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Background: Urinary tract infections (UTI) are one of the most common infections in the community and hospitals. Uropathogens colonize the urinary tract and may ascend to bladder causing cystitis, if left untreated reach kidneys through ureters can be responsible for acute pyelonephritis and cause renal damage. Aims: The aim of the present study is to determine the prevalence of urinary tract infections and antibiotic susceptibility pattern in a tertiary care hospital. Settings & Design: This is an observational study conducted in Microbiology department, Hind Institute of Medical Sciences, Barabanki. Materials and Methods: A total of 623 urine(mid-stream) samples were collected from indoor and outdoor departments of hospital and culture was done on UTI chromogenic agar using semiquantitative method. Antibiotic sensitivity test was performed using Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method. Results: Prevalence of urinary tract infections is 29% in the study. (43%) is the most common micro-organism isolated followed by (13%), (11%), (10.4%), (8.8%), (3.3%), (1.6%), CONS & (1.1%) and (6.6%). The females(56.6%) are more commonly affected than males. Conclusion: In the present study, beta-lactamase inhibitors and aminoglycosides were effective drugs against gram negative bacteria. Vancomycin and linezolid were sensitive in gram positive bacteria. Nitrofurantoin is the promising drug in cases of uncomplicated UTI, and safe to use in pregnancy. High recurrence rates and antimicrobial resistance are responsible for increasing the burden of disease. It is advised to use the antibiotics judiciously as per the hospital antibiotic policy which will help prevent multidrug resistance micro-organism further reducing morbidity and mortality. Keywords: Escherichia coli, Urinary tract infections, Uropathogens.

Introduction: Health care workers (HCW) including medical as well as paramedical workers are a potential source of carrier of infection for the patients admitted in different intensive care units (ICU). The anterior nares are the main reservoir of Staphylococcus although other body sites are frequently colonised with it, such as hands, skin, axillae, and intestinal tract. The body parts of health care workers as well as the equipments and accessories used by them are likely to transmit infections. Materials and Methods: A prospective study was conducted to evaluate the infections in different ICUs. A total of 288 parallel nasal and hands swabs were collected. These samples were cultured as per standard protocols and antibiotic sentivity was also carried out. For antibiotic sensitivity Kirby disc diffusion method on Mueller Hinton agar plate was used. Coagulase negative Staphylococcus was the bacteria isolated and subjected to sensitivity towards different antibiotics. Results: Of the 288 samples 90 samples (31.3%) were positive while 198 (68.7%) were negative. The distribution of the positive samples from Medical ICUs – 47 cases, Paediatric ICUs – 21 and, Surgical ICUs – 22 cases. Conclusion: Coagulase negative Staphylococci were predominantly isolated from culture and increasing antibiotic resistance is also observed. The most effective antibiotics were Tobramycin, Teicoplanin and Linezolid while Penicillin, Gentamycin and Erythromycin showed highest resistance. HCW themselves as well as the accessories used by them are an important potential source of infection for the admitted patients. Regular disinfection of these accessories should be strictly followed in each and every ICU. Keywords: Nosocomial, Cons, Healthcare workers, Nasal carrier, ICU.

The causative agent of novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The SARS-CoV-2 possesses RNA as a genetic material with 79% of the match with the bat SARS-CoV genome, which became epidemic in 2002. The SARS-CoV-2 peripheral Spike-Fc protein binds specifically to the ACE2 receptors present on bronchial epithelial cells and alveolar pneumocytes to downmodulates its expression which leads to severe acute respiratory failure. The disease is super infectious from human to human and the symptoms are similar to flu. The old aged and immunocompromised population are severely affected, and healthcare providers globally applied various strategies for treatment including the repurposing of drugs including antimalarial drug, hydroxychloroquine and anti-viral drugs.Herein, we described the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, immune responses, possible drug targets, vaccines under the trials and correlated the possibility of trained immunity induced by BCG vaccination over control of SARS-CoV-2 infection. The countries with constraint BCG vaccination policy are struggling badly compared to countries with BCG vaccination policy. The BCG vaccination policy supports either lowering the total number of COVID-19 cases or the increasing recovery rate.

