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Objective To assess whether pandemic-related restrictions with video-based interviewing increased geographic clustering of urology applicants matching at a residency program near where they were raised or attended medical school. Materials and Methods We utilized publicly available data from the urology match to compare dispersal patterns between applicants matching during the COVID-19 application cycle (2021) and those matching in the 5 prior application cycles (2016-2020). Variables included home state, undergraduate institution, medical school, and residency. Latitudes and longitudes were obtained for each institution and home state. The primary endpoint was distance (miles, as the most direct path) between medical school and residency program. We also assessed dispersal patterns by American Urological Association section. Results Of the 1965 applicants matching to a urology program between 2016 and 2021, medical school was identified for 1956 (99.7%) applicants, undergraduate program for 1551 (79%) applicants, and home state for 1351 (69%) applicants. Comparing the COVID-19 application cycle to the 5 prior application cycles, there was no significant difference in the median distance between medical school and residency, undergraduate university and residency, or home state and residency. Similarly, there was no significant difference in the proportion of applicants matching at their home institution, matching from medical schools without a home urology program, matching from medical schools with a historically low volume of urology applicants ( Conclusion Virtual interviewing and the loss of in-person clinical rotations did not significantly alter dispersal patterns or hamper an applicant's ability to match at program outside their geographic region.

OBJECTIVE To determine if prevalent approaches in acetabular fracture surgery provide enhanced anterior and cranial exposure in a cadaveric model. METHODS A Kocher-Langenbeck (K-L) approach (followed by a Gibson approach on the contralateral hip) was performed in the lateral position on 8 cadavers. A Steinmann pin was used to create holes outlining the bony surfaces available for instrumentation before and after a trochanteric osteotomy. All soft tissue was then removed from the pelvis, and a calibrated digital picture was taken. The surface area of the pelvis visualized through each approach was calculated and compared with the contralateral side to assess for a difference in exposure between the Gibson approach and the K-L approach. An increase in exposure of greater than 10% was considered significant. The extent of anterior exposure (with and without a trochanteric osteotomy) was then measured from the greater sciatic notch. RESULTS In 2 of 8 cadavers (25%), the Gibson approach yielded an increase in exposure when compared with a K-L approach. The addition of a trochanteric osteotomy yielded on average 1.6 cm (range, 0.7-2.6 cm) of increased anterior exposure in the K-L approaches and 1.5 cm (range 0.9-3.1 cm) in the Gibson approaches. CONCLUSION The Gibson approach did not reliably provide increased anterior exposure compared with a K-L approach in a cadaver model. A trochanteric osteotomy can be expected to add 1-2 cm of increased anterior exposure in both approaches.

In the past decade, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have become a major research topic in robotics, despite their existence since 1915. UAVs can perform various activities efficiently and effectively; therefore, involving a group of UAVs in performing a certain task has become a growing research trend. Research involving multiple UAVs has been carried out in various areas such as force protection, warfare in the military, remote sensing, disaster response activities, and surveillance. While performing critical tasks, efficiency and robustness are important considerations that can be achieved by involving heterogeneous UAV teams with effective communication and coordination techniques. Communication among heterogeneous UAVs is an interesting and critical research area that needs to be thoroughly explored. In this research, an evidence-based approach is adopted to explore research carried out on multiple heterogeneous UAVs and their communication patterns while performing various activities. A mapping study research technique is employed to systematically collect, analyze, and assess the evidence available on the topic under discussion. The time period defined for this study was set from 2005 to 2019, and 46 primary studies were considered for thematic analysis. The findings show that research studies fall under the category of validation research by constructing simulations to provide a proof-of-concept implementation of the proposed solutions. The communication patterns among heterogeneous UAVs involve various components of UAV communication, networking, formation, and path planning. The application areas that were largely focused on were search, rescue, monitoring, and surveillance missions. The overall trend showed that interest in multiple heterogeneous UAV usage increases over time with a focus on UAV networks, formations, and path planning while considering communication as an implicit part of all these structures. This research has conducted an in-depth analysis of existing research on heterogeneous UAVs and provides classification and trends of various themes emerging within this research area.

Internationalisation has so far been largely disconnected from major societal developments such as the rise of xenophobia, climate change or more recently the Corona crisis and research on internationalisation for society is scarce The article provides the definition of such internationalisation in higher education for society (IHES) as well as its characteristics developed in a mapping study for the German Academic Exchange Service and describes examples of IHES activities in universities around the world The author shows, that IHES as a special form of Internationalisation at Home (IaH) is still in its infant state, in contrast to classical internationalisation The article then connects IHES with the most important societal challenge of our time: Corona, outlining different kinds of IHES activities that could be developed to help people during the Corona crisis In a final excursion, the current movement towards online education as an answer to the Corona crisis is reflected upon from an IHES perspectives and possible applications are suggested Alternate abstract:Internacionalizace je zatim ve velke miře odpojena od zasadnich aspektů spolecenskeho vývoje, jako je zvysujici se xenofobie, klimaticke změny nebo v posledni době i krize okolo koronaviru Výzkumy internacionalizace pro spolecnost se přitom provadi jen velmi zřidka Tento clanek poskytuje definici takoveto internacionalizace ve vyssim vzdělavani pro spolecnost (IHES) i jeji vlastnosti odhalene v mapovaci studii pro Německe služby akademicke výměny a popisuje přiklady aktivit IHES na univerzitach v různých castech světa Autor ukazuje, že IHES jako specialni forma domaci internacionalizace (Internationalisation at Home - IaH) je v porovnani s klasickou internacionalizaci stale jestě v plenkach Clanek spojuje IHES s nejvýznamnějsi spolecenskou výzvou nasi doby - koronavirem - a nacrtava různe druhy aktivit IHES, ktere by mohly být na pomoc lidem během koronavirove krize vyvinuty V zavěrecnem zhodnoceni problematiky je provedena reflexe aktualniho posunu směrem k online vzdělavani jako odpovědi na koronavirovou krizi z perspektivy IHES a jsou navržena možna využiti

