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The global energy sector is undergoing a transformative shift driven by the urgent need to transition to clean and digital energy solutions. Start-ups are at the forefront of this transformation, providing innovative technologies to tackle critical challenges in energy production, distribution, and consumption. This study explores the influence of market entry registration procedures and regulatory frameworks on the growth and success of start-ups in the clean and digital energy sectors, highlighting their role in driving global energy transitions. This research aims to understand how procedural complexity, regulatory quality, and associated costs impact entrepreneurial activity in clean and digital energy industries. Employing a comprehensive methodology based on panel data analysis, the study examines multi-country datasets from authoritative sources, such as the International Energy Agency and the World Bank, spanning two decades. Fixed and random effects models are utilized to reveal nuanced relationships between regulatory conditions and start-up proliferation. By identifying key barriers and enablers, the research provides actionable insights into fostering an environment conducive to innovation and entrepreneurship. The findings underscore several critical aspects of market entry dynamics. Streamlined registration procedures emerge as a pivotal factor in promoting start-up growth, reducing the administrative burden and enabling quicker market access. Conversely, high capital requirements and extended registration timelines act as significant deterrents, limiting the ability of new ventures to scale effectively. Regulatory quality is shown to play a crucial role in fostering an innovation-friendly environment, with higher-quality frameworks positively correlated with entrepreneurial success. Additionally, the study reveals the synergistic effects of entrepreneurial ecosystems, where broader business activity enhances opportunities for start-up development. These results highlight the dual nature of regulatory frameworks, which can either facilitate or hinder start-up activity. While effective regulations provide necessary oversight and ensure market stability, overly burdensome procedures can stifle innovation and deter market entry. Policymakers are urged to strike a balance by simplifying procedural requirements, reducing capital thresholds, and maintaining robust regulatory oversight to foster a thriving ecosystem for clean and digital energy start-ups. The study’s contribution is particularly timely, given the accelerating pace of global energy transitions and the increasing focus on achieving sustainability goals. The actionable insights offered here can guide policymakers and stakeholders in creating regulatory environments that catalyze innovation and entrepreneurship. By enabling start-ups to navigate market entry challenges effectively, governments can harness their potential to drive technological advancements and contribute meaningfully to a sustainable energy future. Future research directions include cross-country comparative analyses to identify best practices and longitudinal studies to examine the long-term impacts of regulatory optimization on entrepreneurial ecosystems. The findings of this study provide a foundation for ongoing efforts to align regulatory practices with the goals of a decarbonized and digitally integrated energy landscape, ensuring a resilient and inclusive energy transition.

In the rapidly evolving platform economy, the competition between platform-owned products and third-party offerings is intensifying. This study examines the entry and pricing strategies of dominant e-commerce platforms such as Amazon and JD Mall which sell both platform-owned and third-party products. We use a complete information game model to analyze the strategic interactions between these platforms and third-party sellers, focusing on cost discrepancies and limited entry capabilities, areas previously underexplored. Our key findings include the following: (1) Platforms with dominant power can restrict third-party product pricing. (2) Increased consumer influence by the platform can reduce competition between platform-owned and third-party products. (3) Platforms prioritize high-value-product markets when entry capabilities are limited. (4) Commission-based revenue models are generally more efficient than entry fees. (5) Regulatory bans on hybrid models do not necessarily enhance social welfare; differentiated taxation on various revenue sources may be more effective. This study contributes by developing a comprehensive game-theoretic model to simulate strategic interactions, analyze pricing competition and entry strategies under cost asymmetry and capacity constraints, and provide theoretical guidance for regulatory policies.

