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Introduction and objectives The liver imaging reporting data system (LI-RADS) for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) was proposed to standardize and enhance consensus of reporting. However, clinical utility of LI-RADS has not been evaluated in Latin America. We therefore sought to compare LI-RADS categories with histopathology findings in liver transplant (LT) explants in a regional center. Materials and methods Prospective cohort study conducted between 2012 and 2018 in a single center from Argentina including patients with HCC listed for LT. LI-RADS definitions were applied to magnetic resonance images (MRI) or computed tomography (CT) abdominal scans at time of listing and at final pre-LT reassessment and compared to explant pathology findings; specifically, major nodule (NOD1). Results Of 130 patients with HCC listed for LT (96.1% with cirrhosis and 35.6% with hepatitis C virus infection), 72 underwent LT. Overall, 65% had imaging HCC diagnosis based on MRI (n = 84), 26% with CT (n = 34) and 9% (n = 12) with both methods. Among LT patients with pre-transplant imaging at our institution (n = 42/72), 69% of the NOD1 were LR-5, 21% LR-4 and 10% LR-3. Definite HCC diagnosis was 50% in LR-3 NOD1 (CI 18–90); none presented microvascular invasion. In LR-4 NOD1, HCC was confirmed in 89% (CI 59–98), of which 11% showed microvascular invasion; whereas in LR-5 NOD1 77% (CI 64–87) had confirmed HCC, 17% with microvascular invasion. Conclusions LI-RADS was useful to standardize reports; however, no significant differences were observed between LR-4 and LR-5 HCC probability when compared to explant pathology.

Background and aims. Background and aims. Heter Background and aims. ogeneous data has been reported regarding liver transplantation (LT) for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in Latin America. We aimed to describe treatment during waiting list, survival and recurrence of HCC after LT in a multicenter study from Latin America. Material and methods. Material and methods. Patients with Material and methods. HCC diagnosed prior to transplant (cHCC) and incidentally found in the explanted liver (iHCC) were included. Imaging-explanted features were compared in cHCC (non-discordant if pre and post-LT were within Milan, discordant if pre-LT was within and post-LT exceeding Milan). Results. Overall, Results.Results. 435 patients with cHCC and 92 with iHCC were included. At listing, 81% and 91% of cHCC patients were within Milan and San Francisco criteria (UCSF), respectively. Five-year survival and recurrence rates for cHCC within Milan, exceeding Milan/within UCSF and beyond UCSF were 71% and 16%; 66% and 26%; 46% and 55%, respectively. Locoregional treatment prior to LT was performed in 39% of cHCC within Milan, in 53% beyond Milan/within UCSF and in 83% exceeding UCSF (p < 0.0001). This treatment difference was not observed according to AFP values (d100, 44%; 101-1,000, 39%, and > 1,000 ng/mL 64%; p = 0.12). Discordant imaging-explanted data was observed in 29% of cHCC, showing lower survival HR 2.02 (CI 1.29; 3.15) and higher recurrence rates HR 2.34 when compared to AFP 1,000 ng/mL at listing was independently associated with a higher 5-year recurrence rate and a HR of 3.24 when compared to AFP

Introduction: Early preventive strict quarantine due to COVID-19 pandemic was implemented in Argentina since March 20th, 2020. Transplant societies and organ procurement organizations were challenged to face this complex scenario and sustain organ donation and transplantation activity. Objectives: We evaluated the impact of complete and preventive lockdown in organ procurement and transplantation before the COVID-19 peak onset. Materials and Methods: We analyzed prospectively collected data from the National Report Agency (INCUCAI). By constructing time series, we compared donation and transplant rates from the years 2010 to 2020, during a same monthly-period between March 3rd and July 20th. We evaluated the effect of preventive lockdown before the peak of COVID-19 curve. Donation rates per million population in these months were also registered for each year. Transplant accessibility was calculated, dividing the total number of transplants and the total number of listed patients. Results: The preventive lockdown was associated with a 34.5% relative reduction (95% CI 26.9-43.2) in organ procurement when compared to 2010-2019 and significantly reduced comparing 2019 [53.3% (CI 44.6-61.6)]. This scenario was even worse in Buenos Aires city and its surroundings, the region most affected by COVID-19. During this period, donation per million population rates decreased from 7.8 in 2019 to 3.3 in 2020. This reduction was even higher in the number of deceased and living donor transplants performed comparing 2019 vs. 2020, with a relative reduction of 62.0% (CI 30.8-89.1) and 68.8% (CI 65.7-71.7), respectively. Conclusions: During this short observation period of 120 days of preventive quarantine, not yet having reached the ''peak'' incidence of COVID-19, a marked reduction in procurement and transplantation rates were observed. Although waiting list mortality was not significantly modified, transplant access has been significantly reduced, showing a future negative trend on waitlist mortality.

