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Outlier detection in multivariate data is one of the critical challenges in preprocessing phase. Many outlier detection methods have been emerged for the past few years to perform outlier detection efficiently in multivariate datasets. The prediction accuracy cannot be improved without proper outlier analysis and the prediction model might not confirm the expected behavior. The generation of huge data in real time applications makes the outlier detection process more crucial and challenging. Most of the currently available detection methods are based on mean and covariance that are not suitable for handling large volume of datasets, they are suitable for handlind static data and simple data to detect outliers. They cannot cope up with large scale data. So, there is a need for an efficient outlier detection model to detect the outliers in multivariate datasets. The primary objective of this research work is to develop a robust model for outlier detection in multivariate data. To achieve this, the work proposed an enhanced Hidden Semi-Markov Model (HSMM) which allows arbitrary time distribution in its states to detect outliers. The proposed work utilized six benchmark datasets and the performance is compared with several outlier detection algorithms such as HMM, iForest, FastABOD, and Expose. The work achieves 98.2 % of accuracy which is significantly better for detecting outliers in multivariate dataset. The proposed work improvised the percentage of acheivements between 2% to 25% than the currently available models.. The experimental analysis shows that the proposed model performs well than the currently available models in terms of accuracy, and receiver operation curve (ROC).

The main objective of this study is to identify the potable groundwater zones in Adyar River Basin (ARB) that forms the major river of Chennai metropolitan and significantly contributes to the demands of this big city's water supply. Twenty eight groundwater samples were collected during postmonsoon and premonsoon seasons in 2016 from the wells of ARB which is downstream of Chembarambakkam Lake, which supplies drinking water to Chennai metropolitan city. All the water samples were analyzed using Portable meter and Ion Chromatography for physico-chemical parameters and major ions such as pH, TDS, Ca, Mg, Na, K, Cl, HCO3, SO4 and NO3. The analytical results were compared with the WHO, USEPA & BIS guideline values and reported that some of the samples exceeds these guideline values for drinking water quality. Spatial distribution maps were prepared to identify the potable groundwater available regions based on these water quality parameters. Piper and Gibbs plots are generated to identify the nature and type of groundwater with processes controls the groundwater chemistry. Principal component analysis was done to interpret the possible sources of chemical compounds present in the groundwater. To precisely delineate the potable groundwater region in ARB, Water Quality Index (WQI) approach is employed with the basic water quality parameters and spatial distribution maps were prepared using GIS for the obtained indexes. It is found that only 10.71% and 17.86% of the study area groundwater is within the excellent water quality for drinking during postmonsoon and premonsoon respectively, whereas 42.86% in postmonsoon and 14.29% in premonsoon is found as poor quality groundwater for drinking. The groundwater of the northwestern and western part of ARB is under very poor and unsuitable category for drinking in both the seasons. This region of ARB is recommended for implementation of artificial groundwater recharging to improve the groundwater quality and make it suitable for drinking.

A significant population of our country is folks with an average income who depend on public transportation to go about. But this method of transport has become one of the most chaotic and also has a high percentage of crime sites for numerous incidents. Hence this method has the most insecure position for the public and also pollution generating state. Out of the full population of India as of 2017, around 5.5 percent of the total GDP goes by road dependent on public transit. The aim of this work is to develop a Smart automatic Public transport System with improved security to provide convenience to passengers who are unaware of the complete information about the buses such as availability of seats, journey time, distance traveled, and to make sure they experience the same comfort as their personal vehicles.

Background Dry eye disease (DED) is one of the most common conditions presenting to eye care providers and is increasingly recognized to have poor outcomes on quality of life, activities of daily living, and social and emotional well-being. Here, we aim to understand the association between dry eye symptoms and workplace productivity experienced by patients with non-Sjogren's dry eye and Sjogren's Syndrome. Methods MEDLINE, PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, CINAHL, Healthstar, and PsycINFO were searched from inception to May 2019. Results Thirty-one studies consisting of 50,446 study participants from 14 countries were included in this systematic review. Among non-Sjogren's dry eye patients, there was significant absenteeism (ES = 0.19; 95% CI: [0.04, 0.35]), presenteeism (ES = 0.25; 95% CI: [0.15. 0.35]), productivity impairment (ES = 0.24; 95% CI: [0.20, 0.27]), activity impairment (ES = 0.30; 95% CI: [0.21, 0.38]), and subjective difficulties at work (ES = 0.58; 95% CI: [0.40, 0.75]). Patients with Sjogren's Syndrome demonstrated significant absenteeism (ES = 0.13, 95% CI: [0.10, 0.17]), presenteeism (ES = 0.28, 95% CI: [0.24, 0.32]), productivity impairment (ES = 0.31, 95% CI: [0.27, 0.35]), and activity impairment (ES = 0.39, 95% CI: [0.32, 0.47]) in the workplace. In addition, patients with Sjogren's Syndrome demonstrated significantly lower employment rate (ES = 0.42, 95% CI: [0.34, 0.50]), decreased number of hours worked (SMD = -0.21, 95% CI: [-0.39, -0.02]), and increased work disability (ES = 0.18; 95% CI: [0.09, 0.27]). Conclusions This is the first systematic review and meta-analysis to demonstrate the negative association between DED and several work productivity measures.