As part of its analysis in the area of HR mode of work, the article presents key practical insights and experiences of companies providing guidance for HR teams seeking new solutions in human capital management. Today, companies are undergoing constant change. Increasing customer demands, constant pressure from competitors and the threat of unexpected market entries are disruptive. These disruptive changes affect both companies and their employees. The digitization and personalization of daily life, coupled with the rapid introduction of a plethora of enabling technologies in the workplace has caused a dramatic shift in the business landscape. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Implementation of the import substitution strategy in Russia in some cases is associated with the risk of the state supporting technologically ineffective domestic producers, whose interests are taken into account in the course of industry regulation and antitrust. The article examines the problems of using the tools of antimonopoly policy (and its relationship with industrial policy) in the context of launching single-mode optical fiber by a Russian company with limited technological production competencies in the short term. While analyzing the results of optical fiber antitrust case, the authors identify the distortion of the Russian competition policy objectives and the misuse of its tools. Methodologically, the study rests on industrial organization theory, antitrust economics and new institutional economic theory (in particular, institutional design). Data from the analytical agency CRU Monitor and customs statistics are used as the information base for quantitative (economic-statistical) analysis. The article identifies the factors that determine the dynamics of the optical fiber market: demand for optical fiber cable (product of the related market); production capacities of preforms as the main raw material for optical fiber; integration of the stages of the optical fiber production process; and investments in R&D. The Elzinga-Hogarty test was performed to delimit the geographical boundaries of the single-mode fiber market. The results shows that the Federal Antimonopoly Service of Russia drew false conclusions about narrow geographical boundaries within the Russian Federation. This conclusion is important in terms of complying with the procedure for analyzing the competition in commodity markets, since incorrect delimitation of the market’s geographical boundaries can lead to erroneous estimates of market concentration and the mistaken detection of a company’s market dominance as a potential competitor of a domestic manufacturer. Lobbying the interests of national manufacturers not only contradicts the principles of competition protection, but also reduces the incentives of new market players to innovate and accumulate knowledge specific to the industry, which is one of the key factors of competitiveness in the optical communication markets.

Hard conditions of today's hypercompetition markets have not only dramatically increased the cost and risk of entering the market, but have also caused failure of new entrants. Coopetitions are born in response to this need. One of the important issues facing decision makers in coopetition projects is how to evaluate the consequences so that decide whether to enter the coopetition or not, as well as whether to continue or not. The purpose of this research is design and explain the consequences of coopetition for entering the ICT market of Iran, by analyzing the data gathered from systematic literature review over the past 15 years and interviewing with 16 ICT experts, through Multi Grounded Theory (MGT). Finally, a conceptual model is developed about the consequences of coopetition for entering the Iranian ICT market, which composed of three groups: "Brand Performance", "Industry Performance", and "Market entry Performance ".v

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Chile is, compared to several other South American countries, geographically and demographically rather limited, but despite that it is the second most important trading and investment partner for Austria in this region. The aim of this paper is to gain firsthand insights into the motivations and perceptions of the entry of Austrian firms into the Chilean market by using an exploratory research approach.Interviews with thirteen qualified and experienced persons were conducted and analyzed, using Mayring’s qualitative content analysis. The Chilean market is an attractive opportunity for Austrian firms, as it performs quite well in international business environment rankings. The study results indicate a variety of motivationsfor entering the market, as well as diverse entry mode decisions based on numerous factors, together with a prevailing positive perception of the Chilean business environment. Several results probably cannot be generalized for the entire country, as the capital city is the center of business, and research in other regions of Chile might have different results. Challenges have been identified in the matters of language, distance, time, culture, recruitment, complexity, local partners and the indigenous population. Chile is a highly developed emerging market where doing business faces few obstacles. Therefore, the country represents a very attractive location in South America with great potential for Austrian companies.

Purpose: This paper aims to review the latest management developments across the globe and pinpoint practical implications from cutting-edge research and case studies. Design/methodology/approach: This briefing is prepared by an independent writer who adds their own impartial comments and places the articles in context. Findings: As enterprises increasingly enter the international market, a strong entry mode is an essential element in the impression a firm will leave on its new customer base. Originality/value: The briefing saves busy executives, strategists and researchers hours of reading time by selecting only the very best, most pertinent information and presenting it in a condensed and easy-to-digest format. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exploring the mechanisms of raising funds by Russian companies, the author predicts the activation of the Russian IPO/SPO market and identifies the main problems that need to be solved for its development.