Aim: To determine the impact of KRAS mutation status on survival in patients undergoing surgery for colorectal liver metastases (CLM). Patients & methods: Patients with resected CLM and KRAS mutations. Survival was compared between mt-KRAS and wt-KRAS. Results: Of 662 patients, 174 (26.3%) were mt-KRAS and 488 (73.7%) wt-KRAS. mt-KRAS patients had significantly lower recurrence-free survival (HR: 1.42; 95% CI: 1.10–1.84). There were no differences between the groups for sidedness. Poorer survival was associated with mt-KRAS with positive lymph nodes, >1 metastases, tumors >5 cm, synchronous tumors and R1–R2. Conclusion: KRAS mutation status can help predict recurrence-free survival. Primary tumor location was not a prognostic factor after resection. KRAS mutation status can help design a multidisciplinary approach after curative resection of CLM.

Controversy exists whether NE after LT are more frequently observed in children or adults. We aimed to compare the incidence and outcomes for NE after LT in pediatric and adult recipients. A single-center cohort study, including all LT between 2001 and 2013, was performed. Definition of NE included impaired consciousness, delirium, seizures, focal neurologic deficit, visual impairment, or slurred speech. A cohort of 443 consecutive LT recipients was included: 307 adults and 136 children. Cumulative incidence of NE was similar between adults 15% (n = 41) and children 16% (n = 20; P = .73) with a complete neurological recovery in 62% and 95% of the patients, respectively (P < .0001). Adults with NE had significantly lower survival (70% vs 76%; P = .015) with a HR of 2.36; this was similarly observed in children (45% vs 66%; HR 2.05, CI 0.66; 6.34). Independent risk factors for NE in adults were pre-LT ascites, delta sodium, and post-LT hypomagnesemia, whereas in children pre-LT encephalopathy ≥II and serum albumin were associated with NE. Although a similar incidence of NE after LT was observed, children were more likely to achieve neurological recovery. Risk factors for the development of NE are difficult to assess in both populations.

Severe liver dysfunction during pregnancy implies a serious risk for both mother and fetus, and represents a technical and ethical challenge for treating physicians. We report a case of a previously healthy 32-year old woman who was admitted to our hospital with idiopathic fulminant hepatic failure and underwent successful orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) at gestation week 21. Patient's and fetus' immediate postoperative course were relatively uneventful until week six after OLT, when the mother developed oligohydramnios and preeclampsia. At pregnancy week 27, after inducing baby's lung maturation, a cesarean section was performed with the delivery of an otherwise healthy girl. After 3 years of follow-up, mother and child are leading normal lives with no complications related either to pregnancy or to OLT. We describe the case of a successful emergency liver transplant in a woman during the second trimester of pregnancy, demonstrating that OLT can be a viable option to preserve the life of the mother and an otherwise unviable fetus. Intrauterine baby's growths until the attainment of a viable gestational age was feasible despite the mother's fulminant hepatic failure and liver transplant surgery.

Hepatoxicity of isoniazid, mainly in association with rifampin, is a rare secondary effect of tuberculostatic treatment. In the United States, it accounts for 0.2% of all pediatric orthotropic liver transplant, and 14% of transplants for drug hepatotoxicity. We report the case of a 10 year-old patient who presented with acute liver failure requiring orthotropic liver transplant after forty days of tuberculostatic treatment with isoniazid, rifampin and pyrazinamide.

