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Polymeric porous membranes are important in the protective textile industry because of their high breathability balanced with water resistivity. Developing the membranes which display balanced and optimized properties has proven to be a great challenge. Final membrane performance is dependent on fundamental parameters including membrane thickness, aging temperature, and adhesive aging temperature and time. The aim of this study is to investigate the influence of these parameters on porous membrane morphology and performance. Using a scanning electron microscope, we analyzed membrane thickness impacts on morphology and pore size. We also investigated physical performance such as water pressure, water vapor permeability, and resistance to evaporating heat transfer (RET). We used the Kawabata evaluation system to evaluate the hand values based on quality according to customer choice. However, good mechanical, physical, and aesthetic performance of laminated textile suggest it as a promising substitute for numerous potential applications, especially as outdoor functional protective clothing.

Background: Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is a sporadic neurodegenerative disease characterized by various combinations of parkinsonism, cerebellar ataxia, autonomic dysfunction and pyramidal signs. Two clinical subtypes are recognized: MSA with predominant cerebellar ataxia (MSA-C) and MSA with predominant parkinsonism (MSA-P). The aim of this study was to compare pathological features between MSA-C and MSA-P.Methods: Two autopsy confirmed cases with MSA were included from the Pusan National University Hospital Brain Bank. Case 1 had been clinically diagnosed as MSA-C and case 2 as MSA-P. The severity of neuronal loss and gliosis as well as the glial and neuronal cytoplasmic inclusions were semiquantitatively assessed in both striatonigral and olivopontocerebellar regions. Based on the grading system, pathological phenotypes of MSA were classified as striatonigral degeneration (SND) predominant (SND type), olivopontocerebellar degeneration (OPC) predominant (OPC type), or equivalent SND and OPC pathology (SND=OPC type).Results: Both cases showed widespread and abundant α-synuclein positive glial cytoplasmic inclusions in association with neurodegenerative changes in striatonigral or olivopontocerebellar structures, leading to the primary pathological diagnosis of MSA. Primary age-related tauopathy was incidentally found but Lewy bodies were not in both cases. The pathological phenotypes of MSA were MSA-OPC type in case 1 and MSA-SND=OPC type in case 2.Conclusions: Our data suggest that clinical phenotypes of MSA reflect the pathological characteristics.

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) amyloid-beta 1-42 (Aβ1-42) and amyloid positron emission tomography (PET) are the 2 main Alzheimer disease amyloid biomarkers that have been validated in neuropathologically confirmed Alzheimer disease cases. Although many studies have shown concordance of amyloid positivity or negativity between CSF Aβ1-42 and amyloid PET, several studies also reported discrepancies between these 2 Aβ biomarkers. We conducted a comparison of CSF Aβ1-42 level, amyloid PET, and autopsy findings in a case with progressive supranuclear palsy in which biomarker acquisition and postmortem pathologic examination were conducted almost at the same time. Our case with antemortem CSF Aβ1-42 (+)/amyloid PET (-) who was pathologically confirmed with Aβ pathology in the cerebral cortex may indicate CSF Aβ1-42 is more sensitive for assessing in vivo Aβ than amyloid PET.

Objective The Korean patient with Perry syndrome (PS) was the first to come to autopsy. We report a pathologically confirmed patient with PS, and compare to pathological findings of previous literatures. Materials and methods The patient had a family history of parkinsonism and had a mutation in the DCTN1 gene. After death an autopsy was performed. We analyzed macroscopic and microscopic findings of the patient. Results There was no prominent cortical atrophy, but microscopy showed severe neuronal loss, microvacuolation, and gliosis in the substantia nigra (SN). We identified transactive response DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43)-positive neuronal cytoplasmic inclusions, dystrophic neurites, and glial cytoplasmic inclusions in surviving SN neurons. In addition, some neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) were also seen in the parahippocampal gyrus. Conclusion The neuropathology, including TDP-43 proteinopathy, is comparable to that reported previously in Caucasian populations. In addition to the stereotypic features of PS, our patient had NFTs in the parahippocampal gyrus, the pathology similar to that is described as primary age-related tauopathy (PART). These observations suggest that comorbid age-related neuropathologic change may also contribute to cognitive impairment in PS.

Corticobasal syndrome (CBS) is a typical phenotype of corticobasal degeneration (CBD). However, autopsy series have shown that many CBS cases emerge from various types of non-CBD pathology. We report a 73-year-old Korean man who was clinically diagnosed with CBS whose underlying pathology was Alzheimer's disease (AD) at autopsy (CBS-AD). This case suggests that early developing memory impairment and myoclonus, severe temporoparietal atrophy, and visual hallucinations may support a more specific prediction of CBS-AD.