Two different methods of corpus cleaning are presented in this article. One is a machine-assisted technique, which is good to clean small-sized parallel corpus, and the other is an automatic method, which is suitable for cleaning large-sized parallel corpus. A baseline SMT (MOSES) system is used to evaluate these methods. The machine-assisted technique used two features: word alignment and length of the source and target language sentence. These features are used to detect mistranslations in the corpus, which are then handled by a human translator. Experiments of this method are conducted on the English-to-Indian Language Machine Translation (EILMT) corpus (English-Hindi). The Bilingual Evaluation Understudy (BLEU) score is improved by 0.47% for the clean corpus. Automatic method of corpus cleaning uses a combination of two features. One feature is length of source and target language sentence and the second feature is Viterbi alignment score generated by Hidden Markov Model for each sentence pair. Two different threshold values are used for these two features. These values are decided by using a small-sized manually annotated parallel corpus of 206 sentence pairs. Experiments of this method are conducted on the HindEnCorp corpus, released in the workshop of the Association of Computational Linguistics (ACL 2014). The BLEU score is improved by 0.6% on clean corpus. A comparison of the two methods is also presented on EILMT corpus.

The study covered with machine learning strategies utilized in the analysis of sentiments at both the sentence and viewpoint levels. It likewise tended to the advantages and inconveniences of the different condition of-the-craftsmanship procedures. This paper perceived that the arrangements viability contrasted by the technique. As far as estimation system, there is an absence of institutionalization. Accordingly, it is beyond the realm of imagination to expect to reach determinations from the present condition of-the-workmanship approaches where strategy gives the best result to every area. In any case, a move from the customary word-based way to deal with semantic-based idea driven methodology is obviously apparent in the measurement level sentiment analysis. Machine learning approaches alongside semantic idea driven methodology can create another age of calculations that can react to language and significant level settings. This gap will likewise leave an enormous region for the scientists to find out experimental and emotional views of a human

The incessant and indiscriminate use of chemicals, agriculture fertilizers, sewage disposal, tar, accidental spillages, and explosives has been cardinally contaminating soil, water bodies, and air, which has created an alarming situation globally. The exuberant industrial growth and various developments and establishments have added to the exponential increase in the production of various municipal, industrial, and domestic wastes. All these waste materials are discarded either in landfill/soil or in the sea without undergoing initial treatment, thus annexing to the contamination of the environment as a whole. Among other chemical remediation technologies fungi have the high potency for remediation. Mycoremediationis rapidly emerging as a robust methodology to deal with abiotic metal/organic contaminant stress. Fungi can act as pivtol role because their efficient adaptation in varied surroundings and emerge as key players in reducing the heavy metal contamination, high tolerance to lethal metal environments, and an inherent elaborate detoxification mechanism make them an ideal tool against heavy metal toxicants.

BACKGROUND: Carbapenemase-producing microorganisms are becoming a major concern among hospital-acquired infections. There is also increased multidrug resistance seen among these isolates. AIMS: We have conducted this study to determine the prevalence of New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamase-1 (NDM-1) gene-producing Escherichia coli among hospitalized patients in a tertiary care hospital in Northern India. SETTINGS AND DESIGN: The study was conducted in the Department of Microbiology with the tertiary care hospital settings. It was a prospective cross-sectional observational study conducted during January 2014–August 2014. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 500 nonduplicate E. coli samples were processed. The isolates with reduced susceptibility to ertapenem, i.e., zone diameter between 19 and 21 mm, were considered carbapenemase producers. These isolates were subjected to modified Hodge test for phenotypic confirmation. Polymerase chain reaction was performed on all the screened isolates for molecular detection of NDM-1 gene. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED: Chi-square test was used to analyze the data and P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: Out of 500 E. coli isolates, 61 (12.2%) were screened for carbapenemase production. 47 (9.4%) isolates were positive by modified Hodge test and 36 (7.2%) isolates showed the presence of blaNDM-1 gene (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: There is an increased prevalence of NDM-1 gene-producing E. coli isolates. These carbapenemase-producing isolates are more resistant to other group of antibiotics (aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones along with β-lactam group). Early detection of blaNDM-1 gene can help in choosing the effective treatment options for hospitalized patients in time, thereby reducing the risk of mortality.