Background & rationale. Limited information related to Liver Transplantation (LT) costs in South America exists. Additionally, costs analysis from developed countries may not provide comparable models for those in emerging economies. We sought to evaluate a predictive model of Early Discharge from Hospital after LT (ERDALT = length of hospital stay ≤ 8 days). A predictive model was assessed based on the odds ratios (OR) from a multivariate regression analysis in a cohort of consecutively transplanted adult patients in a single center from Argentina and internally validated with bootstrapping technique.Results. ERDALT was applicable in 34 of 289 patients (11.8%). Variables independently associated with ERDALT were MELD exception points OR 1.9 (P = 0.04), surgery time < 4 h OR 3.8 (P = 0.013), < 5 units of blood products consumption (BPC) OR 3.5 (P = 0.001) and early weaning from mechanical intubation OR 6.3 (P = 0.006). Points in the predictive scoring model were allocated as follows: MELD exception points (absence = 0 points, presence = 1 point), surgery time < 4 h (0-2 points), < 5 units of BPC (0-2 points), and early weaning (0-3 points). Final scores ranged from 0 to 8 points with a c-statistic of 0.83 (95% CI 0.77-0.90; P < 0.0001). Transplant costs were significantly lower in patients with ERDALT (median $23,078 vs. $28,986; P < 0.0001). Neither lower patient and graft survival, nor higher rates of short-term re-hospitalization and acute rejection events after discharge were observed in patients with ERDALT. In conclusion, the ERDALT score identifies patients suitable for early discharge with excellent outcomes after transplantation. This score may provide applicable models particularly for emerging economies.

Purpose of review This review focuses on the recently described or revised refinements or innovations in small bowel transplantation. Recent findings Changes in donor selection criteria; cadaveric procurement techniques; organ preservation solutions; management of the recipient abdominal wall; technical modifications, pitfalls and recommendations to be applied during the engraftment as well as intestinal living donation will be covered. Summary Intestinal transplantation has evolved over time to become a clinically accepted therapy for patients with intestinal failure. Short- and long-term results have improved. The surgical procedures have been standardized and the applications broaden, but there have been recently published refinements that might affect the future results of clinical intestinal transplantation and guide research.

Grafts from split livers (SLs) constitute an accepted approach to expand the donor pool. Over the last 5 years, most Argentinean centers have shown significant interest in increasing the use of this technique. The purpose of this article is to describe and analyze the outcomes of right-side grafts (RSGs) and left-side grafts (LSGs) from a multicenter study. The multicenter retrospective study included data from 111 recipients of SL grafts from between January 1, 2009 and December 31, 2013. Incidence of surgical complications, patient and graft survival, and factors that affected RSG and LSG survival were analyzed. Grafts types were 57 LSG and 54 RSG. Median follow-up times for LSG and RSG were 46 and 42 months, respectively. The 36-month patient and graft survivals for LSG were 83% and 79%, respectively, and for RSG were 78% and 69%, respectively. Retransplantation rates for LSG and RSG were 3.5% and 11%, respectively. Arterial complications were the most common cause of early retransplantation (less than 12 months). Cold ischemia time (CIT) longer than 10 hours and the use of high-risk donors (age ≥ 40 years or body mass index ≥ 30 kg/m2 or ≥ 5 days intensive care unit stay) were independent factors for diminished graft survival in RSG. None of the analyzed variables were associated with worse graft survival in LSG. Biliary complications were the most frequent complications in both groups (57% in LSG and 33% in RSG). Partial grafts obtained from liver splitting are an excellent option for patients in need of liver transplantation and have the potential to alleviate the organ shortage. Adequate donor selection and reducing CIT are crucial for optimizing results. Fil: Halac, Eduardo. Gobierno de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires. Hospital de Pediatría "Juan P. Garrahan"; Argentina. Capítulo Argentino de la International Hepato Pancreato Biliary Association; Argentina Fil: Dip, Marcelo. Gobierno de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires. Hospital de Pediatría "Juan P. Garrahan"; Argentina. Capítulo Argentino de la International Hepato Pancreato Biliary Association; Argentina Fil: Quiñones, Emilio. Capítulo Argentino de la International Hepato Pancreato Biliary Association; Argentina Fil: Alvarez, Fernando. Capítulo Argentino de la International Hepato Pancreato Biliary Association; Argentina Fil: Leiva Espinoza, Johana. Capítulo Argentino de la International Hepato Pancreato Biliary Association; Argentina Fil: Romero, Pablo. Capítulo Argentino de la International Hepato Pancreato Biliary Association; Argentina Fil: Nievas, Franco. Capítulo Argentino de la International Hepato Pancreato Biliary Association; Argentina Fil: Maurette, Rafael. Capítulo Argentino de la International Hepato Pancreato Biliary Association; Argentina Fil: Luque, Carlos. Capítulo Argentino de la International Hepato Pancreato Biliary Association; Argentina Fil: Matus, Daniel. Capítulo Argentino de la International Hepato Pancreato Biliary Association; Argentina Fil: Surraco, Paz. Capítulo Argentino de la International Hepato Pancreato Biliary Association; Argentina Fil: Fauda, Martin. Capítulo Argentino de la International Hepato Pancreato Biliary Association; Argentina Fil: Mc Cormarck, Lucas. Capítulo Argentino de la International Hepato Pancreato Biliary Association; Argentina Fil: Mattera, Francisco J.. Capítulo Argentino de la International Hepato Pancreato Biliary Association; Argentina Fil: Gondolesi, Gabriel Eduardo. Capítulo Argentino de la International Hepato Pancreato Biliary Association; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina Fil: Imventarza, Oscar. Capítulo Argentino de la International Hepato Pancreato Biliary Association; Argentina

