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To evaluate the efficacy and risk of cataract surgery (phacoemulsification with intraocular lens [IOL] implantation) combined with endoscopic goniosynechialysis (EGSL) for advanced primary angle-closure glaucoma (PACG).Retrospective, continuous case series.A total of 16 patients (18 eyes) with advanced PACG were enrolled in this study between February 2014 and March 2016. Advanced glaucoma inclusion criteria were based on the method proposed in the Advanced Glaucoma Intervention Study, with a visual field score of 18 points or more.All patients underwent cataract surgery with EGSL by the same experienced surgeon. Paired t test and generalized estimating equation analyses were performed.The extent of peripheral anterior synechiae (PAS), number of intraocular pressure (IOP)-lowering drugs, IOP, best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), and visual fields before and after surgery. The incidence of complications was recorded.The mean follow-up duration was 13.8 months (standard deviation, 2.7 months). The mean difference (preoperative minus postoperative) in PAS was 202.7° (95% confidence interval [CI], 43.5°). The mean difference (preoperative minus postoperative) in the number of IOP-lowering drugs and IOP was 2.0 (95% CI, ±0.5), and 9.4 mmHg (95% CI, ±2.1 mmHg) respectively. The mean improvement in BCVA was 0.29 logMAR (95% CI, ±0.14). A positive correlation was found between the extent of postoperative PAS and postoperative IOP (B = 8.2; P0.001) and also between postoperative PAS and postoperative number of IOP-lowering drugs (B = 28.9; P0.001). Anterior chamber hemorrhage and exudation occurred in 4 patients and 2 patients, respectively, after surgery. Posterior capsular opacification occurred in 5 patients after surgery.Cataract surgery with EGSL could be an effective surgical method for the treatment of advanced PACG.

The crystalline lens revealed steepening anterior surface and increasing equatorial diameter with age. Cycloplegia caused significant changes on the anterior surface, and this effect weakened with age., Purpose: To evaluate the effect of age and cycloplegia on the morphology of the crystalline lens using a swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT) system. Setting: Hospital. Design: Prospective cross-sectional study. Methods: The parameters including anterior chamber depth (ACD), the radii of curvature of the anterior and posterior surface of the crystalline lens (ALR and PLR), lens thickness (LT), lens equatorial diameter (LED), and lens vault (LV) were quantified by the SS-OCT before and after cycloplegia. The paired t test was used to compare the parameters before and after cycloplegia. A multivariate linear regression model was built to analyze the association between the parameters/cycloplegia-induced changes and age, while adjusting for the effect of axial length, refractive status, and sex. Results: 76 individuals (age range, 18 to 86 years) were recruited. The ALR and ACD were negatively correlated with age (P ≤ .002), and the LT, LV, and LED were positively correlated with age (P ≤ .004). In participants younger than 60 years, the ALR and ACD significantly increased, whereas the LV and LT significantly decreased after cycloplegia (all P < .001). With aging, cycloplegia-induced differences of ALR (P = .001) and ACD (P = .014) significantly decreased, and of LT (P < .001), LT (P < .001), and LV (P = .001) significantly increased. Conclusions: The crystalline lens morphology measured by the SS-OCT revealed steepening anterior surface and increasing equatorial diameter with age. Cycloplegia caused a significant change of anterior surface morphology in participants younger than 60 years, and this effect diminished with age.

In this work, two carbazole- and benzo[d]oxazole-based novel multifunctional materials with a hybridized local and charge-transfer (HLCT) characteristic, namely, OCI and OCT, which could act as deep-blue fluorophors and phosphorescent hosts, were first designed and synthesized. Both OCI and OCT display meritorious thermal stability with a glass transition temperature (Tg) as high as 139 and 137 °C, respectively. The two compounds also reveal excellent bipolar carrier transport ability and emit deep-blue emission with photoluminescence quantum yields (PLQY) of 34.5% and 14.0%, respectively. Used as blue fluorophors, OCI- and OCT-based non-doped devices exhibit a very low turn-on voltage (Von) of 3.0 V and realize deep-blue emission with peaks located at 438–453 nm, and the optimized OCI-based device achieve the maximum external quantum efficiency (ηext,max) reaching 3.19%. Remarkably, doped blue devices show even deeper blue emission at 424 and 428 nm and the optimized OCI-based device achieves a significantly improved ηext,max of 5.06% with CIEy < 0.04, which could rank among the deepest blue HLCT fluorophors. Additionally, green phosphorescent OLEDs hosted by OCI and OCT reveal a low Von of 2.7 V with maximum current efficiencies (ηc,max) of 49.43 cd A−1 (ηext,max of 14.11%) and 52.81 cd A−1 (ηext,max of 15.57%), respectively, which are superior to that of CBP (Von of 3.0 V, ηc,max of 51.76 cd A−1 and ηext,max of 12.88%). The superb electroluminescence (EL) performance of OCI and OCT as deep-blue HLCT emitters and phosphorescent hosts demonstrates that they have great potential for industrial applications.

Nonintrusive load monitoring (NILM) is performed by monitoring the total electricity consumption data from the customer’s meter and decomposing it with a load decomposition algorithm to get real-time electricity consumption data for individual appliances. Nonintrusive load decomposition is a single-channel blind source separation problem, which is difficult to implement because of the inherently unidentifiable problem. Recent studies have shown that deep learning is gradually becoming the mainstream approach to solve the NILM problem owing to the availability of data, computing power, and deep network training algorithm models. Among them, the sequence-to-point (seq2point) (Zhang) load decomposition model achieves state-of-the-art prediction because it concentrates on the representation ability of the network at one point. In this article, we optimize the structure of the network model based on the seq2point model, use a temporal convolutional network (TCN) with a more flexible perceptual field of view to train the load decomposition model, and replace the traditional activation function Relu with the activation function GELU. Finally, we test the algorithm in the public dataset UK-DALE and select the mean absolute error and F-score as the main evaluation indexes of the algorithm performance. Comparing the decomposition results of the two algorithms for the same period dataset, the results show that the temporal convolutional network model has substantially improved the performance index of load decomposition while reducing the model parameters.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the agreement between measurements obtained with a new optical biometer (Argos; Movu Inc) using large coherence length swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT) and those obtained with an optical biometer with a rotating Scheimpflug camera, combined with partial coherence interferometry (PCI) (Pentacam AXL; Oculus Optikgeräte GmbH) in adults. METHODS: The following measurements were examined and evaluated: axial length, central corneal thickness (CCT), anterior chamber depth (ACD), mean keratometry, J 0 and J 45 vectors, and corneal diameter. Measurements with the two biometers were conducted in triplicate per instrument in a random order by the same examiner. Paired t tests were employed to compare the difference between the two devices. The Bland-Altman method was implemented to assess their agreement. RESULTS: A total of 145 patients were enrolled in the study. The differences between the Scheimpflug/PCI–based biometer and the SS-OCT biometer were as follows: −0.02 ± 0.05 mm for axial length, 1.15 ± 5.79 µm for CCT, −0.04 ± 0.04 mm for ACD, −0.28 ± 0.16 diopters (D) for mean keratometry, 0.01 ± 0.11 D for J 0 , −0.02 ± 0.10 D for J 45 , and −1.03 ± 0.62 mm for corneal diameter. Bland-Altman plots showed narrow ranges in axial length, CCT, ACD, mean keratometry, and J 0 and J 45 , which implied excellent agreement between the two biometers. Corneal diameter displayed poor agreement, with a 95% limits of agreement ranging from −2.25 to 0.19 mm. CONCLUSIONS: Excellent agreement was established between the measurements provided by the new optical biometer based on SS-OCT and the optical biometer using Scheimpflug imaging and PCI, except for corneal diameter. [ J Refract Surg . 2020;36(7):459–465.]