In theory, well designed electricity markets should deliver an efficient mix of technologies at least-cost. But energy market theories and energy market modelling are based upon equilibrium analysis and in practice electricity markets can be off-equilibrium for extended periods. Near-term spot and forward contract prices can and do fall well below, or substantially exceed, relevant entry cost benchmarks and associated long run equilibrium prices. However, given sufficient time higher prices, on average or during certain periods, create incentives for new entrant plant which in turn has the effect of capping longer-dated average spot price expectations at the estimated cost of the relevant new entrant technologies. In this article, we trace generalised new entrant benchmarks and their relationship to spot price outcomes in Australia's National Electricity Market over the 20-year period to 2018; from coal, to gas and more recently to variable renewables plus firming, notionally provided by--or shadow priced at--the carrying cost of an Open Cycle Gas Turbine. This latest entry benchmark relies implicitly, but critically, on the gains from exchange in organised spot markets, using existing spare capacity. As aging coal plant exit, gains from exchange may gradually diminish with 'notional firming' increasingly and necessarily being met by physical firming. At this point, the benchmark must once again move to a new technology set... Keywords: Variable Renewable Energy, Electricity Prices, Power System Planning., 1. INTRODUCTION Australia's National Electricity Market (NEM), established during the 1990s, formed part of a broader global microeconomic reform experiment in which regional power systems transitioned from vertical monopolies to [...]

The rapid increase in the global trade in the last two decades has given prominence to the export performance of companies implying the extent to which they achieve strategic and economic goals for exporting products to foreign markets. The present study explores the relationship between export market orientation and export performance of home appliances exporting companies in Tehran, Iran. A total of 85 companies were selected from the list of 734 exporters of Tehran in 2016. Two standard questionnaires were utilized including export market orientation (Nagy & Beracs, 2012), and export performance of exporting companies (Lin, Huang & Peng, 2014) whose reliability and validity indices were assessed through Cronbach's alpha coefficient and content validity approach, respectively. Also, in order to test the main hypothesis of the research, Smart PLS was used. The results of this study demonstrated a positive and direct relationship between export market orientation and export performance. The findings of the study suggest that exporting companies may boost their export performance through export market orientation with respect to the needs of customers and rivals of the export market and market entry routes.

The authors examine the influence of the firm's technology and marketing profile on foreign market entry mode by testing hypotheses based on data from 105 firms in four European countries. Four technology and marketing variables were the most important: (1) the firm's generic marketing strategy—market concentration versus diversification, (2) demand uncertainty—the position in the life cycle of the firm's principal product, (3) transaction costs—transaction uncertainty and research and development, and (4) value added—product patents. The authors suggest ways managers may be assisted in their foreign market entry decisions on the basis of their firms' technology and marketing profile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We analyze the words that firms use to describe their products so we can examine the determinants of which industries conglomerate firms operate within. Our central finding is that multiple-industry firms operate across industries with higher product language overlap. Multiple-industry firms also avoid industries with more distinct language boundaries and those with more specialized within-industry language. We also find evidence linking these results to specific synergies such as potential entry into new markets and realized synergies in the form of higher 10-K product description growth. These findings are consistent with multiple-product firms operating primarily in industries that lack language specialization. Our findings show that most conglomerates are not true diversified conglomerates with little overlap in their lines of business, as most firms that operate across multiple industries choose industries with high language overlap and potential synergies. Our results support theories of firm organization and organizational language. History: Accepted by Amit Seru, finance. Supplemental Material: The online appendix is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2016.2693. Keywords: conglomerates * product market language * synergies . firm organization . organizational language . text analytics, 1. Introduction Why do firms choose to produce across particular industry combinations and not others? The literature has postulated both benefits (Stein 1997) and costs (Scharfstein and Stein 2000) of [...]

Using new data on entry plans into the American casino industry, I find that incumbent firms invest in physical capacity when threatened with a nearby entry plan, and these strategic investments deter eventual entry. Consistent with an entry-deterrence motive, incumbents respond to the threat of entry when entry is uncertain, but not when entry is assured. The average capacity expansion of 2,300 square feet is associated with a 6.8-percentage-point greater likelihood that the entry plan fails. These findings show that investments in deterrence are viable, especially when new entrants face other significant barriers to entry. History: Accepted by Bruno Cassiman, business strategy. Supplemental Material: Data and the online appendix are available at https://doi.org/10.1287/ mnsc.2017.2730. Keywords: firm objectives * organization and behavior * market structure * firm strategy * market performance * industries * leisure * strategy, 1. Introduction An important aspect of corporate strategic behavior is how incumbent firms respond to potential competition from new entrants. To better understand this question, economists have developed a rich [...]

