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Continuous Formative Assessment (CFA) is a strategy that employs free and accessible collaborative cloud-based technologies to collect, stream, and archive evidence of student knowledge, reasoning, and understanding during STEM lessons, so that instructors and students can make evidence-based decisions for adjusting lessons to optimize learning. Writing samples, diagrams, equations, drawings, photos, and movies are collected from all students and archived in cloud-based databases so that instructors can assess student understanding during instruction, and monitor learning gains over time. This chapter introduces and explains CFA techniques and provides preliminary research pertaining to the effectiveness of CFA instructional strategies in promoting student accountability, metacognition, and engagement in STEM courses, and suggests avenues for future research.

OBJECTIVE Immunoblot (IB) methods are widely used to detect myositis-specific autoantibodies (MSAs); however, false-positive results are common. In this study, we aimed to determine whether associating the anti-nuclear antibody (ANA) IIF pattern may help to improve the specificity of MSA detection by IB in patients with idiopathic inflammatory myositis (IIM). METHODS Serum samples from 104 patients presenting with muscle weakness/myalgia and positive to at least one MSA by IB (MYOS12 Diver and MIOS7 Diver, D-tek) were tested for ANAs on HEp-2000 cells (Immuno Concepts). The chi-square test was used to analyse the concordance of the MSA result and its corresponding pattern by ANA testing between patients with and without IIM. RESULTS Eighty-three of the 104 patients had a diagnosis of definite IIM, while in 21 cases, patients were affected by other autoimmune diseases or various non-systemic diseases. Forty nine of 83 (59%) patients in the IIM group and 4/21 (19%) in the non-IIM group showed a concordance between ANA pattern and MSAs by IB (P < 0.001). MSA monopositivity was significantly associated with IIM (91.6%) compared with 61.9% in the non-IIM group (P = 0.0005). CONCLUSIONS Considering both the MSA result and its corresponding pattern by ANA testing may help to improve the specificity of MSA detection by IB and to confirm the diagnosis of MSA-associated IIM. The monopositivity of MSAs is an important additional tool to validate IB results.

Each year our physical science class for pre-service elementary teachers launches water-powered rockets based on the activity from NASA.1 We analyze the rocket flight using data from frame-by-frame video analysis of the launches. Before developing the methods presented in this paper, we noticed our students were mired in calculation details while losing sight of physical concepts. Sloppy measurements and calculations (even when using spreadsheets with formulas provided) sometimes led to such poor results that physical concepts could not be reliably taught from the data, but students were unmotivated to either notice or correct their errors. We adopted a collaborative, computer supported approach using simple and easily available functions in Google Spreadsheets to pool observations, provide instant feedback, and publicly display results from all teams side-by-side in real time. These instant comparisons promote student accountability and engagement, inspiring them to think more carefully about why answers...

Serum anti-mitochondrial antibodies (AMA) are the serological hallmark of primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC), yet up to 15% of PBC sera are AMA negative at routine indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) while being referred to as “probable” cases. The diagnostic role of PBC-specific antinuclear antibodies (ANA) remains to be determined. We will report herein data on the accuracy of new laboratory tools for AMA and PBC-specific ANA in a large series of PBC sera that were AMA-negative at IIF. We will also provide a discussion of the history and current status of AMA detection methods. We included IIF AMA-negative PBC sera (n = 100) and sera from patients with other chronic liver diseases (n = 104) that had been independently tested for IIF AMA and ANA; sera were blindly tested with an ELISA PBC screening test including two ANA (gp210, sp100) and a triple (pMIT3) AMA recombinant antigens. Among IIF AMA-negative sera, 43/100 (43%) manifested reactivity using the PBC screening test. The same test was positive for 6/104 (5.8%) control sera. IIF AMA-negative/PBC screen-positive sera reacted against pMIT3 (11/43), gp210 (8/43), Sp100 (17/43), both pMIT3 and gp210 (1/43), or both pMIT3 and Sp100 (6/43). Concordance rates between the ANA pattern on HEp-2 cells and specific Sp100 and gp210 ELISA results in AMA-negative subjects were 92% for nuclear dots and Sp100 and 99% for nuclear rim and gp210. Our data confirm the hypothesis that a substantial part of IIF AMA-negative (formerly coined “probable”) PBC cases manifest disease-specific autoantibodies when tested using newly available tools and thus overcome the previously suggested diagnostic classification. As suggested by the recent literature, we are convinced that the proportion of AMA-negative PBC cases will be significantly minimized by the use of new laboratory methods and recombinant antigens.