Introduction Stochastic trajectory analysis of ranked signals (STAR) mapping has recently been used to ablate persistent atrial fibrillation (AF) with high rates of AF termination and long-term freedom from AF in small, single-arm studies. We hypothesized that rapidity and organization markers would correlate with early sites of activation (ESA). Methods Patients undergoing persistent AF ablation as part of the STAR mapping study were included. Five-minute unipolar basket recordings used to create STAR maps were used to determine the minimum-cycle length (Min-CL) and CL variability (CLV) at each electrode to identify the site of the fastest Min-CL and lowest CLV across the left atrium (LA). The location of ESA targeted with ablation was compared with these sites. Dominant frequency was assessed at ESA and compared with that of neighboring electrodes to assess for regional gradients. Results Thirty-two patients were included with 83 ESA ablated, with an ablation response at 73 sites (24 AF termination and 49 CL slowing ≥30 ms). Out of these, 54 (74.0%) and 56 (76.7%) colocated to sites of fastest Min-CL and lowest CLV, respectively. Regional CL and frequency gradients were demonstrable at majority of ESA. ESA colocating to sites of fastest Min-CL and lowest CLV were more likely to terminate AF with ablation (odds ratio, 34 and 29, respectively, P = .02). These showed a moderate sensitivity (74.0% Min-CL and 75.3% CLV) and specificity (66.7% Min-CL and 76.9% CLV) in predicting ESA with an ablation response. Conclusions ESA correlate with rapidity and organization markers. Further work is needed to clarify any role for spectral analysis in prioritizing driver ablation.

This mapping study is the first bibliometric analysis of literature on Guillain–Barre Syndrome (GBS). By identifying core journals, analyzing cited references, categorizing journals into Zones, and...

Blockchain is a novel technology capturing the attention of Central Banks and a technology with significant disruptive potential. However, a gap in research effort between practitioners and academics seems to have emerged. This paper analyses and maps that gap by exploring trends in peer-reviewed research contributions through thematic categorisation of academic literature on Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) use-cases for services, operations and functions performed by central banks. Furthermore, this paper provides summaries of opportunities and challenges for central banks arising from blockchain adaptation to each of those use-cases. To achieve this goal, we utilise a Systematic Mapping Study approach. The paper presents an in-depth assessment of statistical and thematic analysis of research maturity and the types of researchers, with specific emphasis on types of central bank use-cases considered for blockchain adaptation. Our work contributes to an understanding of where the most or least attention is directed, allowing for identification of gaps and opportunities for both academics, practitioners and combinations of each. Results show that the research topic is a comparatively new domain. It confirms the gap between depth and volume of the research provision from industry and academia, with industry leading the trend. Our study also found that the most research-intensive use-cases are those for: 1) Central Bank issued Digital Currency (CBDC), 2) Regulatory Compliance and 3) Payment Clearing and Settlement Systems (PCS) operated by central banks; a comparatively low engagement was found in the areas of 4) Assets Transfer/Ownership and 5) Audit Trail. Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council, UK

Gastric distension is known to affect normal slow-wave activity and gastric function, but links between slow-wave dysrhythmias and stomach function are poorly understood. Low-resolution mapping is unable to capture complex spatial properties of gastric dysrhythmias, necessitating the use of high-resolution mapping techniques. Characterizing the nature of these dysrhythmias has implications in the understanding of postprandial function and the development of new mapping devices. In this two-phase study, we developed and implemented a protocol for measuring electrophysiological responses to gastric distension in porcine experiments. In vivo, serosal high-resolution electrical mapping (256 electrodes; 36 cm

Safety and security are important properties of any software system, particularly in safety-critical domains, such as embedded, automotive, or cyber-physical systems. Moreover, particularly those domains also employ highly-configurable systems to customize variants, for example, to different customer requirements or regulations. Unfortunately, we are missing an overview understanding of what research has been conducted on the intersection of safety and security with configurable systems. To address this gap, we conducted a systematic mapping study based on an automated search, covering ten years (2011--2020) and 65 relevant (out of 367) publications. We classified each publication based on established security and safety concerns (e.g., CIA triad) as well as the connection to configurable systems (e.g., ensuring security of such a system). In the end, we found that considerably more research has been conducted on safety concerns, but both properties seem under-explored in the context of configurable systems. Moreover, existing research focuses on two directions: Ensuring safety and security properties in product-line engineering; and applying product-line techniques to ensure safety and security properties. Our mapping study provides an overview of the current state-of-the-art as well as open issues, helping practitioners identify existing solutions and researchers define directions for future research.

Software traceability plays a critical role in software maintenance and evolution. We conducted a systematic mapping study with six research questions to understand the benefits, costs, and challenges of using traceability in maintenance and evolution. We systematically selected, analyzed, and synthesized 63 studies published between January 2000 and May 2020, and the results show that: traceability supports 11 maintenance and evolution activities, among which change management is the most frequently supported activity; strong empirical evidence from industry is needed to validate the impact of traceability on maintenance and evolution; easing the process of change management is the main benefit of deploying traceability practices; establishing and maintaining traceability links is the main cost of deploying traceability practices; 13 approaches and 32 tools that support traceability in maintenance and evolution were identified; improving the quality of traceability links, the performance of using traceability approaches and tools are the main traceability challenges in maintenance and evolution. The findings of this study provide a comprehensive understanding of deploying traceability practices in software maintenance and evolution phase, and can be used by researchers for future directions and practitioners for making informed decisions while using traceability in maintenance and evolution.

“Hands-on activities” with emergent technology is being integrated into the curriculum of Electrical Engineering education. This mapping study carry out an overview of the evidence of the Making movement using emergent technology in Electrical Engineering education. Primary studies in the literature were selected, classified and analysed according to the type of technology used and, the design-based research (DBR) intervention. 20 primary studies were identified. Making related to activities with Robotics is the application most used at the undergraduate level. The most of the studies reported an intervention focused on the instructional approach of the curriculum unit and, that students improved motivation.