We analyze the entry of new credit rating agencies into structured finance products. Our setting is unique as we study a period in which the incumbents' reputation was extremely poor and the benefit of more fee income from inflating ratings was low. We find entrants issue higher ratings than incumbents, particularly for interest-only tranches. Using measures of market share that are exogenous to incumbent ratings, we provide suggestive evidence that incumbent rating levels become more generous as entrant market share in a product type increases. We also exploit a feature of structured finance that identifies rating shopping and find that incumbent ratings increase in shopping. History: Accepted by Gustavo Manso, finance. Funding: The authors gratefully acknowledge partial funding from the Real Estate Research Institute for this project. Supplemental Material: The online appendix is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2016.2604. Keywords: financial institutions * markets * finance * investment * corporate finance * industrial organization * market structure * firm strategy * market performance * credit ratings * rating shopping * rating catering, 1. Introduction High-quality credit ratings can reduce informational asymmetries and transactions costs in financial markets. Credit ratings provided by a third party can be particularly helpful in encouraging participation in [...]

Market entry is the essence of strategy and is largely viewed as a dichotomous event: entry or no entry. What has not been acknowledged is the uniqueness of each market entry. Our study highlights the scale of market entry in the context of multipoint competition. We assert that entry scale varies based on the risk of market incumbent retaliation. Theory suggests that when risk associated with retaliation are low, firms enter with large scale and when associated risks are high, firms enter with low scale. Further, survival is viewed as dependent on following theory. We argue and find supporting evidence that firms behave in the opposite manner and do so to their own benefit, thereby revealing a unique discrepancy between theory and practice among 75 product market entries by 27 firms.

The article looks at Japan's international trade practices, noting the tension between Japan and the U.S. as Japan's economic status grows closer to becoming a competitive threat. The author notes that the Japanese market is significantly more closed than the markets of most of the other advanced industrial nations. The unique character of Japanese business organizations and their distinctive relationships with one another and with the Japanese government provide major impediments to Japanese market accessibility. The entry of Motorola into the Japanese telecommunications market and their interaction with Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corporation (NTT) is discussed.

This paper examines whether experience from entry in one market can potentially enhance profitability at a future market opportunity for a related product. We formulate and estimate a dynamic game of entry in which forward-looking firms make decisions not just based on present benefits of past entry but also anticipating potential future benefits of current entry. Dynamic spillovers of entry are incorporated through a firm-specific unobservable (to the researcher) cost that depends on past entry decisions. The unobserved costs may also be serially persistent. Thus, the model allows for firm-specific unobserved heterogeneity that evolves based on firm actions. The challenge of estimating a dynamic game with serially correlated unobserved state variables subject to endogenous feedback is overcome by embedding a particle filter-based technique in a nested fixed-point algorithm. Using an application to a stylized model of entry in the generic pharmaceutical industry, we underscore the motivation for the model specification and the methodology developed. Our estimates imply positive spillover effects of entry. Moreover, these spillovers suggest heterogeneity not just across firms but also within firms over time based on their history of entry decisions. Our results illustrate that entry may potentially provide firms with additional strategic advantage in later markets and that entry spillovers may be an important factor to consider in the equilibrium evolution of the generic drug industry. History: Accepted by J. Miguel Villas-Boas, marketing. Funding: H. Hong acknowledges financial support from the National Science Foundation [Grant SES 1459975] and the Stanford Institute for Economic Policy Research. Supplemental Material: The web appendix is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2016.2648. Keywords: dynamic discrete games * particle filter * unobserved state variables * endogenous feedback * serial correlation * dynamic entry * entry spillovers * generic pharmaceuticals, 1. Introduction One of the most significant decisions a firm can make, with long-term implications for itself and its rivals, is whether or not to enter a new market. Moreover, [...]