Clinical studies have estimated a 10- to 20-fold increased risk for celiac disease (CD) in patients with selective IgA deficiency (SIgAD). For this reason, screening for CD is mandatory in SIgAD patients, but it represents a special challenge since the specific IgA class antibodies against gliadin (AGA), endomysium (EMA), and tissue-transglutaminase (tTG) are not produced in patients with CD. IgG class counterparts of these antibodies may be informative; in particular IgG EMA has been demonstrated to be a valid marker for diagnosing CD in SIgAD cases, but it is not used much in clinical laboratories, because it is cumbersome and involves some technical difficulties. Even if it was widely used in clinical laboratories, the measuring of IgG AGA has shown a less-than-optimum diagnostic accuracy, so that now it tends to be substituted by tests for anti-tTG IgG, for which the few available studies have shown diagnostic performances superior to AGA. Since it is not known whether various available methods for measuring IgG anti-tTG antibodies offer similar diagnostic performances, we have compared the results obtained from nine second-generation commercial methods (D-tek, Phadia, Immco, Orgentec, Radim, Euroimmun, Inova, Aesku, Generic Assays), measuring IgG anti-tTG antibodies in 20 patients with CD and SIgAD and in 113 controls (9 patients with SIgAD without CD, 54 patients with chronic liver disease, and 50 healthy individuals). Diagnostic sensitivity, calculated by means of ROC plot analysis, ranged between 75% and 95%, and specificity ranged from 94% to 100%. In the same population, the diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of AGA IgG were 40% and 87%, respectively. Even though they perform differently, all IgG anti-tTG methods evaluated are reliable serological assays for the diagnosis of CD in SIgAD patients, with diagnostic accuracy superior to the AGA IgG method. The methods that use a mix of tTG and gliadin peptides as the antigenic preparation have a specificity slightly lower than that of the methods that use only tTG.

The aim of this work was to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of three different analytical methods for the detection of antineuronal antibodies and outline how they might be used to diagnose Paraneoplastic Neurological Syndromes (PNS) in a more effectively and rationally way. One hundred and four patients with neurological diseases were studied: 38 with paraneoplastic neurological disorder, 44 with other neurological diseases, and 22 with systemic autoimmune diseases and neurological disorders. 20 healthy subjects and 18 subjects with tumour without neurological disorders were also studied. Antineuronal antibodies were tested using three methods: Western blot (WB); Line-blot (LB); and indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) on primate cerebellum. The diagnostic sensitivity of the IIF, WB and LB methods was 28.9%, 26.3% and 36.8%, respectively, and their specificity was 95.2%, 97.1% and 98.1% respectively. The combined use of the three methods brought the sensitivity to 39.4%. The results of this study show that the methods used in clinical laboratories for the detection of antineuronal antibodies have good specificity. Among the three methods assessed, LB showed the highest diagnostic accuracy and also allowed for recognition of fine antibody specificities. According to these results we can suggest that LB should be used as the method of choice to search for paraneoplastic antibodies.