This paper presents the technology and implementation results of manipulating the MAC and IP Address of the transmitting side in MCU(Microcontroller Unit), when data communication with remote APs is performed on CC3220 Wi-Fi module associated with STM32 MCU. Because the existing packet sending and receiving process also changes in the CRC as MAC and IP change, CRC checksum errors occur when MAC and IP are manipulated. The method presented in this paper reduces the resources required for computations to match the CRC checksum in the transmission and reception environment between MCU and external AP, and it also allows the sending-receiving and exchanging data with minimal manipulation.

In this paper, we propose an additional data transferring SPI synchronization method to increase efficiency when data transferring between MCUs.In the MCU of the Wi-Fi module, when the size of data to be transmitted or received exceeds a predetermined size, data is transmitted in an inefficient manner. Therefore, if the size of the network increases or the number of devices to communicate increases, the data transmission rate becomes more and more inefficient. Also, since a data loss occurs depending on a situation, a method of preventing data loss is needed.Therefore, we propose an additional data transferring SPI synchronization method that checks total length of the data to be transmitted, efficiently transmits data according to the data size, and prevents data loss.The additional data transferring SPI synchronization method transmits data more efficiently than the existing data transmission method, increases the data transmission speed, and prevents data loss to ensure integrity of data.

Psoriasis is present in all racial groups, but in varying frequencies and severity. Considering that small plaque psoriasis is specific to the Asian population and severe psoriasis is more predominant in the Western population, we defined Asian small and intermediate plaque psoriasis as psoriasis subtypes and compared their molecular signatures with the classic subtype of Western large plaque psoriasis. Two different characteristics of psoriatic spreading—vertical growth and radial expansion—were contrasted between subtypes, and genomic data were correlated to histologic and clinical measurements. Compared with Western large plaque psoriasis, Asian small plaque psoriasis revealed limited psoriasis spreading, but IL-17A and IL-17-regulated proinflammatory cytokines were highly expressed. Paradoxically, IL-17A and IL-17-regulated proinflammatory cytokines were lower in Western large plaque psoriasis, whereas T cells and dendritic cells in total psoriatic skin area were exponentially increased. Negative immune regulators, such as CD69 and FAS, were decreased in both Western large plaque psoriasis and psoriasis with accompanying arthritis or obesity, and their expression was correlated with psoriasis severity index. Based on the disease subtype comparisons, we propose that dysregulation of T-cell expansion enabled by downregulation of immune negative regulators is the main mechanism for development of large plaque psoriasis subtypes.

This paper proposes a method of implementing a NIC (Network Interface Card) capable of data processing at 40Gbps. Recently, technologies such as cloud services, mobile, and big data have been developed and more and more traffic is increasing. Therefore, network equipment capable of processing such traffic at high speed is attracting attention. We developed a network card based on the TILE-Gx36 processor, which made it possible to process data at high speed. As a result of our experiments, we confirmed that data transmission and reception are working normally at 40Gbps.

Cloud computing is becoming more important in Software Defined Networking (SDN) / Network Function Virtualization (NFV). Virtual Machine (VM) and various services require higher performance servers. Accordingly, the performance of the server also requires high capacity and high performance. As the performance of hardware increases, it is required to increase the speed in the data plane area. In order to increase the speed of the data plane area, it is necessary to adjust the core affinity for each flow. When passing through the kernel, the kernel performs packet header parsing, which is overhead in terms of speed. Therefore we propose a data plane acceleration technology with load distribution of multicore (28 core) based Network Interface Card (NIC) in the test environment that delivers packets at 20 Gbps.

A 63-year-old man presented with a 1.5-year history of progressive personality changes. Clinical evaluations revealed severe frontal dysfunction and bilateral frontal atrophy/glucose hypometabolism. He was diagnosed as probable behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia. He continued to decline, and died at the age of 66. At autopsy, numerous tau-positive gilial threads and coiled bodies were observed in the white matter. Tau-positive astrocytic plaques and neuronal cytoplasmic inclusions were also seen in cerebral cortices, which were compatible with corticobasal degeneration. J Korean Neurol Assoc 33(3):178-182, 2015

Eun-Joo Kim, MD, Eun-Hye Oh, MD, Ki-Tae Kim, MD, Yoori Jung, MD, Jeong Hee Lee, MD, Jae-Hyeok Lee, MD, Young Min Lee, MD, Seong-Jang Kim, MD, Jin-Hong-Shin, MD, Myung-Jun Shin, MD, Myung Jun Lee, MD, Jae Woo Ahn, MD, Suk Sung, MD, Kyung-Un Choi, MD, Dae Soo Jung, MD, William W. Seeley, MD, Gi Yeong Huh, MD Departments of Neurology, Pathology, Psychiatry, Nuclear Medicine, Rehabilitation Medicine, Anatomy, and Forensic Medicine, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, Korea Memory and Aging Center, University of California San Francisco, CA, USA