In this article, a numerical investigation is conducted to analyze three-dimensional incompressible Navier-strokes flows through the rectangular divergent square ribbed channels with different Reynolds number value 20,000, 40,000 and 60,000 having five different configurations of square ribs (p/e = 2.5, 3.33, 5, 10, and 20) has been used as roughness element. The commercial finite-volume based CFD code ANSYS FLUENT is used to simulate turbulent airflow through the channels. The RNG k-e turbulence model is used to solve the transport equations for turbulent flow energy and dissipation rate. Detailed results about average heat transfer and fluid friction in a rectangular divergent square channel are presented and discussed.

A collector is a device that can convert the available sun’s radiations into some useful heat energy with better entrapment of sunlight and is economical too. To heat the water and aqueous fluids, flat plate collector (FPC) is widely used. The main objective of this study is to find out the alternate for FPC with improved performance. Solar cavity collector (SCC) is one such type of an enhanced model of FPC. It consists of five cavities that have an arrangement for inlet and also outlet tubes to flow over. The same has been constructed with copper pipes as a receiver material to carry out the trails in order to find the suitable parametric study. The performance of any collector affects mainly the physical modifications of the collector. Therefore, the performance of SCC includes the prime parameters such as the out-turn of aperture entrance gap and cavity structure outer cover materials. Water rate of flow and comparison of SCC and FPC are the other parameters considered for the current study. Experimental results have to be compared with any simulation tool in order to achieve better performance. Using the Artificial Neural Network (ANN) tool of the MATLAB software, the simulations have been validated. The successful creation of the progressed model in ANN has the set of variables that are fetched out. The experimental and simulated end results match with each other in an appropriate manner.

A vital issue for marketers stemming from social media’s increased popularity is how they can leverage external knowledge within their organizations through internal social media networks and outside and across organizations with partners, collaborating firms, and consumers through external social networks. Although extensive research on absorptive capacity in organizations is available, research on leveraging external knowledge on social media is lacking. To address this research gap, we introduce a new construct termed “social capacitance,” which refers to how social media can help organizations’ absorptive capacity development, leading to organizational innovation, long-term success, and competitive advantage. Using an integrative capacitive-coupling framework, we theorize the antecedents and consequences of social capacitance in consumer–firm interactions, firm–consumer interactions, consumer–consumer interactions, and firm–firm interactions using social media platforms.

Firms are increasingly employing Chief Global Officers (CGOs) in their C-suites. Drawing on the information processing theory and the instrumental leadership framework, we argue that CGOs could be an important conduit in leveraging international scope to improve organizational performance. Based on a sample of 1,293 U.S. firms between 2006 and 2015, the results show that in addition to the direct positive association between CGO presence and firm performance, CGO presence mediates the association between geographical sales dispersion and firm performance. The hypotheses are supported for stock-market based performance as well as international sales performance. The findings are robust to a variety of tests, including alternate measures of variables of interest, alternate model specifications, and matched-pair sampling. Additional analyses comparing CGO presence with executive presence in other functional areas suggest the distinctive role of CGO in the top management team.

Unilateral pricing policy (UPP), in which the manufacturer mandates a minimum retail price for all retailers, has become increasingly popular. Manufacturers employ this pricing policy to encourage brick-and-mortar retailers to offer a high level of service in their stores and to support brick-and-mortar retailers that provide presales services for customers in the presence of showrooming—a phenomenon in which a customer visits an offline retailer to learn about the product but purchases from an online retailer for a lower price. Our proposed analytical model identifies the motivations of a UPP and helps determine the approach to setting a UPP-based price under various conditions. The UPP price depends on key factors such as the extent of showrooming in the market, customer price sensitivity, and the salience of presales service in their valuation. We compare the outcomes of a UPP with those under the conventional policy, in which the retailers determine prices independently.