Purpose This paper aims to characterize and identify the existing research on risk management in the export development of high-tech products. Design/methodology/approach The authors conducted a systematic mapping study to identify and analyze related literature. The authors identified 96 primary studies, dated from 2000 to 2018 and classified them with respect to research focus, types of research and contribution. Findings A total of 32 studies were identified and mapped, synthesizing the available evidence on risk management in the export development of high-tech products. “Currency risk” with 13 articles is the dominant research focus. Regarding the research type, “Solution proposal” is the most frequently used research type. “Case study”, “Regression analysis” and “Survey”, respectively, were the most used research methods. However, “FANNIS”, “FAHP” and “Discussion paper” were used less often. “Solution proposal” was the most common research type between 2000 and 2018. Further, the number of publications has declined between 2010 and 2012. Originality/value This mapping study provides the first systematic exploration of the state-of-art on risk management research in the export development of high-tech products. The existing body of knowledge is limited to a few high-quality studies.

INTRODUCTION Electronatomical mapping allows direct and accurate visualization of myocardial abnormalities. This study investigated whether high-density endocardial bipolar voltage mapping of the right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) during sinus rhythm may guide catheter ablation of idiopathic ventricular arrhythmias (VAs). METHODS AND RESULTS Forty-four patients (18 males, mean age: 38.1 ± 13.8 years) with idiopathic RVOT VAs and negative cardiac magnetic resonance imaging underwent a stepwise mapping approach for the identification of the site of origin (SOO). High-density electronatomical mapping (1096.6 ± 322.3 points) was performed during sinus rhythm and identified at least two low bipolar voltage areas less than 1 mV (mean amplitude of 0.20 ± 0.10 mV) in 39 of 44 patients. The mean low-voltage surface area was 1.4 ± 0.8 cm2 . Group 1 consisted of 28 patients exhibiting low-voltage areas and high-arrhythmia burden during the procedure. Pace match to the clinical VAs was produced in one of these low-voltage areas. Activation mapping established the SOO at these sites in 27 of 28 cases. Group 2 comprised 11 patients exhibiting abnormal electroanatomical mapping, but very low-arrhythmia burden during the procedure. Pace mapping produced a near-perfect or perfect match to the clinical VAs in one of these areas in 9 of 11 patients which was marked as potential SOO and targeted for ablation. During the follow-up period, 25 of 28 patients from group 1 (89%) and 7 of 9 patients from group 2 (78%) were free from VAs. CONCLUSIONS Small but detectable very low-voltage areas during mapping in sinus rhythm characterize the arrhythmogenic substrate of idiopathic RVOT VAs and may guide successful catheter ablation.

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to analyze posteromedial fragment morphology using two-dimensional computed tomography fracture mapping and to compare posteromedial fragment morphology in various Schatzker type tibial plateau fractures. Materials & methods: One hundred twenty-seven consecutive AO/OTA B- and C-type tibial plateau fractures were retrospectively analyzed using 2DCT fracture mapping. The posteromedial articular fracture angle and articular surface areas of all fractures with posteromedial fragments were calculated. Based on biomechanical studies, posteromedial fragments with coronal fracture angles >68° were considered amenable for anterolateral stabilization with standardized plating. Kruskall-Wallis non-parametric test was used for statistical comparison of morphological features of posteromedial fragments between the various Schatzker types. Results: Forty-seven out of 127 tibial plateau fractures included a posteromedial fragment. The mean posteromedial articular fracture angle was 44° (range: 2°-90o standard deviation: 23°). Forty fragments (85%) had a fracture angle of

Privacy by design is a new paradigm that promotes embedding privacy considerations throughout the development of information systems, to protect user privacy. Privacy engineering is the nascent field of research and practice that aims to realize this new paradigm systematically and efficiently, by delivering reusable elements such as methods, techniques, and tools that software and systems engineers can apply in their daily work. However, as a new field, its contributions are still scattered, and there is little information on their quantity or maturity. To bridge this gap, we have carried out a systematic mapping study to provide engineers and researchers with a snapshot of the reusable elements available for the systematic design of privacy-friendly software-based information systems. The results show that there is an emerging and growing interest in the field, being privacy patterns, the hottest research topic. However, the maturity of some of the contributions found is still low as they usually lack empirical evidence that demonstrates their benefits, which may hinder their adoption in practice. In this paper, we describe the most advanced research areas and discuss some of the gaps found, suggesting areas where researchers and funding institutions can focus their efforts.

An autonomous car is a driverless vehicle for the purpose of navigating autonomously and safely over the earth's surface. Interest in this type of transport has increased significantly in recent years and it is possible that the number of these vehicles on the streets will increase, changing the daily lives of cities. In this context, this work aims to understand the technological limitations and impacts of using autonomous cars, observing the feasibility, adaptation, traffic legislation, and perceived benefits. Following the method of systematic literature review proposed by Kitchenham, 69 primary studies from relevant bases in the area of Technology were analyzed. These studies showed some evidence by indicating, for example, that there will be a change in the way people relate to cars, particularly in terms of sharing them, in addition to impacts on urban mobility.

Funding Acknowledgements Type of funding sources: None. Background takotsubo syndrome (TTS) is an acute heart failure syndrome characterized by transient systolic dysfunction, widespread myocardial edema and not trivial rate of in-hospital complications. Tissue mapping by cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging provides measure of myocardial interstitial expansion. Few studies to date comprehensively examined native T1, T2 and extracellular volume (ECV) quantification by CMR in TTS. Purpose to describe T1 and T2 mapping findings by cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging in a cohort of TTS patients and control subjects. Methods we performed CMR imaging with native T1 and T2 mapping assessment as well as ECV and late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) imaging in n = 14 TTS patients at a median of 4 (3, 7) days after the acute event. Control group consisted of n = 14 healthy individuals with no known prior acute cardiac events. Extracellular-volume (ECV) fraction estimate was derived from native and post-contrast T1 of myocardium and blood pool corrected for hematocrit as reported in literature. All mapping measurements were performed in the interventricular septum from the mid-short-axis view. Results median age of the study population was 72 years, 84% female. Typical apical ballooning was present in 72% of the patients, atypical in 28%, with median left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) of 45%; mid interventricular septum was involved in all patients based on the presence of wall motion abnormalities at hospital admission. Median native T1, T2 and ECV were 1078 msec vs 965 msec, 55 msec vs 47 msec and 29% vs 25% in TTS and controls respectively (p Conclusions myocardial edema, as signified by increased T2, is a prominent feature of TTS, likely driving interstitial expansion and increase of native T1 and ECV in the acute phase. Correlation of T2 with LVEF on admission suggests that CMR-based parametric assessment of myocardial edema could contribute to better characterize disease severity in TTS.