Background To investigate the biomechanical properties of the cornea in myopic eyes using corneal visualization Scheimpflug technology (Corvis ST). The relationships between the biomechanical properties of the cornea and the degree of myopia were also investigated. Methods 265 eyes of 265 subjects were included. Based on spherical equivalent (SE) in diopters (D), participants were divided into four groups: low myopia/control (SE: − 0.50 to − 3.00D), moderate myopia (SE: − 3.00 to − 6.00D), high myopia (SE: − 6.00 to − 10.00D) and severe myopia (SE greater than − 10.00D). Axial length (AL), anterior segment parameters, and corneal biomechanical properties were obtained with the Lenstar LS900, Pentacam HR and Corvis ST, respectively. Results Mean (±SD) SE was − 7.29 ± 4.31D (range: − 0.63 to − 25.75D). Mean AL was 26.31 ± 1.82 mm (range: 21.87 to 31.94 mm). Significant differences were detected within the four groups in terms of six corneal biomechanical parameters: deformation amplitude (DA), time from start until second applanation (A2-time), length of flattened cornea at the second applanation (A2-length), corneal velocity during the first and second applanation (A2-velocity), time from start to highest concavity (HC-time), and central curvature at highest concavity (HC radius). AL was positively associated with DA whereas negatively associated with A1-velocity and A2-length. SE was positively associated with A2-time, HC-time and A2-velocity, whereas negatively associated with DA. IOP was positively associated with four corneal biomechanical parameters and negatively associated with three parameters. Conclusions Eyes with severe myopia showed greater DA, lesser A2 time, HC time, and faster A2-velocity compared to low to high myopia. This suggests the cornea becomes weaker and more deformable with elongation of axial length with corresponding increases in myopia. DA, A2-time and A2-velocity could be useful corneal biomechanical indicators in patients with myopia.

Current development of light-responsive materials and technologies imposes an urgent demand on visible-light photoswitching on account of its mild excitation with high penetration ability and low photo-toxicity. However, complicated molecular design and laborious synthesis are often required for visible-light photoswitch, especially for diarylethenes. Worse still, a dilemma is encountered as the visible-light excitation of the diarylethene is often achieved at the expense of photochromic performances. To tackle these setbacks, we introduce a building-block design strategy to achieve all-visible-light photochromism with the triplet-sensitization mechanism. The simply designed diarylethene system is constructed by employing a sensitizer building-block with narrow singlet-triplet energy gap (ΔEST) to a diarylethene building-block. A significant improvement on the photochromic efficiency is obtained as well as an enhanced photo-fatigue resistance over those under UV irradiation. The balance between the visible-light excitation and decent photochromism is thus realized, promoting a guiding principle for the visible-light photochromism., Development of light-responsive materials imposes a demand on visible-light photoswitching but this is often achieved at expense of photochromic performance. Here the authors use a building-block design to achieve a diarylethene all-visible-light photoswitch with improved photochromic efficiency and enhanced photo-fatigue resistance.

Three hole transport materials, FIPN-p-PCz, FIPN-p-TPA and FIPN-DPCz, incorporating fluorene/indole core with carbazole or triphenylamine unit were synthesized and fully characterized. The photophysical properties, thermal properties and electrochemical properties of these three compounds were fully investigated. The FIPN-based hole transport materials show high thermal stability (Td > 420 °C) and appropriate highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) level (∼-5.2 eV). Green phosphorescent organic light-emitting diodes (PhOLEDs) using these FIPN-based derivatives were fabricated to investigate the device performance, compared with NPB as the reference hole transport material. It turned out that the devices using these three compounds exhibited superior performance than that of the NPB-based PhOLED device. Especially, the FIPN-p-PCz based device showed outstanding electroluminescence performance with the maximum current efficiency and external quantum efficiency of 53.7 cd/A and 17.3%, respectively, which was almost twice that of the NPB based device.

Two host materials H1 and H2 by introducing dibenzothiophene and dibezofuran moieties into the carbazole and pyridine derivative, respectively, are reported. Their structural and physical properties were fully characterized. The thermal analysis demonstrated that both H1 and H2 are thermally stable. The triplet energy levels of H1 and H2 were determined to be 2.66 and 2.51 eV, respectively. Green phosphorescent OLEDs with H1 and H2 acting as host materials were fabricated to investigate their performances in PHOLEDs. Green PHOLED based on H1 shows the best performance with the maximum power efficiency of 50.4 lm/W and the lowest driving voltage of 2.5 eV. The characteristic measurements of OLED devices reveal that both H1 and H2 are promising host materials for practical application. By comparing with the commercial host material of 4,4′-bis(carbazol-9-yl)biphenyl (CBP), the power efficiency of green PHOLED was enhanced by 31.6%.

Background: The homeobox gene 5 (HOXB5) encodes a transcription factor that regulates the central nervous system embryonic development. Of note, its expression pattern and prognostic role in glioma remain unelucidated. This study aimed to identify the relationship between HOXB5 and glioma by investigating the HOXB5 expression data from the The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and The Genotype Tissue Expression (GTEx) databases and validating the obtained data using the Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas (CGGA) database. Kaplan-Meier and univariate cox regression analyses were performed to assess the prognostic value of HOXB5. The key functions and signaling pathways of HOXB5 were analyzed using GSEA and GSVA. Immune infiltration was calculated using Microenvironment Cell Populations-counter (MCP-counter), single-sample Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (ssGSEA), and ESTIMATE algorithms.Result: HOXB5 expression was elevated in glioma tissues. The increased levels of HOXB5 were significantly correlated with a higher WHO grade and aggressive cancer phenotypes. HOXB5 overexpression represented a risk factor that was associated with shorter overall survival (OS) while exhibiting a moderate forecast efficiency in most clinical subgroups. These results were validated using the CGGA and Rembrandt datasets. Furthermore, the functional analysis showed enrichment of angiogenesis, the IL6/JAK-STAT3 pathway, and inflammatory response in the tissues that showed high expression of HOXB5. Lastly, the high expression of HOXB5 was associated with enrichment of Tregs and MDSCs, and HOXB5 expression was shown to play a role in several immune checkpoint genes.Conclusions: HOXB5 may serve as a predictive factor of glioma malignancy and prognostic status and represents potential as a molecular treatment candidate.

The viral proliferation process of envelop viruses including invasion, assembly, and release process is impacted by glycosylation. Sialic acid modification mainly exists in the terminal glycosylation of proteins and lipids. In this study, the effect of porcine sialylglycosyltransferase (ST3GAL2) on virus proliferation, as well as regulation of inflammatory factor in PRRSV-infected 3D4/21 cell model were analyzed. The expression of ST3GAL2 was up-regulated in PRRSV-infected 3D4/21 cells. The expression of ST3GAL2 that promote the proliferation of PRRSV was determined by overexpression and interference experiment. The ST3GAL2 localizes to Golgi apparatus and interacts with PRRSV structural protein GP2a was verified by confocal microscopy and co-immnoprecipitation array, which may play roles in the assembly of PRRSV envelope and virus proliferation. The expression of ST3GAL2 also impacts the expression of inflammatory cytokines, which regulate cellular immunity and promote the immune escape of PRRSV from innate immunity. Our results highlighted a potential mechanism whereby ST3GAL2 promotes PRRSV proliferation and offers the anti-inflammatory role of ST3GAL2 in cellular immunity.

Background Glioma is characterised by easy invasion of surrounding tissues, high mortality and poor prognosis. Moreover, the prognosis of glioma is getting worse and worse with the increase of grade, which is not optimistic. Therefore, biological markers for glioma are needed in clinical to detect and evaluate the situation and prognosis of patients with glioma. In many studies, we have found that the protein arginine methyltransferase 6 (PRMT6) expression is elevated in various tumors, which is associated with prognosis of patient. However, there has been no report or study on the role of PRMT6 in glioma. Methods In this study, we used various tumor-related databases to analyze the mechanism of PRMT6 in tumors, especially gliomas, from bioinformatics, and carried out relevant experimental verification with tumor tissues extracted from patients during surgery. Besides, we analyzed the relationship between PRMT6 expression and immune infiltration and immune-related cells, and discussed the possible mechanisms. We also discussed the role of PRMT6 expression in glioma from mutation, clinical indicators, enrichment analysis, and immunohistochemical results. Results PRMT6 is significantly differentially expressed in multiple tumors, which is associated with survival and prognosis. Especially in gliomas, the PRMT6 expression gradually increased with the grade increasing. Besides, PRMT6 can be used as an independent prognostic risk factor in the nomogram and has been verified in various databases. Conclusions Our results indicate that high PRMT6 expression is a potential biomarker for predicting prognosis and progression of glioma.