We describe detailed clinical, biochemical, neuroimaging and neuropathological features in adult-onset leukoencephalopathy with axonal spheroids and pigmented glia (ALSP), encompassing hereditary diffuse leukoencephalopathy with axonal spheroids (HDLS) and pigmentary orthochromatic leukodystrophy (POLD), linked to colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R) mutations in four Korean cases. Clinical, biochemical, neuroimaging and neuropathological findings were obtained by direct evaluation and from previous medical records. The genetic analysis of the CSF1R gene was done in two autopsy-confirmed ALSP cases and two cases where ALSP was suspected based on the clinical and neuroimaging characteristics. We identified two known mutations: c.2342C>T (p.A781V) in one autopsy-proven HDLS and clinically ALSP-suspected case and c.2345G>A (p.R782H) in another autopsy-proven POLD case. We also found a novel mutation (c.2296A>G; p.M766V) in a patient presenting with hand tremor, stuttering and hesitant speech, and abnormal behavior whose father died from a possible diagnosis of spinocerebellar ataxia. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first documented ALSP-linked CSF1R mutation in Korea and supports the suggestion that HDLS and POLD, with pathological characteristics that are somewhat different but which are caused by CSF1R mutations, are the same spectrum of disease, ALSP.

BACKGROUND Rosacea is a common chronic inflammatory disorder affecting facial skin. Currently, no accurate and objective method is available for assessing the severity of rosacea. Most studies use the National Rosacea Society Standard (NRSS) grading method, which lacks objectivity and yields varying results. METHODS Eighteen patients with rosacea were included. Clinical severity was assessed on the basis of the NRSS grade, Investigators' Global Assessment, Patients' Global Assessment, and Dermatology Quality of Life Index. A skin color analysis system was used to measure the facial area showing erythema, and biophysical parameters of facial skin (transepidermal water loss and skin surface hydration) were examined. To find statistical significant in classification severity of the rosacea, statistical analysis was performed with all parameters. RESULTS A significant correlation (P < 0.05) was found between the NRSS grade, facial area showing erythema, and biophysical parameters. The latter two factors differed significantly among patients with rosacea of different levels of severity (mild, moderate, severe; P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Color imaging systems can be useful and reliable for evaluating the severity of rosacea, in addition to biophysical parameter assessment. The combination of these two analytical methods enabled objective and quantitative evaluation of the severity of rosacea.

This paper deals with the process to identify the exciting forces generated from a rotary compressor. The equation of motion of a rigid compressor supported by several mounts was derived with 6 degree of freedom. The mass moment of inertia of compressor and the stiffness of rubber mounts were also identified by experiments. The exciting force at the center of mass of the compressor were estimated from the acceleration data measured at compressor shell. The piping system connected to the compressor was modeled. The acceleration of a pipe was predicted numerically by using the predicted exciting force. The numerical results showed good agreement with experimental results, which validated the identified exciting force.

Background Periodic investigations into patterns of antimicrobial resistance can help to optimize the efficacy of treatment and limit the development of resistance. Objectives The aim of this study was to update information on patterns of antimicrobial resistance in Staphylococcus aureus isolated from skin infections in South Korea. Methods We retrospectively analyzed clinical information and in vitro antimicrobial resistance data for 965 clinical S. aureus isolates obtained from skin infections during 2010–2013 in a university hospital in South Korea. Results The rate of resistance to oxacillin (methicillin-resistant S. aureus [MRSA]) was 47.4%. Similar rates of resistance to erythromycin (45.6%), fusidic acid (44.0%), and clindamycin (42.3%) were noted. The rate of resistance to mupirocin was 8.4%. Overall, 4.9% of isolates were resistant to both fusidic acid and mupirocin. None of the isolates showed resistance to habekacin, synercid, teicoplanin, or vancomycin. Generally, antimicrobial resistance rates did not increase from 2010 to 2013 except with reference to a few agents such as mupirocin and rifampin. Isolates from surgical patients, inpatients, non-dermatology outpatients, and adult patients showed relatively high rates of resistance to multiple antimicrobials. Resistance to mupirocin was not only lower than that to fusidic acid but was consistent across clinical contexts. Conclusions The prevalence of MRSA in skin infections in South Korea did not increase during 2010–2013. Isolates from dermatology outpatients showed relatively lower rates of resistance to multiple antimicrobials than isolates from non-dermatology outpatients. Among topical antimicrobials, resistance to mupirocin was relatively low regardless of clinical condition.