The paper represents the numerical investigation of heat transfer characteristics in a pipe provided with twisted tape inserts is analyzed. The heat transfer was analyzed in a swirling flow conditions using CFD simulation. A commercial CFD package was used for analyze twisted tape for circular tube fitted with triangular cut twisted tape and circular hole cut twisted tape inserts. The twisted tape system allows a significant increase of convective heat transfer coefficient by introducing the swirl flow motion. The swirl flow motion provides greater heat transfer rate extracted from the solid surface of the tube. The depth of cuts for triangular cut 5 mm and depth of hole cut 5 mm twisted tapes were used for simulation generation. In this paper CFD analysis was used for enhancement of heat transfer rate of fluid of laminar flow. The experimental investigation were conducted in double pipe heat exchanger and these value of plain twisted tape, triangular twisted tape and circular hole cit twisted tape were taken for used simulation analysis. The performance of heat transfer rate was enhanced 1.1–1.3 times compared that the plain twisted tape and circular cut twisted tape. The data obtained from the simulation correlations for triangular cut twisted tape and circular hole cut twisted tape; and these data were correlated with plain twisted tape.

The dynamics of the supply chain has been changing since the past two decades. The different view of the supply chain is proposed by the researchers to achieve sustainability in the system. With consideration of the environment and cleaner production concerns, lean and green closed-loop supply chain aspect is crucial to enhance the sustainability of an organization. In this context, this chapter analyzes the barriers for the implementation of lean and green closed-loop supply chain in the Indian small and medium enterprises (SMEs). A total of 35 barriers have been identified from the literature survey; out of which, 15 potential barriers have been shortlisted by using the best–worst method (BWM). After finalizing the top 15 barriers, interpretive structural modeling (ISM) has been adopted to analyze the relationship among the barriers. The proposed framework provides systematic approach for analyzing the barriers, and also creates roadmaps for the implementation of lean and green closed-loop supply chain in the SMEs.

Domestic rabbit belongs to genus Oryctolagus cuniculus which has 38 important breeds and 77 varieties of European rabbits. The domestic rabbit is known to produce quality meat, fur and very fine quality animal fibre. Rabbit rearing has gained momentum in the recent years among the developing countries including India, owing to their small body size, rapid growth rate, high prolificacy, early maturity, shorter generation interval and ability to utilize forage and fibrous agricultural by-products. In India, there has been a rising awareness in recent years on the virtues of broiler rabbit production as an alternative means of alleviating food shortages. India is also one of the developing countries which are also facing meat shortage of 4.66 g/day against the recommended requirement of 87 g/day. In India, the total rabbit population has increased from 424 thousands in 2007 to 591.6 thousand in 2012 which is 39.55% increase in last 5 years.

The emergence of varying perspectives on globalization has meant that buyer-seller interactions in the context of new product development (NPD) are becoming culturally more nuanced. Important research findings exist on the factors influencing the various stages of the NPD process, the role of buyer-seller interactions on NPD, and the role of national culture on NPD. What happens when global NPD occurs between buyers and sellers in different cultures? Does the type of interaction and the stage of NPD matter? How can buyers leverage NPD success globally using the dimensions of national culture? Extant research does not offer a conceptual framework to examine the moderating role of national culture differences on the link between buyer-seller interactions and different stages of NPD. Such a framework is important to expand our knowledge of the NPD process in the increasingly global environment and to offer meaningful guidance to executives when managing the NPD process cross culturally. Our research sheds light on these important questions at the intersection of NPD, national culture, and buyer-seller interactions. In doing so, we differentiate between the initiation and implementation stages of NPD and distinguish between variety and intensity of interactions. We then consider the moderating role of six national cultural dimensions (individualism, power distance, masculinity, uncertainty avoidance, long-term orientation, and indulgence). Important implications of our work for research and managerial practice are highlighted.

The electric drives used for vehicle propulsion need to be highly efficient and high power dense to improve the performance of electric vehicles (EV) and make them competent in transportation applications. In the similar lines, this paper proposes a radial flux brushless direct current (BLDC) motor with surface magnet rotor with a Halbach array. The magnetic equivalent circuit of the motor is derived; nonlinear electromagnetic analysis carried out and arrived at performance characteristics for an EV propulsion. The proposed topology is compared with conventional BLDC motor with surface mount magnets and found an increment of 20% in power density. The hardware is realized, tested for its performance and the results are closely matching with design parameters.