Smart meters and the smart grid will allow utility companies and customers to monitor their electricity and utility usage in fine-grained detail instead of the previously common monthly or yearly measurements. With this fine-grained detail comes serious privacy concerns. One of the most promising solutions for measuring and preserving privacy loss is differential privacy. Both differential privacy and the smart grid are relatively young developments that will require more research before they can be confidently implemented worldwide. With this systematic mapping study, we will provide an overview of the current literature and attempt to determine the future directions the research may take.

Deep Learning (DL) is being used nowadays in many traditional Software Engineering (SE) problems and tasks. However, since the renaissance of DL techniques is still very recent, we lack works that summarize and condense the most recent and relevant research conducted at the intersection of DL and SE. Therefore, in this paper, we describe the first results of a mapping study covering 81 papers about DL & SE. Our results confirm that DL is gaining momentum among SE researchers over the years and that the top-3 research problems tackled by the analyzed papers are documentation, defect prediction, and testing., 8 pages, 5 figures, 4 tables. Accepted for publication at ACM SAC 2021

Wheat grain yield (GY) improvement using genomic tools is important for achieving yield breakthroughs. To dissect the genetic architecture of wheat GY potential and stress-resilience, we have designed this large-scale genome-wide association study using 100 datasets, comprising 105,000 GY observations from 55,568 wheat lines evaluated between 2003 and 2019 by the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center and national partners. We report 801 GY-associated genotyping-by-sequencing markers significant in more than one dataset and the highest number of them were on chromosomes 2A, 6B, 6A, 5B, 1B and 7B. We then used the linkage disequilibrium (LD) between the consistently significant markers to designate 214 GY-associated LD-blocks and observed that 84.5% of the 58 GY-associated LD-blocks in severe-drought, 100% of the 48 GY-associated LD-blocks in early-heat and 85.9% of the 71 GY-associated LD-blocks in late-heat, overlapped with the GY-associated LD-blocks in the irrigated-bed planting environment, substantiating that simultaneous improvement for GY potential and stress-resilience is feasible. Furthermore, we generated the GY-associated marker profiles and analyzed the GY favorable allele frequencies for a large panel of 73,142 wheat lines, resulting in 44.5 million datapoints. Overall, the extensive resources presented in this study provide great opportunities to accelerate breeding for high-yielding and stress-resilient wheat varieties.

Impairments in feedback processing, often associated with risk-taking behavior, may have implications for development of substance abuse in adolescents. The most commonly used substances by adolescents include tobacco and cannabis, with some individuals using both substances, potentially heightening risk. Our objective was to examine feedback processing and impulsivity in adolescents who smoke cigarettes and use cannabis daily (N = 21), comparing them with adolescents who smoke cigarettes daily and use cannabis occasionally (N = 18) and non-smoking (N = 27) adolescents. To do this, the Balloon Analog Risk Task (BART) with concurrent EEG was used to measure risk-related feedback processing, and impulsivity was measured using the Barratt's impulsiveness scale (BIS-11). It was found that adolescent daily tobacco/cannabis smoking was associated with higher BIS-11 scores, shortened feedback-related-negativity (FRN) latencies and reduced P300 amplitudes. In addition, FRN latencies during win conditions were inversely associated with tobacco-use severity, indicated by scores on the Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND), and with BIS-11 scores. Adolescents with concurrent tobacco and cannabis use show altered feedback processing and higher impulsivity. Future work should disentangle whether the effect reflects risk, consequences of use or both.

Highlights • The following contributions are provided: A general process for conducting systematic prospective appraisal of policy options within the field of research policy, using multicriteria mapping (MCM). • Novel methods for systematically analysing MCM data using pairwise comparison and merit orders which improve the utility of the MCM method. • Quantitative findings (derived using MCM) on the appraisal of policy options for antimicrobial resistance (AMR) by 47 experts from six European countries, providing seven stakeholder perspectives, and identifying most and least favoured policy options. • Qualitative findings (derived using MCM) addressing different modes of reasoning as to why contrasting policy options may be expected to perform well or poorly in different settings and from different perspectives. • Qualitative findings (derived using MCM) underpinning a framework for policy design that may be useful for research policy around AMR. • Quantitative findings (derived not using MCM) concerning those particular options that interviewees identified as most complementary to each other, supported by qualitative illustrations and qualifications., This article provides prospective appraisal of key policy instruments intended to stimulate innovation to combat antimicrobial resistance (AMR). AMR refers to the ability of microbes to evolve resistance to those treatments designed to kill them, and is associated with the overuse or misuse of medicines such as antibiotics. AMR is an emerging global challenge with major implications for healthcare and society as a whole. Diagnostic tests for infectious diseases can guide decision making when prescribing medicines, so reducing inappropriate drug use. In the context of growing international interest in policies to stimulate innovation in AMR diagnostics, this study uses multicriteria mapping (MCM) to appraise a range of policy instruments in order to understand their potential performance while also highlighting the uncertainties that stakeholders hold about such interventions in complex contexts. A contribution of the article is the demonstration of a novel method to analyse and visualise MCM data in order to reveal stakeholder inclinations towards particular options while exploring interviewees’ uncertainties about the effectiveness of each instrument's design or implementation. The article reports results from six European countries (Germany, Greece, Italy, the Netherlands, Spain and the UK). The findings reveal which policy instruments are deemed most likely to perform well, and why, across stakeholder groups and national settings, with areas of common ground and difference being identified. Importantly, the conclusions presented here differ from prominent policy discourse, with international implications for the design of mixes of policy instruments to combat AMR. Strategic and practical methodological implications also emerge for general appraisal of innovation policy instrument mixes., Graphical abstract Appraising research policy instrument mixes: a multicriteria mapping study in six European countries of diagnostic innovation to manage antimicrobial resistanceImage, graphical abstract

We conducted a mapping study to investigate how the scientific community uses Ambient intelligence technologies to assist visually impaired people. Our initial search identified a total of 807 publications; after applying our selection criteria, we accepted 65 publications. We seek to show which technologies, methodologies, techniques, architectures, features, and evaluations are most used. Results indicated that only 15.53% have a specific focus on people who are visually impaired. Most of the results were published in 2015. Most authors used their own architectures. Many results used techniques such as Detection and recognition, Artificial Intelligence, Networking, and others.

