in asthmatics.