We study an entrant firm’s product quality choice and the price competition arising between the entrant and the incumbent firm. We show that the entrant firm should introduce a relatively higher (lower) quality than the incumbent firm when the consumers’ valuation for quality is sufficiently large (small). We also study how the incumbent firm modifies its price in response to the ensuing price competition. We find that the incumbent firm should decrease its price. We also profile how the incumbent firm’s price non-linearly depends on consumers’ valuation for quality.

Abstract: We consider the multinational firm's decision on whether to enter a new market immediately via direct investment or to contract initially with a local agent and (possibly) invest later. Use of a local agent allows the multinational to avoid costly mistakes by finding out if the market is large enough to support direct investment. However, the agent is able to extract information rents from the multinational due to being better informed about market characteristics. We derive the optimal sequence of agent contracts and discuss situations in which the multinational contracts initially with a local agent and then converts subsequently to an owned sales operation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present an analytical framework of multimarket competition and supporting empirical analysis to explain why and when competing firms in an existing market may prefer an alliance entry over independent [...]

This paper investigates the importance of network effects in the demand for ethanol-compatible vehicles and the supply of ethanol fuel. An indirect network effect, or positive feedback loop, arises in [...]

This paper investigates a determinant of location choice for multistore retailing firms: the trade-off between the business-stealing effect and the cost-saving effect from clustering their own stores. I present an [...]

Objectives: This study assessed trends in the average wholesale price (AWP) at the market entry of disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) approved by Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in the period 1987-2014.Methods: DMT regulatory information was derived from the FDA website. The AWPs per unit at market entry data were derived from the Red Book (Truven Health Analytics Inc.). The AWP history for each DMT was collected from its date of approval to 31 December 2014. The FDA approved label defined daily dose (DDD) for adult patients was obtained from FDA approved labels. The AWP per DDD and the AWP/DDD per year of therapy were computed. Descriptive statistics, Wilcoxon tests, t-test, and multiple linear regression were performed. The statistical significance level was set at 0.05.Results: The FDA approved 12 multiple sclerosis (MS) DMTs, including five new drug applications (NDAs) and seven biologic license applications (BLAs) as of 31 December 2014. The FDA granted orphan designation to five DMTs. There was one DMT approved by the FDA in the 1980s, three in the 1990s, three in 2000s, and five in the period 2010-2014. The market entry inflation-adjusted AWP per DDD was $10.23 for the first DMT (mitoxantrone hydrochloride) that was approved in the 1980s. The median market entry inflation-adjusted AWP per DDD was $12.41 (interquartile range [IQR] = 4.51) for DMTs approved in the 1990s, $71.26 (IQR = 58.35) in the 2000s, and $172.56 (IQR = 84.97) in the period 2010-2014. The median AWP per DDD was statistically significantly different (p = 0.011) for orphan (median = $41.82, IQR = 56.077) compared to non-orphan drugs (median = $171.32, IQR = 199.29). Year of market entry was positively associated with DMT prices at US market entry (p = 0.01).Conclusions: The AWP per DDD for DMTs at market entry increased substantially over time. The increase in DMTs prices exceeded the general consumer price index. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article investigates how private firms respond to potential entry from public firms. This paper uses a data set of over 3,000 U.S. cable TV systems to present evidence consistent with entry deterrence. Incumbent cable TV firms upgrade faster when located in markets with a potential municipal entrant. However, the same systems are then slower to offer new products enabled by the upgrade, suggesting upgrades in these markets occur for strategic reasons. Incumbent cable systems also upgrade faster in response to municipal entry threats than to private entry threats. Understanding how private firms respond to potential entry from public firms is especially important in light of recent U.S. government entry into several industries. Key words: entry; entry deterrence; technology; public-private interaction History: Received August 21, 2010; accepted July 30, 2011, by Bruno Cassiman, business strategy. Published online in Articles in Advance October 28, 2011., 1. Introduction Following passage of the Telecommunications Act of 1996, numerous municipal electric utilities entered the cable TV business. In many cases the municipal electric utility entered into direct competition [...]