Funding Acknowledgements Type of funding sources: Private grant(s) and/or Sponsorship. Main funding source(s): This study was supported by a Clinical Training Research Fellowship (K. Knott) from the British Heart Foundation and directly and indirectly from the Biomedical Research Centre at University College London Hospitals and Barts Heart Centre. Background Cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) with automated inline perfusion mapping permits rapid fully automated non-invasive myocardial blood flow (MBF, ml/g/min). Understanding the microvascular component of MBF would help optimize epicardial coronary artery disease detection and potentially serve as an independent diagnostic / therapeutic target. Purpose To explore MBF influences at stress and rest in patients with unobstructed epicardial coronary arteries. Methods 242 participants (mean age 56.9 years) from 5 European centers with unobstructed epicardial coronary arteries and no myocardial scar underwent adenosine vasodilator perfusion mapping at stress and rest. The factors influencing MBF were determined using univariate and multivariate linear regression analyses. Results Mean rest perfusion was 0.91+/-0.24ml/g/min. Rest perfusion was higher in females (0.97+/-0.22ml/g/min vs 0.83 +/- 0.24ml/g/min) and lower in patients on beta blockers. Mean stress MBF was 2.53+/-0.82ml/g/min. Factors independently associated with reduced stress MBF were increasing age, diabetes, increasing left ventricular mass (LVMi) and the use of beta blockers. The predicted stress MBF can be obtained from the equation MBF = 2.66–0.015(age-60)–0.013(LVMi-57)-0.405(diabetes)–0.365(beta blocker). This means stress MBF falls 10% over 19 years and that diabetes drops the MBF by the equivalent of being 27 years older. These changes are large: for example, a 70-year-old diabetic would have 30% lower stress MBF than a 35 year-old non-diabetic. Conclusions In the absence of obstructive epicardial coronary disease, stress MBF falls with age, diabetes, increased LV mass and beta-blockers. These data may help develop normal reference ranges, input to other modelling (eg CT FFR), and they advance perfusion mapping as a measure of microvascular function. Abstract Figure. Summary of the determinants of perfusion

Data visualization is an arrangement that presents data in manners that enable the utilization of human subjective and visual capacities. It is the method used to convert crude information into some visual structure. It uses designs and visuals to help with the psychological burden of comprehending big data. The burden put on general well-being because of the coronavirus is exacerbated by the ceaseless rise of new strains and unanswered inquiries concerning viral spread inside the host. Observations regarding the course of coronaviruses in people have been step by step expanded and extended to numerous regions worldwide. These observation programs have created an enormous amount of genomic information regarding coronaviruses, which encourages the investigation of the infection by computational strategies that are proficient and cost effective.

The use of IT is aimed at creating a competitive advantage in business. However, there are many organizations that do not have adequate control of these technologies and do not allow them to achieve their desired objectives, for this reason it is important to properly manage and control IT through an IT governance framework. Through a framework, it will allow to achieve the alignment of IT with the Corporate Governance of the company, companies need a guide on how to adapt the strategic objectives stipulated by the Senior Management. The objective of this article is to show the most important studies that use the standards or framework related to IT Governance, in order to have a comprehensive approach to how the IT area is aligned with Corporate Governance. The methodology used was the search and review of the different IT governance studies implemented in the organizations, for which the literature review guide was used. In the collection of articles, a total of 383 articles were obtained, of which 18 were selected and used for the mapping study. The result of this research is the identification of two frameworks/standards. COBIT 5 and ISO 38500 that are most used in the implementation of ITG in organizations.

The market size of e-commerce continued to grow in recent years. Amazon, a leading technology company that provides reliable online marketplaces had attracted more than two million active sellers with over 600 million active products listed on it in a snapshot in 2019. The Amazon Best Sellers Rank (BSR) is an important indicator of how well the listed product is sold and it is a common interest to all sellers. This research investigates the algorithm for setting BSR on Amazon by developing a python-based web scrapper to collect hourly data on Amazon Web Services (AWS) server. A BSR to sales mapping study is performed using a machine learning regression algorithm. The study would help Amazon sellers to understand the mechanism of BSR and its impact on future sales.

Interest in gender norms is rising within the field of global health and among its funders. With more resources available for norms change work, international institutions seek to develop thoughtful strategic and programmatic responses to a variety of issues, including violence against children. Yet changing deeply rooted gender norms requires sensitivity to local context. This can present a challenge for mid- to large sized organisations, as well as funders, who are typically required to develop strategies that encompass multiple contexts. This paper presents practical lessons learned from a mapping study of UNICEF's existing work to change discriminatory gender norms. As the world's leading children's rights organisation, preventing violence against children (0-9) and adolescents (ages 10-19) is a key component of UNICEF's work. This mapping formed the foundation of the institution's efforts to build out a coordinated strategy and programme of work around 'positive gender socialisation.' The mapping was unique in that it accounted for differences across and within regions and sought to develop an institutional programme of work based on local experience and existing priorities. The lessons learned are relevant to other organisations and practice-oriented research programmes embarking on work to change norms that lead to violence against children.

A brain tumor is a type of cancer of abnormal brain cells or mass. The skull is rather solid, and it encloses the brain. Any growth within such a confined space can cause problems. There could be cancerous (malignant) or noncancerous (benign) brain tumors. As benign or malignant tumors develop, they may increase the pressure within the skull. This can cause brain damage and could even be life-threatening. In the recent decade, lots of systems have been produced that provide automatic classification of brain tumors via utilizing means of magnetic resonance spectroscopy and pattern recognition. In spite of promising classification accuracies, none of these systems has established its direction into clinical practice, which is also concerning the missing transparency of the basis of their decision making. In this paper, a systematic mapping study on brain tumors recognition is presented. After four sorting methods, 857 relevant studies in total have been obtained. After applying four filters, 49 papers as primary studies related to the main topic are selected. The selected papers have classified respect to several facets. The results provide an overview of the existing relevant studies reported in the literature, highlight focus areas and research gaps.