PURPOSE To comprehensively compare visual quality between small incision lenticule extraction (SMILE) and transepithelial photorefractive keratectomy (tPRK). METHODS Sixty-four eyes in the SMILE group and 42 eyes in the tPRK group were enrolled in this study. In both groups, visual acuity, manifest refraction, higher-order aberrations (HOAs), contrast sensitivity (CS) at four spatial frequencies (3, 6, 12, 18 c/d) under three conditions (photopic, low glare, high glare), the cut-off value of the modulation transfer function (MTFcut-off), the objective scatter index (OSI) and the Strehl ratio (SR) were measured preoperatively and 1, 3 and 6 months postoperatively. RESULTS At 6 months postoperatively, the SMILE and tPRK groups showed similar safety, efficacy and predictability. Additionally, MTFcut-off, SR and OSI exhibited comparable results. In contrast, the photopic area under the logarithm of the CS function (AULCSF) showed better outcomes in the tPRK group than in the SMILE group (SMILE versus tPRK: 1.21 ± 0.10 versus 1.25 ± 0.09, p = 0.014). Furthermore, the induced coma aberrations were larger in the SMILE group (SMILE versus tPRK: 0.10 ± 0.16 versus 0.06 ± 0.12, 95% CI [0.08, 0.31], p

Background: Gliomas are characterised by easy invasion of surrounding tissues, high mortality and poor prognosis. Moreover, with the increase of grade, the prognosis of glioma is increasingly poor and not optimistic. Therefore, biological markers for glioma are needed in clinical work, which can be utilized to detect and evaluate the situation and prognosis of glioma patients. Many studies have found that the protein arginine methyltransferase 6 (PRMT6) expression is elevated in various tumors and is associated with patient prognosis. However, the role of PRMT6 in glioma has not been reported or analyzed. Methods: In this study, we used a variety of tumor related databases to analyze the mechanism of PRMT6 in tumors, especially gliomas, from the perspective of bioinformatics, and carried out relevant experimental verification with tumor tissues extracted from patients during surgery. In addition, we analyzed the relationship between PRMT6 expression and immune infiltration and immune-related cells, and discussed the possible mechanisms. We also discussed the role of PRMT6 expression in glioma from the perspectives of mutation, clinical indicators, enrichment analysis, and immunohistochemical results. Results: PRMT6 is significantly differentially expressed in a variety of tumors and is associated with survival and prognosis. Especially in gliomas, the expression of PRMT6 gradually increased with the increase of grade. In addition, PRMT6 can be used as an independent prognostic risk factor in the nomogram and has been verified in a variety of databases. Conclusions: Our results indicate that high expression of PRMT6 is a potential biomarker for predicting glioma prognosis and progression.

Background: The accurate evaluation of corneal thickness (CT) post small incision lenticule extraction (SMILE) is clinically relevant to reduce the risk of complications. We aimed to analyze repeatability and agreement of central corneal thickness (CCT), thinnest corneal thickness (TCT), and mid-peripheral corneal thickness (MPCT) measurements using Scheimpflug imaging, anterior segment swept-source optical coherence tomography (AS-SS-OCT, CASIA 1000, Tomey), and ultrasound pachymetry (USP, SP-3000, Tomey) in eyes with previous SMILE. Methods: Ninety-one eyes of 91 patients were included. Within-subject standard deviation (Sw), test-retest repeatability (TRT), intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), and coefficient of variation (CoV) were used to evaluate repeatability. Agreement was assessed by repeat-measurement analysis of variance and Bland-Altman analysis. Results: The above three instruments revealed that Sw was 0.94. The 95% limits of agreement were relatively narrow and Bland-Altman plots were more concentrated at the CCT, at the TCT, and at the CT2mm. However, it was shown to be wide at the CT5mm. Conclusions: The three devices provide good repeatability of CT measurements in patients who undergone SMILE. Agreement between measurements at the CCT, TCT, and CT2mm were high, but measurement agreements among CT5mm revealed poor agreement.

BackgroundTo compare the difference in central corneal thickness (CCT) measurements in normal eyes between a rotating Scheimpflug camera combined with a Placido-disk corneal topographer (Sirius, CSO, Italy) and ultrasound pachymetry (USP).MethodsA systematic literature search was conducted for relevant studies published on PubMed, Medline, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library and ClinicalTrials.gov from inception to August 1st, 2019. Primary outcome measures were CCT measurements between Sirius and USP. A random effects model was used to pool CCT measurements.ResultsA total of twelve studies involving 862 eyes were included in this meta-analysis. The meta-analysis found CCT measurements between Sirius and USP to be statistically significantly different (P 2 = 60% (P = 0.004).ConclusionCCT measurements with the Sirius Scheimpflug-Placido topographer were statistically significantly lower than USP. However, it may be argued that the mean difference of 11.26 μm is not a clinically significant difference.

Purpose To assess the repeatability and reproducibility of swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT) and Scheimpflug system and evaluate the agreement between the two systems in measuring multiple corneal regions in children. Methods Pachymetric and keratometric maps for both systems were evaluated. Central, midperipheral and peripheral corneal thickness (CT), keratometry and astigmatism power vectors were recorded. The three outcomes yielded by the same observer were used to assess intraobserver repeatability. The differences in the mean values provided by each observer were used to evaluate interobserver reproducibility. Within-subject standard deviation, test-retest repeatability (TRT) and coefficient of variation (CoV) were used to analyze the intraobserver repeatability and interobserver reproducibility. Paired T-test and Bland-Altman were used to appraise interdevice agreement. Results Seventy-eight eyes of 78 children were included. The CoV was ≤2.12 and 1.10%, respectively, for repeatability and reproducibility. TRT and CoV were lower for central and paracentral CT measurements than for peripheral measurements. The SS-OCT device generated higher precision when acquiring CT data, whereas Scheimpflug system showed higher reliability when measuring corneal keratometry. Although the CT readings measured using SS-OCT were significantly thinner than Scheimpflug device (P Conclusions The precision of CT measurements by SS-OCT was higher, while the reliability of keratometry measurements by the Scheimpflug system was higher in children. Apart from the measured values in the central corneal region, the thickness and keratometry readings should not be considered interchangeable between the two systems.

The 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has now swept through the continents and poses a global threat to public health. Several investigations have been conducted to identify whether COVID-19 can be transmitted through the ocular route, and the conclusion is that it is a potential route but remains uncertain. Due to the face-to-face communication with patients, frequent exposure to tears and ocular discharge, and the unavoidable use of equipment which requires close proximity, ophthalmologists carry a high risk of contracting severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Based on 33 articles published by Chinese scholars, guidelines and clinical practice experience in domestic hospitals, we have summarized the Chinese experience through the lens of ophthalmology, hoping to make a contribution to protecting ophthalmologists and patients around the world.

Background To evaluate the effect of orthokeratology on precision of measurements in children using a new swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT) optical biometer (OA-2000), and agreement between its measurements and those provided by the commonly used IOLMaster based on partial coherence interferometry (PCI). Methods This study recruited fifty-one eyes of 51 normal children (8–16 years). An operator took measurements with the two biometers. Then, a second operator took measurements with the SS-OCT biometer. After orthokeratology was performed for one month, the same operators repeated the same procedures. Axial length (AL), mean keratometry (Km) at 2.5 mm and 3.0 mm diameters (Km2.5 and Km3.0), central corneal thickness (CCT), anterior chamber depth (ACD), lens thickness (LT) and corneal diameter (CD) were analyzed. Results With the SS-OCT optical biometer, the test-retest repeatability of AL measurements was 0.95. The 95% limits of agreement of difference between the two devices for CD parameter were up to 1.53 mm. After orthokeratology, the fluctuation ranges of difference for Km3.0 measurement was 1.11 times higher than before orthokeratology, while the absolute values of difference for AL, Km2.5, ACD and CD measurements were comparable. Conclusions Before and after orthokeratology, the SS-OCT biometer showed high repeatability and reproducibility for all measurements. Wearing orthokeratology contact lenses affected the agreement between SS-OCT and PCI biometers for Km3.0 measurements. The CD measurement showed poor agreement between the two devices.