Introduction: Postoperative Sore Throat (POST) is a frequently encountered complication after general anaesthesia with tracheal intubation and positional changes. Magnesium Sulphate (MgSO4) is a N-Methyl D-Aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist and dexamethasone is a glucocorticoid, both drugs helps in reducing POST by various mechanisms. Aim: To compare the effects of preoperative dexamethasone nebulisation vs preoperative MgSO4 nebulisation on sore throat in prone position surgeries. Materials and Methods: Eighty patients undergoing lumbar spine surgeries from October 2017 to April 2019, under general anaesthesia in prone position, were randomly allocated into two groups- A and B. Thirty minutes before surgery patients in each group were nebulised with respective drugs, dexamethasone 8 mg in group A and 250 mg of MgSO4 in group B. Haemodynamic parameters during laryngoscopy were noted. A standardised protocol for providing general anaesthesia was followed for all patients. After extubation, at 0, 4, 6 and 24 hours all patients were asked to grade POST, hoarseness and cough. The severity of POST was graded with four-point scale. Continuous variables were expressed as mean±SD and analysed using student t-test. The p-value

Objectives To determine the outcomes of chronically ventilated patients outside the setting of intensive care units. Design Systematic review. Setting and participants Studies evaluating patients on chronic invasive mechanical ventilation in different care settings. Methods A systematic literature search of the PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, CINAHL (EBSCOhost), LILACS and Scopus databases from inception to March 27, 2020. Studies reporting mortality outcomes of patients ≥18 years of age on chronic invasive mechanical ventilation in intensive care units and other care settings were eligible for inclusion. Results Sixty studies were included in the systematic review. Mortality rates ranged from 13.7% to 77.8% in ICUs (n = 17 studies), 7.8%–51.0% in non-ICUs including step-down units and inpatient wards (n = 26 studies), and 12.0%–91.8% in home or nursing home settings (n = 19 studies). Age was associated with mortality in all care settings. Weaning rates ranged from 10.0% to 78.2% across non-ICU studies. Studies reporting weaning as their primary outcome demonstrated higher success rates in weaning. Home care studies reported low incidences of ventilator failure. None of the studies reported ventilator malfunction as the primary cause of death. Conclusions and implications Mortality outcomes across various settings were disparate due to methodological and clinical heterogeneity among studies. However, there is evidence to suggest non-ICU venues of care as a comparable alternative to ICUs for stable, chronically ventilated patients, with the additional benefit of providing specialized weaning programs. By synthesizing the global data on managing chronically ventilated patients in various care settings, this study provides health care systems and providers alternative venue options for the delivery of prolonged ventilatory care in the context of limited ICU resources., Chronic or prolonged mechanical ventilation, Care settings, Intensive care unit, Long-term care, Step-down unit, Home mechanical ventilation

The unprecedented humanitarian crisis caused due to the COVID-19 breakout has irrevocably changed the global economic landscape and has posed huge challenges to business owners around the globe. Global supply chains are further affected due to the government policies on travel restrictions, quarantines and suspending business operations intended to prevent the further spread of the virus. The evolution of various supply chain strategies over the years focused on supply chain optimization to minimize costs, inventories and increase effective utilization of resources has forced firms to go for minimized buffers and capability to absorb vast scale disruption caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. Significant logistics and supply chain challenges will remain for an indeterminate period of time as pandemic impacts still continue to peak in developing countries. Further, with the world entering a new normal post-COVID-19, drastic changes in overall spending and consumer behaviour are. Though many businesses are adapting crisis-management mechanisms their focus is typically on the short term. However, logistics and supply chain planners hope to plan the medium and long term to build resilience to see them through the other side. Hence, this chapter focuses on the set of issues that require immediate attention across the entire supply chains amidst the ongoing pandemic and further we discuss the action plans to mitigate the pandemic effect and to recover by building resilience against such future shocks.

The coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic has severely affected the supply chain all over. A major challenge for the supply chain (SC) is to address this disruption risk and bring sustainability to SC. The objective of this paper is to identify the stakeholders' requirements and critical success factors (CSFs) for the sustainability initiative in SC during this pandemic situation. Three potential stakeholders' requirements and a total of 16 critical success factors have been identified by taking inputs from experts and decision-makers. Further, these critical factors are analyzed and ranked based on a hybrid quality function deployment (QFD)-best-worst methodology (BWM). The QFD method has been used to identify the stakeholder’ requirements. And, the BWM has been adopted to prioritize the CSFs. The scientific value of the study is the contribution of the framework model for the sustainable initiatives in the SC during the COVID-19 pandemic outbreak, identification of stakeholders’ requirements and CSFs, and prioritizes these CSFs. The top three most critical success factors are found to be social distancing, emergency logistics systems, and emergency backup facilities. The proposed framework provides a roadmap to operation and supply chain managers to come up with good solutions for sustainability initiatives in the supply chain during and after the pandemic outbreak.