SummaryThe aim of this study was to identify potential risk factors linked to neurologicevents (NE) occurring after liver transplantation (LT) and use them to constructa model to predict such events. From odds ratios (OR) of risk factors, a scoringsystem was assessed using multivariate regression analysis. Forty-one of 307 LTpatients presented NE (13.3%), with prolonged hospital stay and decreased post-LT survival. On multivariate analysis, factors associated with NE included: severepre-LT ascites OR 3.9 (1.80–8.41; P = 0.001), delta sodium ≥12 mEq/l OR 3.5(1.36–8.67; P = 0.01), and post-LT hypomagnesemia OR 2.9 (1.37–5.98;P = 0.005). Points were assigned depending on ORs as follows: ascites 4 points,and hypomagnesemia and delta sodium ≥12 mEq/l, 3 points each (scorerange = 0–10 points). ROC curve analysis suggested good discriminative powerfor the model, with a c-statistic of 0.72 (CI 0.62–0.81; P 3 points (71% sensitivity, 60% specificity). NE riskincreased progressively from 6.4%, to 10.3%, 12.8%, 31.5% and 71.0% as scoresrose from 0 to 3, 4, 6–7 and 10 cumulative points, respectively. The scoredescribed helps to identify patients potentially at risk for neurologic events, andits prevention would decrease morbidity and mortality after LT.IntroductionRisk of neurological events (NE) occurring after liver trans-plantation (LT) is relatively high [1]. These events maypresent as seizures, delirium, impaired consciousness, orfocal neurologic signs, at rates reported between 9 and 42%[1,2], higher than for other solid organ transplants. Thereason for this increase remains unexplained; possiblecauses include surgical procedure complexity, structuralcentral nervous system (CNS) changes resulting from hepa-tic encephalopathy (HE) [3,4], metabolic disturbances[3,5,6] and drugs used following LT [1]. Neurotoxicity sec-ondary to calcineurin inhibitors (CNI) has been studied inthe past [7]. However, controversy persists over whichpatients are at greater risk for developing NEs followingtransplantation.Increased mortality and morbidity, in the form of greaterincidence of acute cellular rejection (ACR) [3–6], pro-longed hospital stay [1–3], higher rates of in-hospital infec-tions [3–5] and poorer quality of life [1,3] have all beenassociated with NEs. Ultimately, LT costs are probablyhigher in these patients, making early identification ofthose potentially at risk for developing NE important, inorder to implement measures attempting to reduce NEsincidence.We recently reviewed our clinical care algorithms used atour institution following LT. We aimed to identify risk fac-tors associated with NEs, develop a predictive-prognostic