Purpose To evaluate axial length (AL) measurements and detection rates using a swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT) biometer (OA-2000) compared with the IOLMaster, LENSTAR, and ultrasound (US) measurements in eyes with vitreous hemorrhage. Setting Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, China. Design Comparative evaluation of a diagnostic test or technology. Methods Patients were adults with vitreous hemorrhage in one or both eyes. Lens Opacities Classification System III was used to determine they type and severity of cataract and the Forrester system was used to classify the grade of vitreous hemorrhage. The AL measurement was taken with the OA-2000, IOLMaster (v5.4), and LENSTAR (v2.1), and with US (Axis-II). The Bland-Altman test was used to assess the agreement between devices. Results Forty eyes were scanned with each of the 4 biometers. For Forrester grade III, the detection rate was 100%, 41.7%, and 41.7% with the OA-2000, IOLMaster, and LENSTAR, respectively. For Forrester grades I and II, the detection rate was 46.4%, 3.57%, and 3.57% with the OA-2000, IOLMaster, and LENSTAR, respectively. The detection rate with US was 100% for all grades. The Bland-Altman limits of agreement between the 4 biometers indicated an excellent agreement: OA-2000 vs IOLMaster (95% limits of agreement -0.15 to 0.05 mm), OA-2000 vs LENSTAR (-0.04 to 0.12 mm), and OA-2000 vs US (-0.3 to 0.56 mm). Conclusions In vitreous hemorrhage, the detection rate with the SS-OCT OA-2000 biometer was better than that with the IOLMaster and LENSTAR. In cases in which all biometers were able to acquire an AL measurement an excellent agreement was found.

Nowadays, with the significant integration of various renewable energy, hybrid alternating current/ voltage source converter based high voltage direct current (AC/VSC-HVDC) system integrated with doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) has achieved rapidly development in smart grid. A proper control system design for hybrid AC/VSC-HVDC system plays a very crucial role for a reliable and effective power transmission. Hence, this paper designs a novel cooperative beetle antenna search (CBAS) algorithm for optimal coordinated control of hybrid AC/VSC-HVDC system integrated with DFIG. Compared with original beetle antennae search (BAS) algorithm, CBAS algorithm can significantly improve searching efficiency via an efficient cooperation with a group of multiple beetles instead of a single beetle. Particularly, CBAS algorithm can effectively escape from local optimums thanks to its dynamic balance mechanism, which can maintain appropriate trade-off between global exploration and local exploitation. Moreover, three case studies are undertaken to validate the effectiveness and superiorities and effectiveness of CBAS algorithm compared against that of other traditional meta-heuristic algorithms. Especially, the average results of fitness function acquired by CBAS algorithm is merely 46.05%, 41.18%, and 47.82% of that of PSO, GA, and BAS algorithm, respectively.

Purpose. To compare central corneal thickness (CCT), aqueous depth (AQD), and anterior chamber depth (ACD) measurements using the swept-source (CASIA SS-1000, Tomey, Japan) and time-domain (Visante, Carl Zeiss Meditec, USA) anterior segment optical coherence tomographers (OCT) in normal eyes. Methods. Sixty-eight eyes of 68 subjects were included. Three consecutive scans of each subject were obtained using both devices in a random order by one experienced operator. Standard deviation (Sw), coefficient of repeatability (CoR), coefficients of variation (CoV), and intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) were used to evaluate the intraoperator repeatability. Agreement was assessed using the Bland–Altman plots and 95% limits of agreement (LoA). Results. All measurements of the swept-source OCT (SS-OCT) and time-domain OCT (TD-OCT) showed high repeatability with low CoR (CCT: 2.34 μm and 6.16 μm; AQD: 0.05 mm and 0.09 mm; ACD: 0.06 mm and 0.09 mm), low CoV (CCT: 0.16% and 0.42%; AQD: 0.61% and 0.97%; ACD: 0.53% and 0.83%), and high ICC (>0.98). The mean CCT with SS-OCT was slightly thicker than the results with TD-OCT (difference = 4.55 ± 2.62 μm, P<0.001). There was no statistically significant difference in AQD or ACD measurements between the two devices (0.01 ± 0.05 mm, P=0.111; 0.02 ± 0.05 mm, P=0.022, respectively). The 95% LoA between the SS-OCT and TD-OCT were −0.59 to 9.69 μm for CCT, −0.10 to 0.12 mm for AQD, and −0.09 to 0.12 mm for ACD. Conclusions. High levels of repeatability and agreement were found between the two devices for all three parameters, suggesting interchangeability. SS-OCT demonstrated superior repeatability compared with TD-OCT.

Purpose. To comprehensively assess the reliability of a new optical biometer (IOLMaster 700), based on swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT) and comparison with a standard biometer (IOLMaster 500), in healthy children, adults, and cataract patients. Methods. A total of 301 eyes from 301 consecutive subjects were enrolled prospectively. Two experienced operators measured each eye three times consecutively with the IOLMaster 700. The axial length (AL), keratometry (K), anterior chamber depth (ACD), lens thickness (LT), central corneal thickness (CCT), and white-to-white (WTW) distance were recorded. Intraoperator repeatability and interoperator reproducibility of the IOLMaster 700 were analyzed using the test-retest (TRT), coefficients of variation (CoV), and intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs). The agreement between the two devices was evaluated using the Bland–Altman method. Results. The repeatability and reproducibility of the SS-OCT optical biometer were high for all ocular biometry parameters in all groups, except for the WTW in cataract patients (TRT, 0.27–0.44 mm; ICC, 0.86–0.95). The reproducibility of averaged measurements from three consecutive readings (TRT : AL = 0.02 mm, CCT = 5.41 μm, ACD = 0.03 mm, LT = 0.03 mm, Km = 0.17 D, and WTW = 0.22 mm) was higher than the reproducibility of single measurements (TRT : AL = 0.04 mm, CCT = 7.43 μm, ACD = 0.06 mm, LT = 0.05 mm, Km = 0.26 D, and WTW = 0.35 mm) in the three groups. The consistency in the data between the two biometers was high, with narrow 95% LoAs in the three groups. Conclusion. Repeatability and reproducibility of the new SS-OCT optical biometer were excellent and consistent with that of the standard biometer with respect to healthy children, healthy adults, and cataract patients.

PurposeTo quantitate lens nuclear opacity using long-range swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT) images and to evaluate the correlation of this method to Lens Opacities Classification System III (LOCS III) and a Scheimpflug imaging-based grading system (Pentacam Nuclear Stage function; PNS).MethodsThis study enrolled 120 participants (120 eyes) with age-related nuclear cataracts. The best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), LOCS III nuclear opalescence (NO) and nuclear colour (NC) were obtained. The nuclear density measured using PNS function (NDPNS) was recorded. Three successive series of long-range SS-OCT images were captured, and the nuclear region was analysed using ImageJ (NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA) to generate SS-OCT image-based nuclear density (NDSS-OCT). The repeatability of NDSS-OCTmeasurement was evaluated using within-subject coefficient of variation (CVw) and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Correlations of NDSS-OCTwith NO and NC, BCVA and NDPNSwere analysed. According to the integrity of nucleus imaged by Pentacam, patients were divided into two groups, and the parameters were compared between groups.ResultsThe CVwand ICC for NDSS-OCTmeasurement were 1.5 % and 0.994, respectively. The NDSS-OCTsignificantly correlated with NO (r=0.831), NC (r=0.873), BCVA (r=0.655) and NDPNS(r=0.891). The NDSS-OCT, NO and NC, and BCVA were significantly different between the two groups.ConclusionLens nuclear opacity quantitation using long-range SS-OCT images was repeatable and correlated well with LOCS III and PNS function. The Scheimpflug principle had a limitation in imaging dense nucleus. Long-range SS-OCT seems more promising for objectively and quantitatively assessing lens nuclear opacity.

