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While the whole world is under attack of a second wave and of a more severe potent mutant form of SARS CoV-2 virus causing SEVERE COVID 19 PNEUMONIA pandemic ,a new disease is on the verge of getting declared as an epidemic named MUCORMYCOSIS OR BLACK FUNGUS (in common term). MUCORMYCOSIS is an umbrella term used for an opportunistic infection caused by several fungi belong to GLOMEROMYCOTAFAMILY(mucor, zygomucor,lichtheimia,syncephalastrumetc) these saprophytic fungi can be found in soil,food damped walled in the environment which were actually considered as an non pathogenic organism to human. In current days it has become an emerging disease in the world especially in india. Now the COVID ASSOCIATED MUCORMYCOSIS has raised a severe threat and fear in india during these second wave of CORONAVIRUS INFECTION.Due to irrational use of the drug PREDNISOLON OR DEXAMETHSONE(which basically belong to steroid group of drugs) for the management of COVID 19 AQUIRED PNEUMONIAMOR,ESPECIALLY FOR THOSE WHO ARE ON HIGH O2 REQUIREMENT has raise 2 issuesone is improper glycemic control,second is severe immunosupressant stage HERE IS A CASE REPORT THAT CAN PROVE THAT CASES OF MUCORMYCOSIS WERE INEVIDENTLY PRESENT IN INDIA EVEN BEFORE THIS PANDEMIC STARTED. A 40 years old male,a cotton mill worker ,was admitted in the emergency observation ward OF IPGME&R AND SSKM HOSPITAL,KOLKATA AROUND THE MONTH OF OCTOBER IN 2018 with random blood glucose level(RBS) 702 gm/dl along with a history of necrotic oral ulcer over the hard pallete extending posteriorly along with left sided nasal blockage with complaint of difficulty to eat and swallow both liquid and solid and rhinolalia since 45 days. There was no history of fever,cough,haemoptysis,no history of trauma to the affected site or tuberculosis. At this point with a high RBS and elevated urea creatinin level patient was diagnosed to be in diabetic ketoacidosis and he was managed with iv. Insuline and hence forth his blood glucose level was kept under control with insulin therapy. While taking the history it came into our notice that the patient is a known case of type 2 diabetes mellitus and CKD-STAGE V due to IgA Nephropathy for which he was receiving Prednisolon which he suddenly discontinued 15 days before admission and he also underwent haemodialysis twice. On local examination he had a necrotic ulcer over the hard palate and necrotic debris in the nasal cavity(as evident in the nasal endoscopy).CT —nose+PNS showed left sided maxi antrum opacity suggestive of pansinusitis . All broad spectrum antibiotics along with iv voriconazol was started as the patient was immune compromised. After 2 days of his admission though his diabetes was under control patient suddenly showed orbital involvement and visual impairement on the left eye.A repeat CT showed progression of the sinusoidal opacity toward the retro orbital space and a bulky oedematous left inferior rectus due to inflammation and then he was refered to microbiology department with a suspection of mucormicosis?.scrapping material was collected from the oral ulceration site and KOH mount was done ? broad aseptate hyphae with acute angle branching? Suggestive of mucormicosis and culture was done in SDA and SDCA media. Culture growth revealed abundant, erected mycelium(around 0.5cm tall) .the surface colour of the colony was at first white to yellow,after a few days the centre tured black?.Lactophenol cotton blue(LPCB) stain from the growth showed wide ribbon like aseptate hyphae with sporangiophores terminated in swollen vesicles with radial merosporangiae with spores A confirmed diagnosis of Rhino orbital zygomycosis due to Syncephalastrum racemosum was made. The patient was put on intensive short acting insulin to achieve optimum glycemic control.As there was high risk of vascular invasion of mucormicosis(which is the most common mode of pathogenecity of these group of fungi) leading to sudden stroke following ischemia a surgical debridement was done and infected tissue was removed. He was put on intravenous liposomal Amphotricine B 300mg daily OD and later shifted to take voriconazole 200 BD.the patient got discharged in favourable condition. Now literature shows Fluconazole, voriconazole, and itraconazole do not have reliable activity against mucormycosis.DRUGS OF CHOICE should be Liposomal amphotericin, Amphotericin B lipid complex, Posaconazole, Echinocandins, Deferasirox. In recent senario during the pandemic many COVID 19 positive patients are getting advices from tele medicine or vedio consultation or many patients are self medicating themseleves learning from various social media in india.Now the taking drugs like prednisolon with out proper monitoring and sudden discontinuation the drug once the patient is feeling better is giving rise to stage of absolute lack of circulating neutrophils causing either pulmonary ,or rhinocerebral or rhino orbital mucormycosis in those patients even after recovering from COVID 19 INFECTION.The HRCT CHEST of those patients with pulmonary mucormycosis is very difficult to differentiate from the ground glass opacity formed in the lungs caused by COVID 19 PNEUMONIA So unsupervised intake of steroids or prolonged use of steroids along with improper use of antifungals are causing the rise of the this opportunistic infection in india which is increasing rate of fatality.

The Lower Damodar should be culturally defined. Forms, processes and materials in the controlled section are generically quasi-natural in character. Social space of Bengali refugees has played a significant role in riverbed colonization and in subsequent land use practices. There is a strong linkage between changing geomorphic space and perceived environment. Land ownership rights are crucial factors in riverbed land utilization. The modified concept of human ecology helps in explaining land uses. There can be no a priori model for human-environment interactions. Human interaction with the environment depends on personal experience. The controlled Lower Damodar is a product of twin processes; quasi-natural hydro-geomorphic processes on the one hand and anthropogenic land-utilization processes on the other.

The series aims at fostering the discussion on the complex relationships between physical landscapes, natural resources, and their modification by human land use in various environments of Asia. It is widely acknowledged that human-environment- interactions become increasingly important in area studies and development research, taking into account regional differences as well as bio-physical, socioe- conomic and cultural particularities. The book series seeks to explore theoretic and conceptual reflection on dynamic human-environment systems applying advanced methodology and innovative research perspectives. The main themes of the series cover urban and rural landscapes in Asia. Examples include topics such as land and forest degradation, glaciers in Asia, mountain environments, dams in Asia, medical geography, vulnerability and mitigation strategies, natural hazards and risk management concepts, environmental change, impacts studies and consequences for local communities. The relevant themes of the series are mainly focused on geographical research perspectives of area studies, however there is scope for interdisciplinary contributions.

The Damodar riverbed has provided a home for marginalized communities, but the riverine environment itself has deteriorated; presenting us with a challenge to develop a more holistic and sustainable water management system. There should be a mix of structural and non-structural measures that acknowledge and incorporate local cultural attitudes, experience and knowledge. For effective water resource management, river communities must be part of the effort so their interests are aligned with the aims of the project and they feel committed to the success of the endeavor. River regimes should be treated as economic assets since ongoing economic and human development depend on an ecologically sound riverine environment.

Perianal tuberculosis is an extremely rare form of tubercular disease. We report here a case of chronic non-healing perianal tubercular ulcer associated with, asymptomatic pulmonary tuberculosis in a 16-year-old boy for its rarity and to emphasize the importance of considering tubercular etiology in the work up of persistent perianal ulcer.