The proliferation of smart technologies has reached its peak in recent years. The Industrial Internet of Things (I.I.o.T.) establishes a network of sensors and intelligent devices and implements these technologies directly on the shop floors, in data collection which are in turn used by the artificial intelligence systems for predictive analytics of the systems under monitoring. It is estimated that by 2020, there will be 20.4 billion I.o.T. Devices. Usage of I.o.T. in human services, savvy smart cities and manufacturing enterprises have already started at various levels. This chapter discusses the role of IIoT in different manufacturing sectors

Sharing economy is now a worldwide phenomenon that describes economic activities to connect interdependent economic actors as “sellers” and “buyers” in the marketplace. Despite the remarkable growth of sharing economy, a review of the academic literature and business press indicates two major gaps: (1) There is a lack of clear conceptualization of the definition and domain of sharing; and (2) there is an absence of a unified typology to explain varied sharing activities and delineate managerial guidelines from their nuanced differences.

Computational investigations on the rib turbulated flow inside a convergent and divergent rectangular channel with square ribs of different rib heights and different Reynolds numbers (Re=20,000, 40,000 and 60,000). The ribs were arranged in a staggered fashion between the upper and lower surfaces of the test section. Computational investigations are carried out using computational fluid dynamic software ANSYS Fluent 14.0. Suitable solver settings like turbulence models were identified from the literature and the boundary conditions for the simulations on a solution of independent grid. Computations were carried out for both convergent and divergent channels with 0 (smooth duct), 1.5, 3, 6, 9 and 12 mm rib heights, to identify the ribbed channel with optimal performance, assessed using a thermo hydraulic performance parameter. The convergent and divergent rectangular channels show higher Nu values than the standard correlation values.

Additive manufacturing (AM) is a technology rapidly growing on a number of industrial sectors. It provides design freedom and ecological/environmental advantages and highly 3D complicated parts also we can make without any restriction. Several investigators have established the direct and indirect use of Fusion Deposition Modeling (FDM) manufactured parts as final products in industrial application, such as turbine blades the concept of rapid tooling and rapid casting of certain aluminum parts using FDM parts as patterns. Albeit industrial application all the component should be expected as highly accurate parts to give up the better output to the end user. The present research work investigates the relationship with the three process parameters namely fill density, horizontal and vertical orientation of part with circularity of FDM manufactured parts. In this research ABS material chosen for experimentation, design of object is made by Creo 3.0 software and is converted to stl file imported to uPrint SE FDM machine and the part is manufactured. The DOE, Taguchi method and ANOVA are used to obtain the optimum combination of the parameter for minimum circularity error on both inner and outer circle. The causes for variation are found and recommended for industrial best fitness functions.

Electromagnetic (EM) brakes are gaining importance in aerospace vehicles for various critical applications. In guided missiles, they are primarily used for locking the actuator when the missile is in carriage either by road or by air such that the position of the actuator is not changed when servo is in the off condition. In this paper, a new EM brake is designed which is more energy efficient and reliable compared to a conventional solenoid operated brake. The nonlinear magnetic analysis is carried out on the brake, and the hardware is realized and tested. The test results are promising and this topology can be adapted for aerospace and other critical applications.

Environmental contamination with hexavalent chromium (CrVI) is a growing problem both in the United States and developing countries. Hexavalent chromium is widely used in numerous industries. Environmental exposure to CrVI adversely affects pregnancy outcomes and subsequent health of 2 generations, resulting in higher pregnancy loss, spontaneous abortion and low birth rate. Pregnant women exposed to CrVI through occupational settings experience increased risk of spontaneous abortion, stillbirth, preterm birth, and neonatal death. Children of the CrVI exposed women experience respiratory problems, perinatal jaundice, and increased birth defects. Because placental dysfunction may have a role in such adverse pregnancy outcome, we tested the hypothesis that environmental Cr exposure in pregnant women results in Cr accumulation in the human placenta, which could increase placental oxidative stress by disrupting antioxidant machinery and inducing apoptosis. Studies using frozen, deidentified human term placenta samples indicated that: (1) Cr accumulates in human term placenta tissues and (2) increase in Cr accumulation is positively correlated with oxidative stress and apoptotic markers, and altered antioxidants levels. Interestingly, there was a sexual dimorphism in the correlation between Cr accumulation and oxidative stress, and expression of apoptotic and antioxidant markers. Mechanistic in vitro studies using human trophoblast cells BeWo confirmed the detrimental effects of Cr in altering antioxidant genes. For the first time, this study provides evidence in support of a positive correlation between Cr accumulation in the human placenta and accelerated oxidative stress, with a gender bias toward the male sex.