To compare keratometry and corneal astigmatism measurements obtained by the Verion Image Guided System to those obtained by automated keratometry (IOLMaster), manual keratometry (YZ38, Suzhou 66 visual Polytron Technologies Inc., China), and Scheimpflug imaging (Pentacam HR) in eyes with cataract.A total of 149 cataractous eyes of 149 patients were examined and categorized as low astigmatism (1.0 D, N = 50), moderate astigmatism (1.0-2.0 D, N = 49), and high astigmatism (2.0 D, N = 50). The flattest and the steepest keratometric values (Kf and Ks), the magnitude of astigmatism (Ast), the orientation of the steepest meridian (Axis), and power vectors JKeratometry readings (Kf, Ks, and Km) obtained by the Verion system showed statistically significant differences as compared to the other three devices. The magnitude of astigmatism (Ast) measured by the Verion (1.50 ± 0.85 D) was similar to that measured by the YZ38 (1.45 ± 0.82 D, P = 0.110) and slightly lower than that by the IOLMaster (1.56 ± 0.87 D, P = 0.014), but much higher than that by the Pentacam (1.36 ± 0.81 D, P = 0.000) significantly. However, no statistically significant differences were observed in the JKeratometric and astigmatic results obtained with Verion were not completely interchangeable with those obtained with IOLMaster, manual keratometry, and Pentacam. The individual differences in power and orientation of the corneal cylinder should be considered while selecting the appropriate toric intraocular lens.

Purpose To systematically compare standard epithelium-off corneal collagen cross-linking (SCXL) and transepithelial corneal collagen cross-linking (TECXL) for treating keratoconus. Methods PubMed, EMBASE, the Cochrane Library, the US trial registry (ClinicalTrials.gov), VIP Database, Wanfang Databse, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure searches up to February 2017 were conducted. Primary outcomes were changes at 1 year in uncorrected distance visual acuity, maximum keratometry (Kmax), and mean keratometry (mean K). Secondary outcomes were changes at 1 year in corrected distance visual acuity, mean refractive spherical equivalent, central corneal thickness, endothelial cell density, and the occurrence of adverse events. Results Eight studies with a total of 455 eyes were included. For primary outcomes, SCXL showed a greater reduction in mean K [standardized mean difference (SMD) 0.28; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.03-0.53; P = 0.03] compared with TECXL. Subgroup analysis indicated that SCXL had a comparable effect on reducing mean K with TECXL protocols using chemical enhancers (SMD 0.05; 95% CI, -0.36 to 0.45; P = 0.82) but a greater reduction in mean K compared with TECXL with current iontophoretic protocols (SMD 0.43; 95% CI, 0.10-0.75; P = 0.01). For the other outcomes, there were no statistically significant differences. Conclusions With the exception of less reduction in mean K with current iontophoretic protocols, analysis of the limited number of comparative studies available seems to demonstrate that SCXL and TECXL have a comparable effect on visual, refractive, pachymetric, and endothelial parameters at 1 year after surgery. Further follow-up is required to determine whether these techniques are comparable in the long-term.

Three bipolar hosts, 9-(4-(2,3-diphenylquinoxalin-6-yl)phenyl)-9H-carbazole (p-PQPC), 9-(3-(2,3-diphenylquinoxalin-6-yl)phenyl)-9H-carbazole (m-PQPC) and 9-(2-(2,3-diphenylquinoxalin-6-yl)phenyl)-9H-carbazole (o-PQPC) were designed, synthesized and characterized for red phosphorescence organic light emitting devices (PhOLEDs). These three compounds exhibited excellent physical properties with high thermal stabilities, reasonable HOMO-LUMO energy levels and balanced charge transport. All of them were applied to fabricate red PhOLEDs as host materials, and the p-PQPC based device demonstrated outstanding electroluminescence performance with the maximum current efficiency, power efficiency and external quantum efficiency of 21.9 cd/A, 15.4 lm/W and 12.2%, respectively, which suggesting that p-PQPC is a promising host for red PhOLEDs.

In this contribution, a novel bipolar host material, namely CzTrz, consisting of a phenylcarbazole for hole transport and a diphenyltriazine for electron transport, was synthesized and investigated. Besides, a carbazole-based unipolar host BCz2 was designed as a reference. Both CzTrz and BCz2 display good thermal stability, high triplet energy level (ET) and suitable frontier orbital levels. Green PhOLEDs hosted by CzTrz and BCz2 show turn-on voltage (Von) of 3.5 and 3.8 V, maximum luminance (Lmax) of 30,280 and 35,050 cd m−2, and maximum external quantum efficiency (EQEmax) of 15.49 and 11.84%, respectively. Remarkably, the CzTrz-based device reveals an extremely low efficiency roll-off at the high luminance, for example, 15.35% at 1000 cd m−2 and 13.85% at 5000 cd m−2, corresponding to merely 0.9% and 10.6% roll-off percentage, which is among the best results ever reported as green bipolar hosts.

Two host materials TIC1 (N-linked carbazole) and TIC2 (C-3-linked carbazole) via changing the substitution position of carbazole, indole and thiazole moieties are reported. Their structural and physical properties were fully characterized. The thermal analysis demonstrated that both TIC1 and TIC2 are thermally stable. The triplet energy levels of TIC1 and TIC2 were determined to be 2.54 and 2.58 eV, respectively. Green and blue OLEDs with TIC1 and TIC2 acting as host materials were fabricated to investigate their performances in PHOLED. Both green and blue PHOLEDs based on TIC2 show the best performance with the maximum current efficiency and maximum power efficiency of 60.0 cd/A and 48.0 lm/W (for green), 18.4 cd/A and 15.2 lm/W (for blue), respectively. The characteristic measurements of OLED devices reveal that both TIC1 and TIC2 are promising host materials for practical application. By comparing with the commercial host material of 4,4′-bis(carbazol-9-yl)biphenyl (CBP) and N,N-dicarbazoyl-3,5-benzene (mCP), the power efficiency of green and blue PHOLED was enhanced by 55.3% and 245%, respectively.

BACKGROUND: To assess the intra-observer repeatability and inter-observer reproducibility of central corneal thickness (CCT) and mid-peripheral corneal thickness (MPCT) measurements using a new Scheimpflug imaging instrument (Scansys) and compare the agreement with the rotating Scheimpflug corneal tomographer (Pentacam HR). METHODS: The same well-trained operator performed the measuring using the two devices, after which Scansys measurements were repeated by another operator. Both instruments required three consecutive measurements per subject. Corneal thickness measurements were obtained by each instrument, including CCT, thinnest corneal thickness (TCT), pupil corneal thickness (PCT), and MPCT. Test-retest repeatability (TRT), within-subject coefficient of variation (CoV), and intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) were used to evaluate repeatability and reproducibility. A paired t-test was used to compare the differences between Scansys and Pentacam, and the agreement was compared with Bland-Altman plots. RESULTS: This study enrolled 112 healthy subjects. The CoV were

In this work, two novel compounds 9-(4'-(4,6-bis(9,9-dimethyl-9H-fluoren-2-yl)-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)-[1,1′-biphenyl]-4-yl)-9H-carbazole (TPBDF-Cz1) and 3-(4-(4,6-bis(9,9-dimethyl-9H-fluoren-2-yl)-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)phenyl)-9-phenyl-9H-carbazole (TPBDF-Cz2) were synthesized and fully characterized by taking advantage of carbazole, 1,3,5-triazine and fluorene groups. Both materials exhibit extremely excellent thermal properties, appropriate HOMO and LUMO energy levels and high triplet energy. With the beneficial physical behaviors through measuring their optical and electrochemical properties, green PhOLEDs with the two materials acting as host were designed and fabricated. Both devices reveal a low turn-on voltage of 3.0 V and good electroluminescence performance owing to the balanced hole and electron transport mobilities. Besides, it was found that the TPBDF-Cz1-based device is slightly more efficient than the TPBDF-Cz2-based one because of higher carrier transport ability of TPBDF-Cz1. The relevant results indicate TPBDF-Cz1 opens up a new perspective for designing hosts for high performance PhOLEDs.