During the last decades, software traceability has been studied in a large number of studies, from different perspectives (e.g., how to create traces and what are its benefits). This large...

Internet of things (IoT) has applications in healthcare and medicine, where the treatment of cancer (disease with high incidence and mortality rates) stands out. The goal of this study is to characterize existing IoT platforms for cancer treatment, in terms of their purposes, types of sensors used, and cancer type treated. For that, a systematic literature mapping was performed, which included and analyzed 84 primary articles. We identified and classified 7 types of IoT platforms for cancer treatment, 39 purposes sought by those platforms, and 13 types of cancer. The results show that this is an active research area, where most studies focus on treating the types of cancer with highest incidence worldwide: breast, skin, and lung cancer, in order to reduce costs associated with the diagnosis and detection of the disease.

Background radiofrequency catheter ablation (RFA) on the endocardial ventricular surface is widely used for post-myocardial infarction (post-MI) ventricular tachycardia (VT) treatment. It has been described that about 10% of patients with post-MI require additional epicardial ablation for successful VT termination. However, there is still lack of data regarding the extent of scarring and the presence of local abnormal ventricular electrical activity (LAVA, low-voltage and/or fractionated signals) on the epicardial surface in patients with ischemic VT. Purpose to assess the extent of epicardial electrophysiological substrate in patients with remote myocardial infarction and indications for VT ablation. Methods thirteen out of 59 patients with sustained ischemic VT (12 men; mean age 59,9 ± 9,5) and without previous cardiac surgery signed an informed consent to undergo epicardial mapping and comprized the study population. Endocardial access was used previously as primary method in 4 patients ICD/ CRT-D had been previously implanted in 11 patients: mean left ventricle ejection fraction was 38,8 ± 10,6 %: hemodynamically unstable VT was present in 10 patients; the most frequent scar localization by ECG and transthoracic echocardiography – left ventricle (LV) inferior wall (10 patients), LV lateral wall – (7 patients). All patients underwent full clinical evaluation. Electrophysiological procedure and catheter ablation was performed under general anesthesia. Epicardial access was obtained through percutaneous subxyphoid puncture. Voltage mapping of endocardial and epicardial surfaces was performed. Maps were evaluated for the presence of LAVA. Ablation was performed at sites of LAVA on either side of the ventricular wall. Results epicardial access was successful in 12 patients. Bi- and unipolar mapping was successfully performed and analyzed in 11 subjects. LAVA was present in all but one patient on endocardial surface and in 9 (82%) out of 12 patients on epicardial surface. Localization of endocardial and epicardial LAVA coincided in 8 (67%) patients suggesting transmural ischemic scar. One patient had only epicardial scar, 1 patient had septal endocardial scar without LAVA on the epicardial surface. In one patient LAVA sites were localized on different left ventricle walls. More extensive unipolar than bipolar endocardial scar area was found (11,8 (IQR:2,0;31,6) vs 45,8 (IQR:17,1;86,5) сm2; р=0,03). Epicardial unipolar scar area prevailed over bipolar scar area: median 46.0 cm2 (IQR: 15.9;55.5) vs 107.7 cm2 (IQR: 84.3;168.9) р=0,04. LAVA epicardial area was wider than endocardial: 19.7 cm2 (IQR: 2.3; 29.7) vs 4.1 cm2 (IQR: 0.4; 23.8) р=0.03. Conclusion according to the results of our pilot study in unselected patients with ischemic VT, epicardial arrhythmogenic substrate was detected in 82% of cases. Epicardial LAVA area significantly prevailed over endocardial LAVA area.

Statement of problem Tooth loss directly affects mastication, cognitive function, and oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL). Complete dentures (CDs) and removable partial dentures (RPDs) represent a common oral rehabilitation approach. However, studies addressing the impact of removable dentures on replacing missing teeth are lacking. Purpose The purpose of this clinical study was to evaluate whether the OHRQoL, the jaw function limitation (JFL), and the masticatory efficiency of CD and RPD wearers are similar to those of patients with natural teeth and to evaluate whether wearing removable dentures can predict an effect on the OHRQoL, JFL, and masticatory efficiency of their wearers. Material and methods The Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP-14) questionnaire and the JFL scale were used to measure OHRQoL and JFL. Masticatory efficiency was analyzed by using a subjective color-mixing index for the chewing gum bolus and shape index and an objective colorimetric analysis by using a software program ViewGum. Data were analyzed with Kruskal-Wallis and post hoc Dunn tests, followed by multiple linear regression (α=.05). Results The results from OHIP-14 evidenced that both denture groups presented a low impact on OHRQoL. JFL was higher for all denture wearers. For the subjective color-mixing analysis, the control and RPD groups presented better masticatory efficiency than CD wearers. Colorimetric analysis evidenced better masticatory efficiency for the control group, who differed from the CD and RPD groups. Wearing RPDs was a predictor of impaired JFL and OHRQoL, and the use of CDs was a predictor of impaired JFL and masticatory efficiency. Conclusions Despite being rehabilitated, CD and RPD wearers still had impaired OHRQoL, JFL, and masticatory efficiency. Also, the use of these prostheses can predict a negative effect on these 3 variables.

Aims: This study aims to develop a mapping algorithm that can be used to predict 5-level EQ-5D (EQ-5D-5L) utility scores from the Psoriasis Disability Index (PDI) for further use in cost-utility an...

As opposed to traditional software development, agile development encourages requirements change. Given the importance of requirements change management, there is an increasing number of studies discussing this process in both traditional and agile software developments. By examining existing works, we observed that there are many ways to improve the management of agile requirements change. Aiming to addressing this research gap, our study focus on defining a process to handle Agile Requirement Change Management (ARCM), as well as identifying practices to support ARCM process. We performed systematic study to map the main practices applied to manage agile requirements change. Our primary goal was to seek a better understanding of possible directions in the ARCM research, and foster discussions for future work. We identified 3 steps to handle the ARCM process, and grouped 11 distinct agile practices to carry out these steps. Even though agile practices might be, to some extent, for managing requirement change, we were able to identify practical challenges when adopting these practices for Agile Requirements Changes management.