We studied several blood coagulation parameters and tumor tissue procoagulant activity (PCA) in nude mice bearing human colorectal carcinomas (HCC). In a control group of 51 tumor-free nude mice, platelet number was 1.2 +/- 0.03 x 10(6)/microliters, thrombotest activity 90% +/- 2.6 and fibrinogen 172 +/- 11 mg/dl. The same parameters were studied in nude mice (n = 71) bearing 7 different HCC lines subcutaneously (s.c.). The results did not significantly differ from those in control mice but there was broad variability among groups of mice injected with different HCC lines, ranging from 0.36 to 2.55 x 10(6)/microliters for platelets, from 100 to 28% for thrombotest activity and from 42 to 460 mg/dl for fibrinogen. The results were significantly (p less than 0.05) different from those in the tumor-free group when each group of HCC-bearing animals was analyzed individually. A malignant HCC line that grew in the liver of nude mice (n = 24) significantly (p less than 0.001) reduced thrombotest activity (58% +/- 5.9). The PCA of tissue extracts from tumors grown s.c. in nude mice was assayed. All the HCC xenografts expressed PCA which differed significantly for the various tumor lines (from 25.5 +/- 1.9 to 2.8 +/- 0.6 unit/mg in tumor tissue). Cancer procoagulant (CP), a cysteine proteinase with a direct factor-X-activating effect, was present in different amounts (84.7 +/- 4.3 to 59.5 +/- 9.0%) in the tumors. Our results indicates that the nude mouse is a suitable model for evaluating the hemostatic changes induced by human tumors and may represent a tool for investigating the underlying biochemical mechanisms.

In this study we evaluated the diagnostic accuracy for antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) of new fully automated immunoassays for anticardiolipin (aCL) and anti-beta2 glycoprotein I (anti-beta2-GPI) auto-antibody detection (EliA-Phadia), and compared the results with those obtained with Orgentec and Inova ELISA methods. Sixty-two APS patients and 123 controls (20 syphilis, 33 Lyme disease, 30 HCV infection and cryoglobulinemia, 40 healthy subjects) were studied. Using the 99(th) percentile cutoff, the sensitivity and specificity of EliA aCL IgG, aCL IgM, anti-beta2-GPI IgG, and anti-beta2-GPI IgM were 69.4% and 81.9%, 64.5% and 86.7%, 64.5% and 98.8%, and 53.2% and 92.8%, respectively. Using the Sydney criteria cutoff (>40 GPL/MPL units), sensitivity and specificity of EliA aCL IgG and aCL IgM were 45.2% and 98.8%, and 35.5% and 97.5%, respectively. The best diagnostic efficiency was obtained combining the aCL tests (>40 GPL/MPL units) with the anti-beta2-GPI tests (sensitivity 85.7%, specificity 90.4%). The area under the ROC curves for EliA, Orgentec, and Inova methods were 0.870, 0.940, and 0.850 for aCL IgG; 0.820, 0.820, and 0.820 for aCL IgM; 0.910, 0.960, and 0.920 for anti-beta2-GPI IgG; 0.840, 0.840, and 0.820 for anti-beta2-GPI IgM, respectively. Finally, the overall agreement between EliA assays and the other two ELISA methods ranged from moderate (anti-beta2-GPI IgG EliA versus Orgentec: Cohen's k = 0.426) to good (anti-beta2-GPI IgM EliA vs. Inova: k = 0.841). In conclusion, newly developed EliA methods for antiphospholipid antibody detection perform similarly to other ELISA assays and represent a useful tool for APS laboratory diagnosis in daily practice.