PURPOSE: To investigate the accuracy of the measurements provided by a new optical biometer (OA-2000, Tomey Corporation, Nagoya, Japan) for calculating the intraocular lens (IOL) power and to compare the refractive outcomes to those obtained with the IOLMaster 500 (Carl Zeiss Meditec, Jena, Germany). METHODS: In this interventional multicenter study, consecutive patients having cataract surgery were enrolled. Only the IOL model used in the largest sample of patients was selected and the eyes implanted with that IOL were subsequently analyzed. The OA-2000, an optical biometer based on swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT), was used to measure axial length and corneal power in all eyes. IOL power was calculated with the Hoffer Q, Holladay 1, and SRK/T formulas. In a subsample of eyes, the IOL power was also calculated with measurements obtained by partial coherence interferometry (IOLMaster 500). The median absolute error and percentage of eyes with a prediction error of ±0.50 diopters (D) or less were calculated. RESULTS: Two hundred forty-nine eyes were analyzed. Using SS-OCT, the median absolute error ranged between 0.33 (Holladay 1) and 0.35 (SRK/T) D. The rate of eyes with a prediction error of ±0.50 D or less ranged between 71.5% (Hoffer Q) and 67.1% (SRK/T). In the subsample of 87 eyes with measurements by both devices, the median absolute error was lower with the OA-2000 (Hoffer Q: P = .0377; Holladay 1: P = .0191; SRK/T: P = .0087). CONCLUSIONS: The SS-OCT–based optical biometer investigated in the current study provides accurate measurements for IOL power calculation and seems to offer more predictable refractive results compared to the partial coherence interferometry IOLMaster. [ J Refract Surg. 2017;33(10):690–695.]

Two bipolar host materials H1 ( N -linked carbazole) and H2 ( C-3 -linked carbazole) via changing the substitution position of triazine and carbazole moieties are reported. Their structural and physical properties were fully characterized. The thermal analysis demonstrated that both H1 and H2 are of high thermal stability. The triplet energy levels of H1 and H2 were determined to be 2.64 and 2.7 eV, respectively. Both green and blue OLEDs with H1 and H2 acting as host materials were fabricated to investigate their performances in PHOLED. The green PHOLED based on H1 exhibits the best performance with the maximum current efficiency, maximum power efficiency and maximum brightness of 51.7 cd/A, 37.8 lm/W and 132800 cd/m 2 , respectively, while the blue PHOLED based on H2 shows the best performance with the maximum current efficiency, maximum power efficiency and maximum brightness of 21.6 cd/A, 17.2 lm/W and 16640 cd/m 2 , respectively. The characteristic measurements of OLED devices reveal that both H1 and H2 are promising host materials for practical application. By comparing the commercial host materials of 4,4’-bis(carbazol-9-yl)biphenyl (CBP) and N,N-dicarbazoyl-3,5-benzene (mCP), the power efficiencies of green and blue PHOLED were boosted by 22.3% and 75.5%, respectively.

Purpose To compare the postoperative efficacy, predictability, safety, and visual quality of all major forms of laser corneal refractive surgeries for correcting myopia. Design Systematic review and network meta-analysis. Methods Search of MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, and the US trial registry was conducted up to November 2015. Randomized controlled trials (RCT) reporting in accordance with the eligibility criteria were included in this review. We performed a Bayesian random-effects network meta-analysis. Results Forty-eight RCTs were identified. For efficacy (uncorrected visual acuity [UCVA]), there were no statistically significant differences between any pair of treatments analyzed. The SUCRA (surface under the cumulative ranking curve) ranking (from best to worst) was femtosecond-based laser in situ keratomileusis (FS-LASIK), LASIK, small-incision lenticule extraction, femtosecond lenticule extraction (FLEx), photorefractive keratectomy (PRK), laser epithelial keratomileusis (LASEK), epipolis (Epi)-LASIK, transepithelial PRK (T-PRK). For predictability (refractive spherical equivalent [SE]), a statistically significant difference was found when FS-LASIK was compared with LASIK (odds ratio [OR] 2.29, 95% credible interval [CrI] 1.20–4.14), PRK (OR 2.16, 95% CrI 1.15–4.03), LASEK (OR 2.09, 95% CrI 1.08–4.55), and Epi-LASIK (OR 2.74, 95% CrI 1.11–6.20). The SUCRA ranking (from best to worst) was FS-LASIK, T-PRK, LASEK, PRK, LASIK, Epi-LASIK. There were no statistically significant differences in the safety (best spectacle-corrected visual acuity) comparisons. For both postoperative higher-order aberrations (HOAs) and contrast sensitivity (CS), there were no statistically significant differences between any pair of treatments analyzed. The SUCRA ranking results show that some corneal surface ablation techniques (PRK and LASEK) rank highest. Conclusions This network meta-analysis shows that there were no statistically significant differences in either visual outcomes (efficacy and safety) or visual quality (HOAs and CS). FS-LASIK behaved better in predictability than any other type of surgeries.

The purpose of the current study was to compare the measurements between a new optical biometer based on swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT), the OA-2000 (Tomey, Japan), and an optical biometer based on optical low coherence reflectometry (OLCR), the Lenstar (Haag-Streit, Switzerland). Ninety-nine eyes of 99 healthy subjects were included. The axial length (AL), central corneal thickness (CCT), anterior chamber depth (ACD), aqueous depth (AD), lens thickness (LT), keratometry (K) readings, including flat K (Kf), steep K (Ks), mean K (Km), astigmatism vectors J0, J45 at diameters of 2.5 and 3.0 mm, and white-to-white diameter (WTW) were measured three times each using both biometer in normal eyes by random sequence. Bland-Altman analysis showed good agreement between the SS-OCT and OLCR devices for AL, AD, ACD, LT, with narrow 95% LoA (−0.05 to 0.07 mm, −0.09 to 0.10 mm, −0.10 to 0.09 mm, and −0.06 to 0.22 mm, respectively), and the P values of ACD were both >0.05. The CCT, Kf, Ks, Km, J0, J45 and WTW values provided by the OA-2000 were in good agreement with the Lenstar, and statistically significant differences were detected for some of them but not clinical differences. The agreement was excellent especially for AL.

Three novel host materials 9-(4-(5-(4-(9-phenyl-9H-fluoren-9-yl)phenyl)-1H-indol-1-yl)phenyl)-9H-carbazole ( C1 ), 9-(4-(9,9-diphenyl-9H-fluoren-4-yl)-1H-indol-1-yl)-9-phenyl-9H-carbazole ( C2 ) and 9-(4-(5-(9,9-diphenyl-9H-fluoren-2-yl)-1H-indol-1-yl)phenyl)-9H-carbazole ( C3 ) based on spirofluorene, indole and carbazole derivatives have been designed and synthesized. Their thermal, photophysical and electrochemical properties were fully investigated. The OLED devices with C1 – C3 as host were fabricated to investigate their electroluminescent properties. Compound C3 obtained the best device performances with the maximum current efficiency of 45.2 cd A −1 and the maximum power efficiency of 23.2 lm W −1 for green phosphorescent organic light-emitting diodes.

Objective To assess the repeatability and agreement between the Aladdin and Lenstar biometers. Methods Three consecutive measurements of the right eye of 102 subjects were acquired by the Aladdin (V.1.1.3) and the Lenstar (V.1.0.3), respectively, with a random order of which biometer to use first. Parameters compared included axial length (AL), anterior chamber depth (ACD), flat keratometry (Kf), steep keratometry (Ks), mean keratometry (Km), J 0 , J 45 and white-to-white (WTW) distance. Intraocular lens (IOL) power formulas included SRK/T (Sanders-Retzlaff-Kraff/Theoretical), Holladay 1, Hoffer Q and Haigis. Repeatability (S r ), repeatability limit (r) and Bland-Altman limits of agreement (LoA) were calculated. Results S r was marginally better with the Lenstar for AL (0.02 mm), ACD (0.02 mm) and WTW distance (0.07 mm), but S r was marginally better with the Aladdin for Kf (0.10 dioptre (D)), J 0 (0.07 D) and J 45 (0.06 D). In terms of agreement, the mean difference was small and non-statistically significant between the two devices for ACD, Ks and J 45 . The mean difference for Kf, Km, J 0 and WTW distance were all statistically significantly lower with the Aladdin than the Lenstar for the exception of WTW distance. The Bland-Altman LoA displayed narrow ranges implying good agreement with the exception for WTW distance. For IOL formulas, the mean difference was very small and not statistically significantly different. The LoA were narrow (within 0.50 D), implying acceptable use of each device interchangeably. Conclusions High levels of repeatability and agreement were found between the Aladdin and Lenstar suggesting that the devices may be used interchangeably in normal eyes with refractive error.