We report a unique case of orthotopic domino livertransplantation for a patient with ALF: a noncirrhoticliver graft with HCC was used as bridge therapy untila permanent deceased donor graft became available.A 42-year-old Hispanic woman presenting with ALFwas admitted to the emergency department and waspromptly listed for emergency liver transplantation.However, her clinical deterioration progressed rapidly,the patient required mechanical ventilatory support,and an epidural intracranial pressure monitor wasplaced. The patient developed intracranial hyperten-sion (25-30 mm Hg), which was successfully con-trolled with medical therapy. Synchronously,scheduled living donor liver transplantation (LDLT)was being performed for a 60-year-old female patientwith a history of recurrent HCC in a noncirrhotic liver.This patient had previously undergone a series of sur-gical and ablative treatments. The actual tumor bur-den was 2 HCC lesions (each 20 mm in diameter), theserum alpha-fetoprotein level was 2.4 ng/mL, and novascular or extrahepatic metastasis was found at thetime of LDLT.Progressive worsening of an already critical clinicalcondition in the first patient, the absence of either adeceased donor or a living donor after 5 days on thewaiting list, and no access to liver support systems orbioartificial devices at that time led the transplantteam to consider a domino liver transplant using theexplanted noncirrhotic liver with HCC from the secondpatient undergoing synchronous LDLT as bridge ther-apy. Consent was obtained from both the recipientand donor families, the institutional ethics committee,and the Instituto Nacional Central Unico Coordinadorde Ablacion e Implante. A sequential triple-procedureschedule was followed: left lobe LDLT; back-tableresection of the two 2-cm HCC lesions in segments VIand IV; and, finally, domino implantation of the HCCliver graft with the piggyback technique. The coldischemia time lasted 4 hours, and the warm ischemiatime was 40 minutes. Shortly after transplantation,vasopressor infusion was discontinued, and the intra-cranial pressure parameters improved to 15 to 17 mmHg (Fig. 1). Twelve hours after the domino procedure,a deceased donor graft from a 49-year-old female,located 600 km from the hospital, was made availablefor this patient. The deceased donor liver transplanta-tion procedure began 11 hours after the completion ofthe bridge domino liver transplant with the resectedHCC graft, and it lasted a total of 165 minutes with acold ischemia time of 6 hours.A pathological examination of the explanted dominoHCC liver graft confirmed 2 small HCC nodules: one

Background Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) is an infrequent vascular neoplasm commonly diagnosed as an isolated cutaneous lesion that can involve other organs. So far, there are no data in the literature about the development of KS after intestinal transplant. Methods In this study, the authors describe a case of "visceral KS" with pulmonary and intestinal involvement and perform a systematic literature review of case reports and single-center series identified in MEDLINE. Results This case was a 42-year-old man, diagnosed with visceral KS 9 months after receiving an isolated intestinal transplant. He was successfully treated with a combination of sirolimus and liposomal doxorubicin and achieved an 18-month disease-free survival. A total of 54 cases from 27 manuscripts and the present case were analyzed in this study. The mean time from transplant to diagnosis was 17.2 months. Lungs and gastrointestinal tract were the main organs involved. Immunosuppressants were discontinued in two of the three (66.7%) cases, and sirolimus was added in eight cases. Doxorubicin was used in 12 cases. In a univariate analysis, the use of Tacrolimus, type of transplant, and presence of cutaneous KS seem to be the significant predictors of response to therapy and survival; the addition of doxorubicin showed a reduction in graft loss. Conclusions Treatment of KS in posttransplant patients should be designed aiming to obtain a complete response, irrespective of the organ affected. Only recipients who are able to achieve a sustained response would be able to obtain long-term disease-free survival.

Introduction. Abdominal wall closure management has become an important challenge during recipient candidate selection, at the time of donor to recipient matching and during the planning of the surgical procedure for intestinal or multiorgan transplantation. Different strategies have been proposed to overcome the lack of abdominal domain: to reduce the graft size or to increase the abdominal domain. Based on the recent concept of using an acellular dermis matrix (Alloderm) and the availability of abdominal wall tissues from the same organ donor, we conceived the idea of using the fascia of the rectus muscle (FoRM) as a nonvascularized tissue allograft. Materials and Methods. This is a retrospective report of a series of 16 recipients of FoRM as part of a liver, intestinal, or multiorgan transplant procedure performed between October 2004 and May 2008 at three different transplant centers. Results. Of the 16 recipients of FoRM, all but one case was performed during their transplantation (four multivisceral, two modified multivisceral, three isolated intestine, and two livers). Five patients underwent a retransplant surgery (two livers, two multivisceral, and one isolated intestine). Abdominal wall infection was present in 7 of 16 cases. Nine patients are still alive. No deaths were related to wound infection. Long-term survival showed complete wound healing and only one ventral hernia. Discussion. The use of a nonvascularized FoRM is a novel and simple surgical option to resolve complex abdominal wall defects in liver/intestinal/multivisceral transplant recipients when it can be covered with the recipient skin.