Background: Chemical exposure leading to ototoxicity is a fresh challenge for occupational healthcare in South Africa. Objectives: The critical question is: ‘what is known about occupational ototoxic chemicals with or without noise exposure in South Africa?’ Method: This qualitative, mapping study was completed with published (peer-reviewed) and grey literature from 1979-2019. Data was analysed using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses: extension for Scoping Reviews and the Nursing and Allied Health Resources Section subcommittee on Mapping the Literature of Nursing and Allied Health (adapted). Numerical analysis of article type was completed, but the primary focus was on capturing patterns/trends using thematic analysis and ideology critique. Results: The African Journal of Disability, African Journal of Primary Health Care and Family Medicine, South African Medical Journal, The South African Journal of Communication Disorders [ SAJCD ] and Health SA Gesondheid ) were included with the SAJCD containing one relevant item and seventeen other items were analysed. Research focusses on the mining sector (gold) in Gauteng, and ototoxic medication (tuberculosis and/or human immunodeficiency virus) take precedence. In KwaZulu-Natal, the focus is on commerce and industry across formal and informal sectors. There are no governmental policies that refer to chemical ototoxicity. Occupational hearing loss is configured exclusively on the meme that noise exposure is the only toxin. Conclusion: Chemical exposures are only just beginning to be recognised as ototoxic in South Africa. Hearing conservation programmes should always serve the workers’ interests and never bow down to the econometric interests of employers.

Background Approximately 20% of children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) experience clinical levels of impairment into adulthood. In the UK, there is a sharp reduction in ADHD drug prescribing over the period of transition from child to adult services, which is higher than expected given estimates of ADHD persistence, and may be linked to difficulties in accessing adult services. Little is currently known about geographical variations in prescribing and how this may relate to service access. Aims To analyse geographic variations in primary care prescribing of ADHD medications over the transition period (age 16–19 years) and adult mental health service (AMHS) referrals, and illustrate their relationship with UK adult ADHD service locations. Method Using a Clinical Practice Research Datalink cohort of people with an ADHD diagnosis aged 10–20 in 2005 (study period 2005–2013; n = 9390, 99% diagnosed Results Differences were found by region in the mean age at cessation of ADHD prescribing, range 15.8–17.4 years (PP Conclusions Clear regional differences were found in primary care prescribing over the transition period and in referrals to AMHSs. Taken together with service mapping, this suggests inequitable provision and is important information for those who commission and deliver services for adults with ADHD.

Background: The adoption of the evidence-based research paradigm by software engineering researchers has created a growing knowledge base provided by the outcomes from systematic reviews.\ud \ud Aim: We set out to identify and catalogue a sample of the knowledge provided by systematic reviews, to determine what support they can provide for an evidence-informed approach to teaching about software engineering practice.\ud \ud Method: We undertook a tertiary study (a mapping study of systematic reviews) covering the period to the end of 2015. We identified and catalogued those reviews that had findings or made recommendations that were considered relevant to teaching about industry practice.\ud \ud Results: We examined a sample of 276 systematic reviews, selecting 49 for which we could clearly identify practice-oriented findings and fecommendations that were supported by the data analysis provided in the review. We have classified these against established software engineering education knowledge categories and discuss the extent and forms of knowledge provided for each category.\ud \ud Conclusion: While systematic reviews can provide knowledge that can inform teaching about practice, relatively few systematic reviews present the outcomes in a form suitable for this purpose. Using a suitable format for presenting a summary of outcomes could improve this. Additionally, the increasing number of published systematic reviews suggests that there is a need for greater coordination regarding the cataloguing of their findings and recommendations.

Code reviews have been used to improve code quality since the 1970s. Most practitioners in the field of software have some experience with respect to the technique. In this mapping study we illustrate what kinds of research questions are addressed in code review literature. The following themes emerged from analysis of 75 original articles: (1) description or comparison of different code review practices, (2) behavior of reviewers (e.g., eye tracking studies), (3) communication and teamwork, (4) outcomes of code reviews (e.g., what kinds of problems are identified), (5) how properties of code to be reviewed affect reviewing, and (6) reasons for conducting code reviews. About half of the studies have been conducted with students and novices. The numbers of industry papers has significantly increased when compared to the previous reviews in the field.

This study reviews prevailing trends in “for-profit” business-related gamification. It examines the current literature, focusing on gamification elements, industries and variables that is of interest to researchers in different business environments. A systematic mapping approach was applied to this study. Articles were selected from different databases in a two-step screening process, subject to sets of inclusion and exclusion criteria. A total of 25 articles were further for: (1) represented industries, (2) orientation of the gamified system, (3) types of implementation, (4) gamification elements analysed, (5) impact on companies, and (6) company variables analysed. Results confirmed that the number of empirical studies on gamification in for-profit organisations is growing. Researchers have placed greater emphasis on analysing customer-related gamification environments than on employee-oriented gamification. This finding is consistent with the prevailing trend of increasing demand from practitioners to gamify customer-related processes. This is likely due to the potential for higher positive impact on the performance of companies. Most frequently deployed gamification elements are badges, rewards, and leader boards. The literature suggests that over all, gamification has a positive effect on various company variables, such as motivation, engagement of employees, brand loyalty, and customer experience. This paper highlights the particular areas of business-related gamification that have already been examined and possible future directions.

Purpose This study aims at characterizing and identifying the existing research on tourism business networks. Design/methodology/approach The authors conducted a systematic mapping study to identify and analyze related literature. They identified 225 primary studies, dated from 1997-2016, and classified them with respect to research focus, types of research and contribution. Findings Seventy four studies were identified and mapped, synthesizing the available evidence on tourism business networks. “Business networks” with 27 articles is the dominant research focus and “Network configuration” with 22 articles is the next dominant one. Regarding the research type, “Solution proposal” is the most frequently used research type. “Interview” and “Case study”, respectively, were the most used research methods. However, “Agent-based modeling”, “Delphi study” and “Non-linear time series analysis” were used less often. “Philosophical paper” was the most common research type between 1997 and 2002, and after that “Solution proposal” was the dominant research paper type. Further, the number of publications has declined between 2012 and 2014. Originality/value This mapping study provides the first systematic exploration of the state-of-art on tourism business networks research. The existing body of knowledge is limited to a few high quality studies.