To what extent are firms kept out of a market by patents covering related technologies? Do patents held by potential entrants make it easier to enter markets? We estimate the empirical relationship between market entry and patents for 27 narrowly defined categories of software products during the period 1990-2004. Controlling for demand, market structure, average patent quality, and other factors, we find that a 10% increase in the number of patents relevant to market reduces the rate of entry by 3%-8%, and this relationship intensified following expansions in the patentability of software in the mid-1990s. However, potential entrants with patent applications relevant to a market are more likely to enter it. Finally, patents appear to substitute for complementary assets in the entry process, because patents have both greater entry-deterring and entry-promoting effects for firms without prior experience in other markets. Key words: innovation; intellectual property rights; software patents; entry History: Received October 12, 2007; accepted August 25, 2010, by Bruno Cassiman, business strategy. Published online in Articles in Advance April 11, 2011., Introduction Patents can be a significant barrier to entry into markets for many products. The patent holder has the exclusive right to make, use, or sell the claimed invention, and [...]

To link to full-text access for this article, visit this link: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmacro.2010.04.005 Byline: Andrea Colciago, Federico Etro Keywords: Endogenous market structure; Firms' entry; Business cycle Abstract: We introduce strategic interactions with quantity competition a`la Cournot and endogenous entry in an RBC model with homogenous goods. In the long run, the steady state mark up is decreasing in the capital share, in the discount factor and in the level of technology, while it is increasing in the rate of bankruptcy and in the entry cost. In the short run, a competition effect amplifies the propagation of the shocks and generates procyclical profits and countercyclical mark ups. We extend the model to different forms of competition (as imperfect collusion and Stackelberg competition). The analysis of technology and preference shocks and of the second moments suggests that the model outperforms the RBC in terms of variability of output, labor and, of course, profits and mark ups. Author Affiliation: University of Milano-Bicocca, Department of Economics, U6-360, Piazza dell'Ateneo nuovo 1, Milano 20126, Italy Article History: Received 16 May 2009; Accepted 21 April 2010

The five steps are to define the scope, examine the political aspects, focus on discovery-driven planning, develop an appropriate exit strategy, and anticipate unexpected consequences.

The author presents five questions for companies to answer prior to forming a strategy for market entry into China. These include whether the firm's industry in China is an open one, whether segments of the firm's value chain can be transferred there, and whether operations in china can be integrated with operations located elsewhere.

The study examines the exploitation, rather than exploration, of multimarket contact of biopharmaceutical firms and its effects on market entry and exit. Findings show that firms in exploitation setup want to optimize contact with mutual benefits, while those in exploration seek to control uncertainties through entry and exit.

An economic model measuring the effect of exclusive dealing and entry where buyers are homogenous price competitors is examined. Anticompetitive exclusive deals can still arise in an economy with competition among buyers.

Firms routinely face the challenging decision of whether to enter a new market where a firm's strong presence in an existing market has a positive influence (the leverage effect) on product adoption in the new market, but the reciprocal social influence on the existing market is negative (the backlash effect). In this paper, we show that a firm's optimal entry strategy in this situation cannot be characterized by the familiar 'now or never' or 'now or at maturity' strategies proposed in the literature. We show that a strong leverage effect does not necessarily provide the justification for a firm to enter a new market, and neither should a strong backlash effect necessarily deter a firm from embracing a new market. The optimal strategy is predicated on a judicious trade-off between the three factors of leverage, backlash, and patience. Thus, an astute manager can always find the opportune time to enter the new market if she takes into account the dynamic and recursive nature of cross-market interaction effects, where leverage enhances the backlash but backlash weakens the leverage in a nonlinear, dynamic fashion. We illustrate that firms stand to benefit from explicit considerations of these effects in deciding whether and when to enter a new market. Furthermore, we explore how the optimal time of entry into the new market relates to the time of peak sales for the existing market, demonstrating that depending on the interactive effects of leverage and backlash, entry could be optimal either before or after peak sales in the existing market. Key words: market entry; social influence; optimal timing; brand extension History: Received December 18, 2006; accepted December 17, 2008, by Wallace J. Hopp, marketing. Published online in Articles in Advance March 23, 2009., 1. Introduction Medical device makers often first market their new products to leading research hospitals with the belief that such adoption will subsequently help them in selling their products to [...]