Wider speed and torque range is one of the major requirements of high-power propulsion and traction applications. Pole-phase modulation (PPM) of multiphase induction motors provide extended speed-torque range without the need of oversizing the motor rating. Particularly, PPM of nine-phase IM gives four-pole and 12-pole mode of operations with wider speed and torque variations. But in three-phase (3-φ) 12-pole mode higher torque ripple degrades the performance of drive system. Further, in nine-phase (9-φ) four-pole mode the extra dc link utilization (DLU) using 9-φ space vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM) is very less compared to the 3-φ SVPWM. Possible techniques to improve DLU by adding third harmonic order offset value to the sine references introduce dominant lower order harmonic currents in to the phase windings. To address these problems, this paper proposes a multilevel voltage generation technique using an auxiliary 3-φ two-level inverter for reducing high torque pulsations during starting. Compared to the conventional multilevel inverters, the proposed multilevel inverter scheme gives the same number of voltage levels with considerably less device count. In addition, this paper also proposes a simple and effective phase grouping method to avoid dominant lower order harmonic currents into the phase windings while improving the DLU of four-pole operation. The proposed performance improvement technique for PPM of 9-φ IM is simulated in ANSYS Maxwell two-dimensional and Simplorer environment. A prototype of 5-hp 9-φ IM drive controlled using SPARTAN 6 FPGA board is developed for validating the proposed performance improvement methods experimentally.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is twofold: first, to propose that the nature and degree of control during new product development (NPD) outsourcing depends upon its initiation stage or implementation stage; second, to delineate the moderating effect of globalization and digitizability that further influence the link between NPD stage and control systems. Design/methodology/approach The authors propose a conceptual framework and develop a series or propositions. Findings The nature and degree of control systems required in NPD is contingent upon the stage of the NPD process and this relationship is moderated by the degree of globalization and digitizability. Research limitations/implications The paper offers a conceptual platform that can be explored in future empirical research. The paper offers a series of propositions as well as measurement items to enable this task. Practical implications The research underscores the idea that instituting appropriate control systems in outsourcing NPD is a complex process that requires careful consideration of the nature of the activity, the nature of the control and firm strategy. Originality/value This paper is the first to conceptually examine the domain of the three-way intersection of NPD stage-gate process, outsourcing relationships and control systems. By doing so, the authors extend each of the three individual research domains in new directions as well as enhance the understanding of the interrelationships among these three domains.

Extant service research considers several aspects of customer participation (CP) but lacks a clear and inclusive typology that delineates CP’s domain, scope, or boundaries. To address this gap, the authors build on a review of extant literature and propose a typology to classify CP into three categories—mandatory, replaceable, and voluntary. They demonstrate how this proposed typology improves the conceptual and empirical clarity of CP research. More specifically, the authors (1) suggest using “customer participation” to replace other terminologies such as coproduction and cocreation to reduce confusion; (2) conceptualize CP, customer engagement, and customer innovation as related but distinct concepts; (3) use the proposed typology to extend existing conceptualizations, integrate prior empirical research, and reconcile conflicting findings. Building on the enhanced conceptual clarity, managerial implications and future research directions are discussed.

The current biophysical status of the coral reef ecosystems along the Andaman and Nicobar Islands was studied between July 2009 and March 2014 at 48 sites belonging to eight groups of Islands. The nature of the benthic environment and the distribution pattern of eleven different life-form categories and coral species diversity of the coral reef ecosystems studied are presented with their latitudinal variations. Principal component analysis indicated the increasing pattern of live coral (LC) cover towards the south in both the Andaman (Port Blair group) and the Nicobar (Nancowry group) Islands. De-trended correspondence analysis indicated that the contribution of coral species diversity was also more towards Port Blair followed by Nancowry group of Islands. Based on life-form categories, Metric multidimensional scaling analysis revealed seven major clusters with 85% similarity between the Islands. For species diversity studies, all the study sites were categorized into ten major clusters with 80% similarity. Among them, the first cluster covered the Digilipur group, the second cluster comprised areas from Mayabunder group, the third and fourth clusters comprised areas between Port Blair group and Nancowry group, the fifth and sixth clusters comprised areas of Car Nicobar group and the final four clusters formed from Havelock group. A significant negative correlation was observed between algal assemblage and LC cover. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that the algal cover acts as an important negative indicator for LC categories.