Lesion-behaviour mapping is an influential and popular approach to anatomically localise cognitive brain functions in the human brain. Multiple considerations, ranging from patient selection, assessment of lesion location and patient behaviour, spatial normalisation, statistical testing, to the anatomical interpretation of obtained results, are necessary to optimize a lesion-behaviour mapping study and arrive at meaningful conclusions. Here, we provide a hitchhiker's guide, giving practical guidelines and references for each step of the typical lesion-behaviour mapping study pipeline.

Ultrasonography is an inexpensive, fast, and reliable imaging technique widely used to assess the Achilles tendon. Although significant data exists regarding pathologic tendon changes, ultrasound data from healthy individuals are more limited. We aimed to better characterize ultrasound Achilles tendon measurements in healthy individuals and identify important correlating factors. The information collected included patient demographics, body habitus, activity level, foot dominance, and resting ankle angle. Ultrasound analysis was performed bilaterally on the Achilles tendons of 50 subjects using a high-frequency transducer to measure tendon width, thickness, cross-sectional area, and length. Males had a significantly larger mean tendon length, width, thickness, and cross-sectional area. No statistically significant difference was found in any tendon dimension between the white and black participants. Similarly, no difference was found in any tendon parameter when comparing right versus left leg dominance. Healthy subjects had a mean ankle resting angle of 45.1° ± 24° with no statistically significant difference between right and left ankles. Considering all individuals, each tendon parameter (tendon length, width, thickness, and cross-sectional area) correlated positively with subject height, weight, tibia length, and foot size. Only the Achilles cross-sectional area correlated significantly with the activity level. The resting angle of the ankle correlated positively with both tendon length and thickness. In conclusion, we found significant variations in Achilles tendon anatomy in the healthy adult population. We have thoroughly characterized significant correlations between healthy tendon dimensions and various body habitus, activity levels, and ankle parameters. Greater knowledge of the normal Achilles tendon anatomy and characterization of its variations in the healthy population will potentially allow for better pathologic diagnosis and surgical repair.

Background Therapeutic options for inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) have documented effect on hard endpoints such as clinical and endoscopic remission. However, little is still known about issues that are of concern and importance to patients. This study aimed to explore, and rate, the importance of treatment- and disease-related issues and concerns experienced by patients with Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) by a state-of-the art qualitative approach. Methods Concept Mapping (CM) is a validated qualitative method, widely used to identify and organize disease- and treatment-related issues. In 8 CM workshops each with 3–4 participating patients, patients’ statements were elicited through a nominal group technique and organized using themes. The statements were visualized by multidimensional scaling, and cluster analysis was used to retrieve clusters organized by themes. The result was validated by patients, and further rated in terms of clinical importance. Then, thematic analyses were performed to generate a conceptual model of disease-related issues and concerns. Results In all, 13 CD and 13 UC patients participated of whom 7 (53%) and 3 (23%) were in clinical remission. There were 8 (62%) and 9 (69%) females, median disease duration of 17 years (IQR 12–20) and 11 years (5–15) respectively. In each disease group, 12 (92%) received biologics and 1 (8%) thiopurine, median age was 42 years (38–50). In the CD and UC workshops, 335 and 408 statements were generated, respectively, resulting in 10 CD and 11 UC clusters. The 5 highest rated clusters from each disease group along with generic clusters are shown in the Figure 1ab. Three clusters were rated to be “very important” (mean ≥ 4) for CD (Positive attitude, Acceptance and recognition, and Personal experiences living with CD), and 1 cluster for UC (Take responsibility and control over your own life). In the above-mentioned clusters, statements rated as of great importance (median= 5) were scattered as follows for CD 6/15 (40%), 10/35 (29%) and 12/30 (40%), respectively; and for UC 27/62 (44%)). In addition, UC patients also rated statements about efficacy of medication, and concerns and consequences high. CD patients created 26 (8%) (median=4) and UC 10 (2.5%) (median=4.5) symptoms specific statements scattered in different clusters. Conclusion The majority of the core concepts found in this study originated from patients’ perspectives focused on personomics, rather than from conventional patient reported outcomes such as bowel symptoms. Some core concepts differed across diseases, but most were independent of disease type. These data offer new knowledge to guide selection of clinically relevant and value-based treatment outcomes for IBD patients.

Introduction Intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring and analysis are techniques that are, each year, applied to millions of patients with pathologies with million of patients annually. The detection of the so called A and B-waves, and the analysis of subtle changes in C-waves, which are present in ICP waveform, may indicate decreased intracranial compliance, and may improve the clinical outcome. Despite the advances in the field of computerized data analysis, the visual screening of ICP continues to be the means principally employed to detect these waves. To the best of our knowledge, no review study has addressed automated ICP analysis in sufficient detail and a need to research the state of the art of ICP analysis has, therefore, been identified. Methodology This paper presents a systematic mapping study to provide answers to 7 research questions: publication time, venue and source trends, medical tasks undertaken, research methods used, computational systems developed, validation methodology, tools and systems employed for evaluation and research problems identified. An ICP software prototype is presented and evaluated as a consequence of the results. Results A total of 23 papers, published between 1990 and 2020, were selected from 6 online databases. After analyzing these papers, the following information was obtained: diagnosis and monitoring medical tasks were addressed to the same extent, and the main research method used was evaluation research. Several computational systems were identified in the papers, the main one being image classification, while the main analysis objective was single pulse analysis. Correlation with expert analysis was the most frequent validation method, and few of the papers stated the use of a published dataset. Few authors referred to the tools used to build or evaluate the proposed solutions. The most frequent research problem was the need for new analysis methods. These results have inspired us to propose a software prototype with which provide an automated solution that integrates ICP analysis and monitoring techniques. Conclusions The papers in this study were selected and classified with regard to ICP automated analysis methods. Several research gaps were identified, which the authors of this study have employed as a based on which to recommend future work. Furthermore, this study has identified the need for an empirical comparison between methods, which will require the use and development of certain standard metrics. An in-depth analysis conducted by means of systematic literature review is also required. The software prototype evaluation provided positive results, showing that the prototype may be a reliable system for A-wave detection.