For maintaining the quality and quantity of food produced around the world, the plant diseases are needed to be controlled. To prevent and control plant diseases, different methods may be employed including chemical fertilizers and pesticides which have significantly improved the crop productivity and quality over the past many years. However, there are strict regulations on the use of chemical because of its hazardous effect. But some pest management researchers have developed alternatives which are referred to as biological controls for controlling pests and diseases by the application of biocontrol plants and also by the use of plant–microbe interactions for controlling plant pathogens. This chapter focuses on the various plants which are used for biocontrol and how they can be helpful in sustainable development. Similarly, how to use microbes and other organisms for the control of plant diseases has also been studied in detail.

Jatropha curcas L. (physic nut) has drawn attention in recent years as a source of seed oil that can provide an economically viable substitute for diesel. Very little work on provenance trials and genetic resources of J. curcas L. has been reported so far. Though J. curcas grows widely in India and several collections of the plant are also maintained, pedigree and provenance records are not always available. This article reports our studies on the diversity amongst the accessions of J. curcas L., both amongst already held collections as well as from a few locations in the wild. Two single-primer amplification reaction (SPAR) methods were used for this purpose. The accessions from the North East were most distant from all other accessions in UPGMA analysis. The NBRI, Bhubaneshwar and Lalkuan accessions were more related to each other. The UPGMA tree clearly shows well-separated accession groups: NBRI, Bhubaneshwar, North East, Lalkuan and Outgroup. The study suggests that this relatively recently introduced plant species shows adequate genetic diversity in India and that the SPAR methods are useful for a rapid assessment of the same. The methods provide important tools for analyzing the diversity within the available collections to shortlist the parental lines for adaptability trials and further improvement of Jatropha plants.

A good quality word alignment system needs a high quality, domain specific and large size of the parallel corpus for training. Finding a high quality parallel corpus for a particular language pair in a specific domain is expensive and hard to find. Conversely, using a small corpus has some advantages like less training time and low memory requirement. It can be created or corrected manually. So this paper is an effort to achieve good quality word alignment with a small size of parallel corpus. This paper describes use of part of speech (POS) tag to improve the performance of statistical word alignment. This approach works well with small size of the corpus. Experiments were conducted on TDIL sample tourism corpus of 1000 sentences for English-Hindi language pair. Out of these 1000 sentences 950 sentences are used for training and 50 sentences are used for testing. F-measure is increased by approximately 4% and Alignment Error Rate (AER) decreased by approximately 4% in comparison to baseline system for word alignment GIZA++.

This paper presents a hybrid approach to improve word alignment with Statistical Modeling and Chunker for English-Hindi language pair. We first apply the standard word alignment technique to get an approximate alignment. The source and target language sentences are divided into chunks. The approximate word alignment is then used to align the chunks. The aligned chunks are then used to improve the original word alignment.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a highly fatal disease mandating development of novel, targeted therapies to elicit prolonged survival benefit to the patients. Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-7 (IGFBP7), a secreted protein belonging to the IGFBP family, functions as a potential tumor suppressor for HCC. In the present study, we evaluated the therapeutic efficacy of a replication-incompetent adenovirus expressing IGFBP7 (Ad.IGFBP7) in human HCC. Ad.IGFBP7 profoundly inhibited viability and induced apoptosis in multiple human HCC cell lines by inducing reactive oxygen species (ROS) and activating a DNA damage response (DDR) and p38 MAPK. In orthotopic xenograft models of human HCC in athymic nude mice, intravenous administration of Ad.IGFBP7 profoundly inhibited primary tumor growth and intrahepatic metastasis. In a nude mice subcutaneous model, xenografts from human HCC cells were established in both flanks and only left-sided tumors received intratumoral injection of Ad.IGFBP7. Growth of both left-sided injected tumors and right-sided uninjected tumors were markedly inhibited by Ad.IGFBP7 with profound suppression of angiogenesis. These findings indicate that Ad.IGFBP7 might be a potent therapeutic eradicating both primary HCC and distant metastasis and might be an effective treatment option for terminal HCC patients.