Background: Sudden unexplained nocturnal death syndrome (SUNDS) occurs predominantly in Southeast Asian people including Koreans. SUNDS is problematic for forensic pathologists because the diagnosis depends on the “exclusion of diagnosis.” Moreover, the pathogenesis of SUNDS is still unclear although some cases are known to be intimately related to the Brugada syndrome. Connexin43 (Cx43) is a principal protein of gap junction in adult cardiac myocytes, being distributed to the intercalated discs and phosphorylated in normal condition. Ischemia and hypoxia alter the expression of total Cx43 (tCx43) resulting in redistribution of non-phosphorylated Cx43 (npCx43) to the sarcoplasm or lateral cell borders of cardiac myocytes by continuing dephosphorylation. This study aimed to compare the immunoexpression pattern of Cx43 in the cardiac myocytes of SUNDS and ischemic heart disease (IHD). Methods: The study group included SUNDS victims (SUNDS group, N=26; all males; aged 22-43 years; median age, 30.4 years), had a characteristic premortem history and negative autopsy findings. The control group was individuals who died suddenly due to IHD with severe coronary atherosclerosis, showing no myocardial ischemic change (IHD group, N=24; 22 males and 2 females; aged 35-76 years; median age, 53.5 years). Immunostaining was performed using the ABC method. The primary antibodies were rabbit polyclonal anti-Cx43 antibody (1:2,000, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), which react to both phosphorylated forms of Cx3 and npCx43, and mouse monoclonal anti-npCx43 antibody (1:100, Life Technologies, Frederick, MD, USA), which detect only npCx43. Expression patterns were grouped as no staining (NO), intercalated disc pattern (ID pattern, confined mostly to the intercalated discs), and redistribution pattern (R pattern, extended to the lateral borders of sarcoplasmic membrane). The chi-square test was used to analyze the relationship of tCx43 and npCx43 immunoexpression pattern with SUNDS group and IHD group. A p-value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: 1. Expression of tCx43 in the SUNDS and IHD group. The results of tCx43 expression in the cardiac myocytes of the SUNDS and IHD group are summarized: In the SUNDS group, 7/26 cases (26.9%) displayed the NO pattern; 19/26 cases (73.1%), the ID pattern. The R pattern was not observed in the SUNDS group. In the IHD group, 14/24 cases (58.3%) displayed the ID pattern; 10/24 cases (41.7%), the R pattern. The NO pattern was not observed in the IHD group. There was a significant difference in the tCx43 expression between the SUNDS and IHD group (p

Sudden cardiac death is frequently encountered in forensic practice. In Korea, around 15% of all forensic autopsy cases are attributed to ischemic heart disease (IHD), including acute myocardial infarction [1]. However, the postmortem diagnosis of IHD is sometimes very difficult for forensic pathologists when microscopic ischemic changes in the myocardium are not detected at the early stages of myocardial infarction by conventional staining techniques [2]. No definitive method has yet been developed for this postmortem diagnosis. However, various techniques, including special stain, enzyme histochemistry, immunohistochemistry, fluorescent methods, and electron microscopy, have been studied with the aim of finding specific ischemic evidence in the myocardium. For practical use in immunohistochemistry, some plasma and cellular markers like myoglobin, cardiac troponin I, fibronectin, desmin, C5b-9 complex, etc. have been considered. However

Poikiloderma vasculare atrophicans (PVA) is a rare poikilodermatous variant of early-stage mycosis fungoides characterized by generalized poikiloderma, atrophy, mottled dyspigmentation, and telangiectasia. In 2001, a 14-year-old male presented with asymptomatic brownish-gray polymorphic macules throughout the body with flexural accentuation. A skin biopsy showed increased melanophages with focal hydropic changes. Ashy dermatosis was considered a possible diagnosis. In 2005, the lesions began to show darkening and lichenification in the lower part of the trunk. In 2011, his skin showed definite poikilodermatous changes, and a biopsy showed band-like inflammatory infiltrations of atypical lymphocytes, epidermal atrophy, and epidermotropism of predominantly CD4(-)CD8(+) atypical T cells. In addition, results of T-cell receptor gene rearrangement analysis were positive. Based on the aforementioned findings, he was diagnosed with PVA. If a patient shows long-standing and progressive hyperpigmentary skin changes, periodic follow-up and repeated skin biopsies are recommended to determine the underlying condition.

This paper presents an algorithm to compute an approximation to the general sweep boundary of 2D moving object which changes its shape while traversing a trajectory. In effect, we make polygonal approximations to the trajectory and to the object shape at every appropriate instance along the trajectory. Then, we linearly connect any two consecutive object instances, and construct polygon(s) as an approximation to the sweep boundary of the object.