SummaryBlast cell extracts from patients with acute non lymphoid leukemia (ANLL) express cancer procoagulant (cp). Thii factor X (FX) activator is distinct from tissue factor (TF) in that it does not require factor VII (FVII) to trigger blood coagulation, it acts as a cysteine proteinase and is not present in normal mononuclear cells. Tb assess whether there is any relationship between the presence of CP and the status of the disease, ANLL patients have been studied at diagnosis, during remission, at relapse. The procoagulant activity in either the presence or absence of F VII and sensitivity to cysteine proteinaie inhibitors were tested on cell extracts. Immunoreactivity was explored with an anti-cP polyclonal antibody. Data obtained in gL newlydiagnosed ANLL patients (subtypes M1 to M5, EAB classification) confirmed the presence of cp in M1- to M4 groups (mean + sE Fvll-independent activity: M1 = 2.1 ± 0.7 unit/mg; M2 = 5.7 ± 1.7 unit/mg; M3 = 31.5 ± 8 unit/mg M4 = 1.6 ± 1.2 unit/mg; CP was absent in the M5 type. In eight patients analy zedin a subsequent phase of partial remission, specific activity had dropped from 26.9 ± 7.8 to 10.5 ± 4.0 unit/mg. Activiiy was virtually absent (0−0.05 unit/mg) in the bone marrow of 37 patients studied at complete remission. Bone marrow samples from six subjects tested at different intervals after complete remission were repeatedly negative for CP but became positive 2 to 5 months before relapse. Upon relapse, the FVII indbpendent activity rose to 24.2 ± 8.2 unit/mg.These results suggest that CP activity may be closely associated with the presence of myeloid malignant cells in the bone marrow, a finding of potential relevance not only to the coagulation disorders of acute leukemia, but also to the early deteition of blast cells in ANLL.

Previous studies have demonstrated that serum anti-actin antibodies are a reliable marker of intestinal damage severity in coeliac disease.To validate in a multicentre study the clinical usefulness of serum IgA anti-actin antibody ELISA and its possible use in monitoring intestinal mucosa lesions during gluten-free diet.Four centres recruited 205 newly diagnosed coeliac disease patients with villous atrophy, 80 healthy controls and 81 "disease" controls. Twelve coeliac disease patients on gluten-free diet but with persistent symptoms underwent serum IgA anti-actin antibody assay and intestinal histology evaluation. IgA anti-actin antibody ELISA was performed with a commercial kit. All coeliac disease patients underwent intestinal histology study.IgA anti-actin antibodies showed a sensitivity of 80% and a specificity of 85% in the diagnosis of coeliac disease patients with villous atrophy. The area under the receiving operator curve for anti-actin antibodies was 0.873 [95% C.I. 0.805-0.899]. Serum anti-actin antibodies values were significantly higher in coeliac disease patients than in healthy or "disease" controls (P0.0001). Serum anti-actin antibodies were positive in 41 of the 60 coeliac disease patients with mild intestinal histology lesions (69%) and in 123 of the 145 with severe lesions (85.3%) (P0.05). There was a significant inverse correlation between anti-actin antibody values and the villi/crypts ratio (r=-0.423; P0.0001). In the 12 coeliac disease patients on gluten-free diet who underwent re-evaluation as they were persistently symptomatic, intestinal histology showed three cases with persistent villous atrophy: all of these were positive for serum anti-actin antibodies ELISA, whereas both serum anti-tTG and EmAs were negative. The other nine patients showed normal intestinal villi and were negative for serum anti-actin antibodies.Anti-actin antibodies are a reliable marker of severe intestinal mucosa damage in coeliac disease patients and a simple ELISA technique offers an accurate method for their determination. These antibodies seem to be a very reliable marker of persistent intestinal damage in coeliac disease patients.

Perforation of the uterus is one of the most serious complications associated with insertion of intrauterine contraceptive devices (IUD). According to recent studies, this lesion occurs in 0.87 per 1000 cases, but statistics generally fluctuate between 0.05 and 13 per 1000 insertions. "Primary" perforations occur at the time of IUD insertion, and "secondary," or delayed, perforations are usually assumed to be caused by reactive uterine contractions. We report an unusual case of uterine perforation, which occurred 9 days after the insertion of a Multiload-Cu 375 IUD. The criteria for differential diagnosis between primary and secondary complications are discussed, particularly from the perspective of medical malpractice cases.