This paper presents an approach which improves the performance of the word alignment with scarce resources for English-Hindi language pair. We obtain an improvement in the performance of IBM Model 1-2 algorithm by applying part of speech (POS) tag prior to the computation of word alignment probability. This paper demonstrates the increase of precision, recall and F-measure by approximately 15%, 11%, 14% respectively and reduction in Alignment Error Rate (AER) by approximately 14% with IBM Model 1. Similarly it shows an increase of precision, recall and F-measure by approximately 6%, 6% and 6% respectively and reduction in Alignment Error Rate (AER) by approximately 6% with IBM Model 2. Experiments of this paper are based on TDIL corpus.

Background: The aim of this study was to review the management of ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt complications in children. Patients and Methods: During the last 5 years (January 1, 2006 to December 31, 2010), 236 VP shunt operations were performed in children under 12 years of age; of these, 40 (16.94%) developed shunt complications and those who underwent VP shunt revisions were studied. Results: This prospective study included 40 (28 boys and 12 girls) children and required 48 shunt revisions. Complications following VP shunts that required shunt revisions were peritoneal catheter/peritoneal end malfunction (18), shunt/shunt tract infections (7), extrusion of peritoneal catheter through anus (5), ventricular catheter malfunction (4), cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak from abdominal wound (4), shunt system failure (2), ventricular end/shunt displacement (2), CSF pseudocysts peritoneal cavity (2), extrusion of peritoneal catheter from neck, chest, abdominal scar and through umbilicus, one each. Four-fifth of these shunt complications occurred within 6 months of previous surgery. Surgical procedures done during shunt revisions in order of frequency were revision of peritoneal part of shunt (27, 56.25%), revision of entire shunt system (6, 12.5%), extra ventricular drainage and delayed re-shunt (5, 10.41%), shunt removal and delayed re-shunt (5, 10.41%), opposite side shunting (2, 4.16%), cysts excision and revision of peritoneal catheter (2, 4.16%) and revision of ventricular catheter (1, 2.08%). The mortalities following VP shunt operations were 44 (18.64%) and following shunt revisions were 4 (10%). Conclusions: VP shunt done for hydrocephalus in children is not only prone for complications and need for revision surgery but also associated with considerable mortality.

This paper presents an approach which improves the performance of word alignment for English-Hindi language pair. Longer sentences in the corpus create severe problems like the high computational requirements and poor quality of resulting word alignment. Here, we present a method to solve these problems by breaking the longer sentence pairs into shorter ones. Our approach first breaks the source and target sentences into clauses and then treats the resulting clause pairs as sentence pairs to train word alignment model. We also report preliminary work on automatically identifying clause boundaries which are appropriate for improvement of word alignment. This paper demonstrates the increase of precision, recall and F-measure by approximately 11%, 7%, 10% respectively and reduction in Alignment Error Rate (AER) by approximately 10% in the performance of IBM Model 1 for word alignment. These results are obtained by training on 270 sentence pair and testing on 30 sentence pairs. Experiments of this paper are based on TDIL corpus.

The incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is rising in the US with parallel increase in mortality rate. Lack of effective therapy for advanced HCC mandates development of novel targeted therapies to counteract this fatal malady. Astrocyte elevated gene-1 (AEG-1), also known as metadherin (MTDH) and LYRIC, plays a pivotal role in hepatocarcinogenesis and serves as an ideal target for anti-HCC therapy. AEG-1 interacts with retinoid X receptor (RXR) and inhibits retinoic acid-induced gene expression and cell death. Retinoic acid has been evaluated for HCC treatment without promising result. Overexpression of AEG-1 might underlie the poor performance of retinoic acid in HCC clinical trials. We documented that combination of a lentivirus expressing AEG-1 shRNA (lenti.shAEG-1) and all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) profoundly and synergistically inhibited subcutaneous human HCC xenografts in nude mice. We now have developed liver-targeted nanoplexes by conjugating poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimers with polyethylene glycol (PEG) and lactobionic acid (PAMAM-PEG-Gal) which were complexed with AEG-1 siRNA (PAMAM-AEG-1si). PAMAM has a net positive charge that complexes with the net negative charge of the siRNA backbone, PEG increases stability of the nanoplexes and increases circulation time and the galactose binds to asialoglycoprotein receptors that are upregulated on liver cells. The polymer conjugate was characterized by 1H-NMR and optimal nanoplex formulations were characterized for surface charge and size using a zetasizer Nano ZS. We established orthotopic xenografts of human HCC cell QGY-7703 expressing luciferase (QGY-luc) in the livers of athymic nude mice and monitored tumor development by bioluminescence imaging (BLI). One week after tumor establishment mice were treated with PAMAM-siCon, PAMAM-siCon+ATRA, PAMAM-AEG-1si and PAMAM-AEG-1si+ATRA by 8 i.v. injections over 4 weeks, and sacrificed 2 weeks after the last injection. In the control group the tumor developed aggressively. ATRA showed little effect due to high AEG-1 levels in QGY-luc cells. PAMAM-AEG-1si showed significant reduction in tumor growth and the combination of PAMAM-AEG-1si+ATRA showed profound and synergistic inhibition so that the tumors were almost undetectable by BLI. Measurement of liver weight at the end of the experiment corroborated these findings. Analysis of AEG-1 mRNA in tumor samples showed a marked decrease in AEG-1 level by PAMAM-AEG-1si indicating efficacy of in vivo knockdown. The group treated with PAMAM-AEG-1si+ATRA nanoplexes showed increased necrosis, inhibition of proliferation and increased apoptosis when compared to other groups. Liver is an ideal organ for RNAi therapy and ATRA is an approved anti-cancer agent. Our exciting observations suggest that the combinatorial approach might be an effective way to combat HCC and need to be evaluated stringently in endogenous mouse models of HCC for a potential Phase I/II clinical trial. Citation Format: Jyoti Srivastava, Devaraja Rajasekaran, Ayesha Siddiq, Rachel Gredler, Chadia L. Robertson, Maaged A. Akiel, Xue-Ning Shen, Kareem A.N. Ebeid, Aliasger K. Salem, Paul B. Fisher, Devanand Sarkar. A novel combinatorial therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 5400. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-5400

The oncogene Astrocyte Elevated Gene-1 (AEG-1) is overexpressed in a wide variety of human cancers. In vitro and in vivo nude mouse xenograft studies have established the tumor-promoting role of AEG-1. Activation of multiple signaling pathways, such as NF-κB, PI3K/Akt, Wnt/β-catenin and MEK/ERK, has been attributed to mediate oncogenesis by AEG-1. To better understand the role AEG-1 plays in the onset and progression of cancer and to identify key mechanism(s) of AEG-1 action, we generated a novel AEG-1 knockout mouse (AEG-1-/-). We studied hepatocarcinogenesis in this model because AEG-1 is overexpressed in more than 90% of human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients and is believed to play a key regulatory role in progression of the disease. AEG-1-/- mice were viable with normal development. We first compared the aging associated phenotype of WT and AEG-1-/- mice. At 16 months of age spontaneous tumor development in lungs and liver was observed in some cohorts of untreated WT mice (n=20). Such tumorigenesis was not detected in any of the AEG-1-/- mice. Additionally, age-associated inflammatory infiltrates were observed in the internal organs of WT but not AEG-1-/- mice. To initiate HCC, WT and AEG-1-/- mice were treated with diethylnitrosamine (DEN) at 2 weeks of age. At 32 weeks WT mice showed a marked hepatocarcinogenic response while AEG-1-/- mice exhibited profound resistance to tumor formation. The hepatocarcinogenic response was further evaluated by DEN initiation followed by daily phenobarbital treatment. WT mice exhibited an intensified hepatocarcinogenic response evidenced by large necrotic liver tumors at 28 weeks of age with a 52% rate of lung metastasis. AEG-1-/- mice remained remarkably resistant even to this combinatorial treatment with no distant metastasis. No difference in the activation of Akt, ERK and β-catenin signaling was observed between WT and AEG-1-/- mice indicating that these pathways may not be regulated by AEG-1 under physiological conditions. However, marked inhibition of NF-κB activation was observed in AEG-1-/- mice. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced NF-κB luciferase reporter activity, nuclear translocation of p65 subunit of NF-κB and induction of IL-1β and IL-6 were markedly attenuated in primary hepatocytes and macrophages isolated from AEG-1-/- versus WT mice. Chronic inflammation and NF-κB activation play a causal role in hepatocarcinogenesis. Inhibition of NF-κB activation in hepatocytes and macrophages profoundly abrogates HCC development in mouse models. Our findings in AEG-1-/- mice confirm a fundamental role of AEG-1 in NF-κB activation. Here we demonstrate that lack of AEG-1 protects from generalized inflammation thereby suppressing spontaneous as well as experimental tumorigenesis. AEG-1-/-mice might be a useful model to study inflammation and cancer in diverse organ systems. Citation Format: Chadia L. Robertson, Jyoti Srivastava, Ayesha Siddiq, Rachel Gredler, Devaraja Rajasekaran, Maaged Akiel, Xue-Ning Shen, Knarik Arkun, Shobha Ghosh, Mark A. Subler, Jolene Windle, Paul B. Fisher, Devanand Sarkar. Analyzing the role of Astrocyte Elevated Gene-1 (AEG-1) in hepatocarcinogenesis using a knockout mouse model. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 72. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-72