Distributed storage stages guarantee advantageous applications to clients for sharing records and cooperate with coordinated efforts. The main challenge in a shared cloud-based application is the security and privacy of sensitive information stored by a particular user. For instance, Cloud users has the ability to erase documents and disavow them without counselling the alternate cloud associates. To handle this drawback, Proof of Shared belonging (PoSW) is proposed, a particular PoSW is subjected to execute information protection mechanism, confirmation and information reduplication. Furthermore, PoSW tends to utilize the diagonal cryptography equation to ensure the security of the mutual data records in order to provide a common information sharing approval, document ownership, and develop an absolutely particular relation between the document holders. Hence, integrating PoSW into the cloud server assists it to check the common belonging and overcome the data reduplication challenges in the common cloud-based data records.

In this article, upcoming 5G mobile services are looked into and classified from the view of not service providers, but end-users. The growth of 5G mobile services is based on an main analysis of the global styles in mobile services. Additionally, various essential service requirements, needed for making service scenarios showed, are described. To illustrate the modifications in societies and in daily life in the 5G era, five megatrends, including the burst of mobile data traffic, the fast increase in attached devices, everything on the cloud, hyper-realistic media for intersection services and knowledge as a service enabled by big-data analysis, are analyzed. Based on such styles, we classify the new 5G services into five classes in terms of the end-users’ feel as follows: immersive 5G services, intelligent 5G services, omnipresent 5G services, autonomous 5G services and public 5G services. Moreover, various 5G service scenarios in each service category are showed, and essential technical demands for realizing the same 5G services are proposed, along with a competitiveness analysis on 5G services/devices/network industries and the present-day condition of 5G technologies.

This study empirically demonstrates the impact of service innovation on innovation performance for manufacturing and service firms and finds that the effect of service innovation on innovation performance is greater for service firms than manufacturing firms. In addition, the results show that the relationship between the propensity for service innovation and three types of collaboration (vertical, horizontal, and third-party collaboration) is significant. Furthermore, this study finds that vertical and third-party collaborations are more beneficial than horizontal collaboration for service firms. This research advances the discourse on service innovation in two ways. First, it offers a stronger justification for examining and fostering innovation generation in service industries. Second, the findings regarding the comparative impact of collaboration highlight the desirability of stronger collaborations with channel members (whose interests are aligned with the firm) and neutral entities (whose interests are not in conflict with the firm) than with competitors (whose interests are likely not aligned with the focal firm). In short, the research presents a detailed and nuanced view of the antecedents and consequences of service innovation.

Typical value of rated phase voltage of pole phase modulated multiphase induction motor (PPMMIM) drives with wider speed range is in the order of few hundreds of kilovolts. This high value of phase voltage for high power density applications results in higher dc-link voltage requirement and switch voltage rating of two-level multiphase inverter. Further, using multiphase space vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM) yields less dc-link utilization. Methods to increase dc-link utilization using SVPWM with offset value of third harmonic order introduces dominant lower order harmonic currents into phase windings. One more major problem in high pole mode of PPMMIMs is higher torque pulsation due to decrease in phase number. To address these problems this paper proposes a dual-inverter-based multilevel voltage excitation scheme for nine-phase PPMMIM with 1:3 speed ratio. In four-pole mode a simple phase grouping technique to eliminate lower order harmonic currents in the phase windings is proposed. In addition each inverter feeding these phase groups is modulated using carrier-based three-phase SVPWM to achieve higher dc-link utilization. This paper also proposes a multilevel voltage generation scheme for 12-pole mode of operation using carrier phase shifted pulse width modulation (PWM) for inherently available equal voltage profile coils with the same dual inverter structure. The torque ripple using phase shifted carriers PWM and single carrier PWM are compared. Finite element method model of nine-phase PPMMIM is developed in Ansys Maxwell two-dimension and is cosimulated with three three-phase dual inverters in Simplorer environment. Experimental validation is done for linear and over modulation case on 9ФIM fed from three three-phase dual inverters controlled using Spartan six field programmable gate array board programmed in VHDL.