Two novel host materials, 3-(dibenzo[b,d]furan-4-yl)-9-(4,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)-9H-carbazole (BFTC) and 3-(dibenzo[b,d]thiophen-4-yl)-9-(4,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)-9H-carbazole (BTTC) were designed and synthesized. These two compounds exhibited excellent physical properties with high thermal stabilities and reasonable HOMO-LUMO energy levels. Both of them were applied to fabricate green phosphorescent organic light emitting devices (PhOLEDs) as host materials, and the BTTC based device demonstrated outstanding electroluminescence performance with a maximum current efficiency, maximum power efficiency and external quantum efficiency of 69.3 cd A-1, 54.2 lm W-1 and 21.9%, respectively, suggesting that BTTC is a promising host for green PhOLEDs.

Purpose: To evaluate the relationship between magnitude of orthokeratology (OrthoK) treatment zone decentration and 2-year axial length (AL) elongation in myopic children.Methods: One-hundred and one Chinese children who wore OrthoK contact lenses for 2 years. The magnitude and direction of the OrthoK treatment zone center from the entrance pupil center were recorded after 3 and 24 months of lens wear along with AL measurement. Stepwise multiple linear regression analysis was performed to assess which factors significantly affected an increase in AL.Results: After 3 and 24 months of OrthoK treatment, the mean (± standard deviation [SD]) magnitude of the OrthoK treatment zone decentration was 0.64 ± 0.38 mm and 0.68 ± 0.32 mm, respectively. There were no significant differences between the two time points (P > .05). After 2 years of OrthoK contact lenses wear, the mean (± SD) AL growth was 0.36 ± 0.34 mm. The axial elongation was slightly correlated with baseline age of subjects (r = -0.073, P < .001), baseline spherical equivalent refractive error (r = -0.088, P < .001) and magnitude decentration of treatment zone (r = -0.190, P = .027).Conclusions: The decentration of OrthoK treatment zone stabilizes after 3 months of lens wear and slightly decreases AL growth.

To compare the accuracy of the eight formulas for intraocular lens (IOL) power calculation in pediatric cataract patients.A retrospective study. A total of 68 eyes (68 patients) that underwent uneventful cataract surgery and posterior chamber IOL implantation in the capsular bag were enrolled. We compared the calculation accuracy of the 8 formulas at 1 month postoperatively and performed subgroup analysis according to age or axial length (AL).The mean age at surgery was 34.07 ± 24.60 months and mean AL was 21.12 ± 1.42 mm. The mean prediction errors (PE) of eight formulas for all patients were as follows: SRK II (- 0.66), SRK/T (- 0.44), Holladay 1 (- 0.36), Hoffer Q (- 0.09), Olsen (0.71), Barrett (0.37), Holladay 2 (- 0.70), and Haigis (0.50). There was significant difference among the 8 formulas (p 0.0001), while no significant difference of absolute PE was found among the 8 formulas in all patients (p = 0.053). Moreover, in patients younger than 2 years old or with AL ≤ 21 mm, SRK/T formula was relatively accurate in 34% and 39% of eyes, respectively. While in patients older than 2 or with AL 21 mm, Barrett and Haigis formulas were better (58% and 47% for Barrett, 52% and 53% for Haigis).Overall, in patients younger than 2 years old or with AL ≤ 21 mm, SRK/T formulas were relatively accurate, while Barrett and Haigis formulas were better in patients older than 2 or with AL 21 mm.

To compare axial length (AL) elongation in myopic children with four Orthokeratology (OrthoK) lenses and spectacles.The medical records of 266 patients (532 eyes) who were fitted with OrthoK lenses or spectacles (control group) were reviewed. Data collection included baseline age, gender, baseline objective sphere and cylinder, baseline flat and steep corneal meridian power, corneal asphericity coefficient (Q value), AL at baseline and after 1-year, and 2-years of OrthoK or spectacle wear analyzed using analysis of repeated measures data ANOVA. Stepwise linear regressions between the changes in AL after 2 years relative to baseline parameters were calculated for the OrthoK and control groups separately.The baseline subject parameters for each of the four OrthoK lenses were not statistically different. Statistically significant differences between time points were found between 12- and 24- months (all P 0.05). AL growth was slower in all OrthoK groups than in the control group (all P 0.05). AL grew 0.081±0.034 mm per year slightly less than average with Essence compared to the Mouldway OrthoK group (P = 0.019). The coefficient of regression weakly expressed between the increases in AL over 2-years study period and baseline spherical equivalent refraction was 0.065 in Essence, 0.079 in Euclid and 0.087 in Mouldway. The coefficient of regression was also weakly between age and the increases AL over 2-years study period and baseline age in all groups.Different OrthoK lenses differ minimally in slowing axial elongation effectively in myopic children during 2-years lens wear.

To assess the regional changes in corneal shape after femtosecond laser-assisted laser in situ keratomileusis (FS-LASIK) in patients with different myopia extents.Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.Retrospective case series.A retrospective study of myopic eyes treated with FS-LASIK was conducted to assess the shape changes within different corneal regions after surgery. Corneal curvature was measured in the central region (0 mm to 3.0 mm diameter), pericentral region (3.0 mm to 6.0 mm diameter) and peripheral region (6.0 mm to 9.0 mm diameter) preoperatively and from 1 week to 6 months postoperatively.The study comprised 608 myopic eyes. During the 6-month follow-up, the anterior cornea became steeper in the central and pericentral regions, but flatter in the peripheral region (P .01), representing a partial, gradual, yet significant reversal of the immediate change in corneal shape after laser ablation. In contrast, the posterior surface experienced significantly less change than the anterior surface, with the cornea becoming slightly flatter (P .01) in the central region at 1 week postoperatively, and steeper elsewhere (P .05), and then remaining stable during the rest of the follow-up. On the other hand, the anterior astigmatism had significant decreases in the central region (P .01) and slight increases in the peripheral region (P .01) 1 week postoperatively, and that remained stable over the follow-up period. In contrast, there were little or non-significant changes in the posterior astigmatism throughout the follow-up (P .05).Postoperative corneal shape changes were different in different regions. There were shape changes in individual corneal regions during the 6-month follow-up period that represented reverse trends; however, the changes were much smaller than the short-term changes observed 1 week after surgery.

In this research, a novel macrocycle containing tetrabenzeneaza has been developed as a novel building block for hole transport materials (HTMs). Benefiting from its unique highly twisted spatial configuration, this macrocycle exhibits high triplet energy level (ET) as well as high hole mobility. Based on this aza macrocycle, two hole transporting materials, namely 2TPATPCA and 2CzTPCA, were designed and synthesized. Both 2TPATPCA and 2CzTPCA possess enough ETs, appropriate frontier orbital energy levels as well as good thermal stability, which promote them as universal HTMs in multicolor phosphorescent organic light-emitting devices (PhOLEDs) and thermal activated delay fluorescence (TADF) OLEDs. High external quantum efficiencies (EQEs) were realized in OLEDs using the these two HTMs. For example, sky bule PhOLED with 2CzTPCA showed a significantly improved maximum EQE of 20.3% compared to that of the reference device using N,N′-Bis(naphthalen-1-yl)-N,N′-bis(phenyl)benzidine (NPB) (EQE of 14.2%) and 4,4′-Cyclohexylidenebis[N,N- bis(4-methyl phenyl)aniline (TAPC) (EQE of 12.2%). Green TADF OLED using 2CzTPCA as HTM also exhibit a much improved maximum EQE of 17.9% compared to that of the reference device based on NPB (EQE of 10.3%). These results indicate this tetrabenzeneaza macrocyclic is a promising building block for developing universal high-performance HTMs.

Uveitis is one of the most popular blind-causing eye diseases worldwide. Adalimumab (ADA) is used for the uveitis treatment through systemic or intravitreal injection at the expense of systemic side effects and increased medical risks. Although eye drops, a non-invasive topical treatment, could be a potential strategy to reduce side effects, it remains challenging to apply due to limited bioavailability mainly linked to poor retention time and permeation capacity for eye biological barriers. Here, we reported hydrogel eye drops composed of low-deacetylated chitosan and β-glycerophosphate as an ADA carrier and tested its toxicity, tolerability, intraocular permeability, and efficacy of non-invasive treatment for uveitis. It's found the ADA-loaded hydrogel eye drops were more efficient than free ADA both in permeation rate and clinical efficacy for uveitis, Overall, this study provides a friendly non-invasive strategy to improve drug permeation rate and uveitis treatment efficacy, which may be valuable to clinically ophthalmic medication.