[1] We solve for the slip rate distribution on the Hayward fault by performing a least squares inversion of geodetic and seismic data sets. Our analysis focuses on the northern 60 km of the fault. Interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) data from 13 independent ERS interferograms are stacked to obtain range change rates from 1992 to 2000. Horizontal surface displacement rates at 141 bench marks are measured using GPS from 1994 to 2003. Surface creep observations and estimates of deep slip rates determined from characteristic repeating earthquake sequences are also incorporated in the inversion. The fault is discretized into 283 triangular dislocation elements that approximate the nonplanar attributes of the fault surface. South of the city of Hayward, a steeply, east dipping fault geometry accommodates the divergence of the surface trace and the microseismicity at depth. The inferred slip rate distribution is consistent with a fault that creeps aseismically at a rate of ∼5 mm/yr to a depth of 4–6 km. The interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) data require an aseismic slip rate that approaches the geologic slip rate on the northernmost fault segment beneath Point Pinole, although the InSAR data might be complicated by a small dip-slip component at this location. A low slip rate patch of

The spectrum of fungal infections associated with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) has greatly contributed to our understanding of the complex interactions between host defences and fungal organisms. The mycoses strictly related to the depletion of the T-helper lymphocytes are mucocutaneous candidiasis, cryptococcosis, and the infections caused by dimorphic fungi such as blastomycosis, coccidoidiodomycosis, histoplasmosis, paracoccidioidomycosis, penicilliosis, and sporotrichosis.

In a previous study we characterized cancer procoagulant (CP), a 68 kd cysteine proteinase which directly activates coagulation factor X in various subtypes (from M1 to M5) of acute non-lymphoblastic leukemia (ANLL). The aim of this study was to determine whether CP is also expressed by acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) cells. Blasts from 25 ALL patients were extracted and tested for their procoagulant properties. 16 samples (64%) shortened the recalcification time of normal human plasma, and 9 (36%) did not. 8 of the 16 active samples showed properties compatible with CP, i.e. independence from factor VII in triggering blood coagulation and sensitivity to cysteine proteinase inhibitors. Selected samples also cross-reacted with a polyclonal antibody raised against purified CP. The specific activity of CP in ALL extracts was significantly lower than in most ANLL types previously studied (all but M4). These finding indicate that CP can be a property of the lymphoid phenotype although its expression may be lower than in the myeloid phenotype.

Natural convection and radiation from an air-cooled, highly populated pin-fin array were studied experimentally. the effects of pin density, pin length, and the angle of the pin to the horizontal were measured. Previous work by Sparrow and Vemuri treated the case of a vertical base plate with horizontal fins. recently, Sparrow and Vemuri (1986) extended their study to include results for vertical fins with a horizontal down-facing base plate, as well as vertical fins with a horizontal up-facing base plate. In this study, the base plate is maintained in a vertical position and the angle of the pins is varied from the horizontal. The main intent of this study was to compare the performance of inclined pin fins with straight pin fins. In all cases studied, the straight, horizontal fins were superior to the inclined fins. It was possible to obtain a single general correlation of the test data. While this correlation is recommended within the range of parameters that were tested here, one significant parameter, the size of the base plate, was not varied.

To verify whether cancer procoagulant (CP), a cysteine proteinase procoagulant distinct from tissue factor (TF), is associated with leukemic cells, we assayed the procoagulant activity of blast cell extracts from 26 patients with different cytological subtypes of acute nonlymphoid leukemia (ANLL) according to the French-American-British classification. All the samples except two shortened the recalcification time of normal human plasma, the effect being significantly greater in the M3 subgroup. The two criteria used to distinguish between CP and TF, independence from factor VII in initiating blood coagulation and sensitivity to cysteine-proteinase inhibitors, were positive in 19 samples from M1, M2, M3, and M4 cytological subtypes. None of the M5 samples fulfilled these criteria. In addition, M1, M2, M3, and M4 samples immunoreacted with an anti-CP goat polyclonal antibody on an Ouchterlony immunodiffusion plate. This study provides the first evidence for a procoagulant other than TF that is associated with leukemic cells.