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to propose a relational view of supply chain management strategy (RSCMS) and its impact on organizational performance and examine the moderating role of technological and market turbulences on these relationships. Design/methodology/approach – The authors propose a conceptual model that links supply chain (SC) strategies to operational and relational outcomes of organizational performance. The authors follow an interdisciplinary approach by integrating insights from domains such as supply chain management (SCM), operations, marketing, management, management information systems, and technology management. Findings – The proposed RSCMS framework presents 15 propositions that examine SCM strategies and their interrelationships, and examine how these strategies result in superior organizational performance. Research limitations/implications – Through the RSCMS framework, the authors conceptualize transformation as a higher order SC strategy resulting from collaborative and integrative SCs, and tie the relational SC mix first to operational and relational outcomes and then to organizational performance. Practical implications – The research provides a better understanding of SC strategies of collaboration, integration, and transformation, along with market and technological turbulences for more efficient and effective SCs. Originality/value – In this research, the authors propose a unified RSCMS framework of SC mix strategies of collaboration, integration, and transformation and their influence on organizational performance; and explore how the RSCMS framework contributes to theory development, provide insights for managers, and explore avenues for further research.

Multilevel inverters are gaining more attention in ac drive application due to their many attractive features. In the case of conventional neutral-point-clamped (NPC) or flying capacitor multilevel inverter configurations, active switches are connected in series to produce multilevel output voltage waveform. Therefore, if any one switch fails, the entire configuration has to be shut down; this will reduce the reliability of the system. A dual three-level inverter configuration for induction motor drive is proposed in this paper to improve reliability of the system. This topology is developed by feeding four-pole induction motor stator winding with four conventional two-level inverter modules. A level-shifted carrier-based third harmonic injection pulsewidth-modulation technique is used to produce the gating signals for the proposed configuration. By providing proper phase shift between carrier waves, multilevel voltage waveform is produced across the total motor phase winding, and first center band harmonics are also canceled. Thereby, the torque ripple will be considerably reduced compared with conventional NPC five-level inverter-driven induction motor drive. Finite-element analysis (FEA) is used to estimate the torque ripple when induction motor is supplied by the proposed configuration and conventional five-level NPC inverter configuration to show the effectiveness of the proposed converter. The proposed configuration is simulated using MATLAB/Simulink and experimentally verified using a laboratory prototype with a 5-hp four-pole induction motor drive.

Background: Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in industrialized countries, and is one of the major public health problems globally. There is an emerging evidence of premature CAD occurring in Asian Indians, at least 10 years earlier as compared to other ethnic groups. Dyslipidemia is a consequence of modernization because the prevalence of dyslipidemia is higher in urban than rural areas. In this context, the present study was aimed to determine lipid levels and to compare the lipid levels and prevalence of dyslipidemia in a rural and urban community in Tamil Nadu. Methods: This is a descriptive cross-sectional study done on Adults ≥ 30 years of age residing in the Field practice area of Rural Health Centre and Urban Health Centre, Division of Community medicine, Rajah Muthiah Medical College, Annamalai University. This study included Interview schedule, Anthropometry, Blood pressure measurement and Fasting lipid profile on 325 subjects of whom 165 and 160 belong to urban and rural population respectively. Results: The study revealed higher prevalence of dyslipidemia, which was marginally higher in the urban (74.5%) than the rural (68.8%) area but the difference was statistically not significant (p value=0.246). The extents of high total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, triglycerides were marginally higher in the urban area but the difference was statistically not significant. There is a linear association between the prevalence of dyslipidemia, age and body mass index. Conclusions: Our study concluded the higher percentage of dyslipidemia both in the urban and rural population. Hence, awareness programmes on desirable diet and regular screening of population on periodic basis should be incorporated at the primary health care level.

Growing attractiveness of Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs), its features, and usage has led to the launching of threats and attacks to bring negative consequences in the society. The typical features of MANETs, especially with dynamic topology and open wireless medium, may leave MANETs vulnerable. Trust management using uncertain reasoning scheme has previously attempted to solve this problem. However, it produces additional overhead while securing the network. Hence, a Location and Trust-based secure communication scheme (L&TS) is proposed to overcome this limitation. Since the design securing requires more than two data algorithms, the cost of the system goes up. Another mechanism proposed in this paper, Angle and Context Free Grammar (ACFG) based precarious node elimination and secure communication in MANETs, intends to secure data transmission and detect precarious nodes in a MANET at a comparatively lower cost. The Elliptic Curve function is used to isolate a malicious node, thereby incorporating secure data transfer. Simulation results show that the dynamic estimation of the metrics improves throughput by 26% in L&TS when compared to the TMUR. ACFG achieves 33% and 51% throughput increase when compared to L&TS and TMUR mechanisms, respectively.