Objective To evaluate the precision of the measurements in healthy subjects obtained with a new optical biometer (OA-2000, Tomey, Nagoya, Japan) using swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT) and compare these measurements with those provided by the IOLMaster v5.4 (Carl Zeiss Meditec AG, Jena, Germany) using partial coherence interferometry (PCI). Methods Axial length (AL), keratometry (K) over 2.5 mm and 3.0 mm diameters, anterior chamber depth (ACD) (corneal epithelium to lens), lens thickness (LT), central corneal thickness and corneal diameter (CD) were measured with SS-OCT by two experienced operators. Intraobserver repeatability and interobserver reproducibility were assessed. AL, ACD, K and CD were also measured with PCI for agreement analysis using Bland-Altman plots. Results Sixty-five eyes of 65 normal subjects were enrolled in the prospective study. The SS-OCT measurements revealed high repeatability and reproducibility with low test-retest repeatability, low within-subject coefficient of variation (CoV) and high intraclass correlation coefficients. Bland-Altman analysis showed narrow 95% limits of agreement for most parameters indicating excellent agreement for AL (−0.05 mm to 0.07 mm), K values both at 2.5 mm (−0.42 D to 0.20 D) and 3.0 mm (−0.42 D to 0.08 D) and ACD (−0.19 mm to 0.22 mm) except for the CD (−1.11 mm to −0.01 mm). Conclusions The repeatability and reproducibility of SS-OCT were excellent for all parameters including AL, K, ACD, LT and CD values. High agreement was shown between SS-OCT and PCI for most biometrical parameters.

Objective: To validate a visual ability instrument for school-aged children with visual impairment in China by translating, culturally adopting and Rasch scaling the Cardiff Visual Ability Questionnaire for Children (CVAQC). Methods: The 25-item CVAQC was translated into Mandarin using a standard protocol. The translated version (CVAQC-CN) was subjected to cognitive testing to ensure a proper cultural adaptation of its content. Then, the CVAQC-CN was interviewer-administered to 114 school-aged children and young people with visual impairment. Rasch analysis was carried out to assess its psychometric properties. The correlation between the CVAQC-CN visual ability scores and clinical measure of vision (visual acuity; VA and contrast sensitivity, CS) were assessed using Spearman's r. Results: Based on cultural adaptation exercise, cognitive testing, missing data and Rasch metrics-based iterative item removal, three items were removed from the original 25. The 22-item CVAQC-CN demonstrated excellent measurement precision (person separation index, 3.08), content validity (item separation, 10.09) and item reliability (0.99). Moreover, the CVAQC-CN was unidimensional and had no item bias. The person–item map indicated good targeting of item difficulty to person ability. The CVAQC-CN had moderate correlations between CS (−0.53, p

Purpose To evaluate the effectiveness of methods to correct intraocular pressure (IOP) measurements obtained using the Goldmann applanation tonometer (GAT), the ocular response analyzer (ORA), and the Corvis ST tonometer (CVS) for the effects of corneal stiffness parameters: central corneal thickness (CCT), corneal curvature (R), and age in a Chinese population. Patients and methods Data were collected for 99 eyes of 99 participants. Whereas cornea-corrected IOP was obtained directly from ORA (ORA-IOPcc), cornea correction in GAT and CVS was implemented using multiparameter equations developed earlier. The study also included IOP measurements by the dynamic contour tonometer, which is thought to be less affected by corneal stiffness parameters than other tonometers. Statistical analyses were performed to determine the association of both uncorrected and corrected IOP with the main stiffness parameters: CCT, R, and age. Results After correction, a significantly decreased association between the GAT (from r=0.15 to r=-0.02), ORA (from r=0.24 to r=-0.19), and CVS (from r=0.47 to r=0.004) IOP measurements and the CCT was found, to levels below that with the dynamic contour tonometer-IOP (r=0.11). The IOP measurements made by the 4 tonometers, both uncorrected and corrected, did not correlate with age. The same was true for R except with ORA-IOPcc (r=0.23). Conclusions CCT accounted for the majority of variance in IOP, whereas age and R had a much smaller effect. The IOP correction processes studied were successful in reducing reliance of IOP measurements, especially those by GAT and CVS, on CCT in a healthy Chinese population.

Purpose To determine the effectiveness of different interventions to slow down the progression of myopia in children. Methods We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry Platform, and ClinicalTrials.gov from inception to August 2014. We selected randomized controlled trials (RCTs) involving interventions for controlling the progression of myopia in children with a treatment duration of at least 1 year for analysis. Main Outcome Measures The primary outcomes were mean annual change in refraction (diopters/year) and mean annual change in axial length (millimeters/year). Results Thirty RCTs (involving 5422 eyes) were identified. Network meta-analysis showed that in comparison with placebo or single vision spectacle lenses, high-dose atropine (refraction change: 0.68 [0.52–0.84]; axial length change: −0.21 [−0.28 to −0.16]), moderate-dose atropine (refraction change: 0.53 [0.28–0.77]; axial length change: −0.21 [−0.32 to −0.12]), and low-dose atropine (refraction change: 0.53 [0.21–0.85]; axial length change: −0.15 [−0.25 to −0.05]) markedly slowed myopia progression. Pirenzepine (refraction change: 0.29 [0.05–0.52]; axial length change: −0.09 [−0.17 to −0.01]), orthokeratology (axial length change: −0.15 [−0.22 to −0.08]), and peripheral defocus modifying contact lenses (axial length change: −0.11 [−0.20 to −0.03]) showed moderate effects. Progressive addition spectacle lenses (refraction change: 0.14 [0.02–0.26]; axial length change: −0.04 [−0.09 to −0.01]) showed slight effects. Conclusions This network analysis indicates that a range of interventions can significantly reduce myopia progression when compared with single vision spectacle lenses or placebo. In terms of refraction, atropine, pirenzepine, and progressive addition spectacle lenses were effective. In terms of axial length, atropine, orthokeratology, peripheral defocus modifying contact lenses, pirenzepine, and progressive addition spectacle lenses were effective. The most effective interventions were pharmacologic, that is, muscarinic antagonists such as atropine and pirenzepine. Certain specially designed contact lenses, including orthokeratology and peripheral defocus modifying contact lenses, had moderate effects, whereas specially designed spectacle lenses showed minimal effect.

A novel spiro-annulated host based on carbazole was synthesized and fully characterized. The thermal, photophysical and electrochemical properties of this host material were investigated. The host exhibited good thermal stabilities with a decomposition temperature of 427 °C and also exhibited excellent morphological properties. A high triplet energy (2.90 eV) was obtained for the host due to its spiro-annulated structure. This host was proved to be effective for both blue and green phosphorescent organic light-emitting diodes. Four different blue devices were fabricated with the best performance that a maximum current efficiency of 12.2 cd A −1 and a maximum power efficiency of 8.8 lm W −1 . The performance of the host was better than that of 4,4′-bis(9-carbazolyl)-biphenyl which is the benchmark host material in green PHOLED devices.

PURPOSE: To investigate the changes in corneal backward light scattering, as measured by a rotating Scheimpflug camera with automated corneal densitometry software, in eyes treated with femtosecond laser-assisted LASIK (FS-LASIK). METHODS: The cornea was examined preoperatively and postoperatively at 1 day, 1 week, and 1, 3, and 6 months in 23 patients who underwent myopic FS-LASIK. Local analysis of corneal backscatter was performed on four concentric radial zones across a 12-mm diameter (0 to 2, 2 to 6, 6 to 10, and 10 to 12 mm) and at a different corneal depth (anterior 120 µ m, central and posterior 60 µ m). RESULTS: A statistically significant increase in corneal backward light scattering ( P < .0001) was detected within the central 10 mm of the anterior cornea. The increase in corneal densitometry was gradually reversed over 6 months. The difference compared to preoperative values was no longer statistically significant at 3 and 6 months after surgery in the central cornea, whereas it remained significant in the mid-peripheral annulus (ranging from 6 to 10 mm), where the flap edge was located. CONCLUSIONS: FS-LASIK is followed by an increase in corneal backward light scattering during the early postoperative period that returns to baseline by 3 months. Whereas the increase in corneal densitometry at the flap edge location can be related to a scarring reaction, the explanation for such an increase in the central anterior cornea remains speculative. [ J Refract Surg. 2016;32(1):20–25.]