Violence against women can be addressed through a fundamental rights lens. It is a violation of human dignity and, in its worst form; it violates the right to life. A descriptive study was carried out among 30 married women, at a selected hospital in Varanasi. Participants were selected through convenient sampling. Data was collected through interview, by using Socio demographic proforma and structured domestic violence questionnaire. The result showed that the overall prevalence of domestic violence among women was 23(76.7%). Although, there was no correlation between domestic violence and Expenditure, Disability, Burden, Duration of illness. Domestic violence was higher amongst the group of middle educated and house maker women in area of Uttar Pradesh. 30% of the sample belonged to diagnostic category of schizophrenia. This was followed by Depression in nearly 16.7%. Most of the cases, 86.7% precipitating factor were present and 60% cases past mental illness was absent, so effective actions should be taken to stop Domestic Violence at no time.

Background Domestic violence against women is the most pervasive human rights violation in the world today. According to UNiTE to End Violence against Women (2009) by UN Women, In the United States, one-third of women murdered each year are killed by intimate partners. In South Africa, a woman is killed every 6 hours by an intimate partner. The Objective To assess the magnitude and causes of domestic violence with mental illness & normal women. Material & Methods The sample of study comprised of 50 women with mental illness and 50 normal women. Mental illness patients diagnosed according to with Axis one psychiatric Disorder DSM IV-TR, who were selected from the Psychiatry OPD and ward of the S.S. Hospital, BHU and normal women were be selected from the accompany with patients of Sir Sunder Lal Hospital. The patients were assessed on the structured questionnaire on Domestic Violence. RESULTS The domestic violence present in married women with mental illness was 72% and normal women were 36%. Perceived causes of domestic violence in married women with mental illness were more compared to those with normal women. The health care personnel should be given an opportunity to update their knowledge regarding domestic violence and there is need education for domestic violence and cessation, so that they can help the women to protect/prevent domestic violence. Language: en

Aim: The aim of this study was to review our experience with tube thoracostomy in the management of empyema thoracis in children. Patients and Methods: This retrospective study included 46 children (26 boys and 20 girls) who were admitted and managed for empyema thoracis, between January 1, 2010 and December 31, 2010 at the author’s department of paediatric surgery. Results: During the last 12 months, 46 children aged below 12 years were treated for empyema thoracis: Five (10.86%) were infants, 22 (47.82%) were 1 to 5 years and 19 (41.30%) were 6 to 12 years of age. All the patients presented with complaints of cough, fever and breathlessness of variable durations. Twenty three (50%) children had history of pneumonia and treatment prior to development of empyema. Thirty five (76.08%) children had right-sided and 11 (23.91%) had left-sided empyema. Thirty nine (84.78%) children were successfully treated with tube thoracostomy, systemic antibiotics and other supportive measures. Seven (15.21%) children failed to respond with above and needed decortications. Most commonly isolated bacteria were Pseudomonas (n = 12) and Staphylococcus aureus (n = 7). The average length of hospital stay in patients with tube thoracostomy was 15.35 days, and in patients who needed decortications was 16.28 days following thoracotomy. There was no mortality amongst above treated children. Conclusions: Majority of children with empyema thoracis are manageable with tube thoracostomy, antibiotics, physiotherapy and other supportive treatment. Few of them who fail to above measures need more aggressive management.