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Porous and amorphous materials are typically not employed for photocatalytic purposes, like CO2 photoreduction, as their high number of defects can lead to low charge mobility and favour bulk electron–hole recombination. Yet, with a disordered nature can come porosity, which in turn promotes catalyst/reactant interactions and fast charge transfer to reactants. Here, we demonstrate that moving from h-BN, a well-known crystalline insulator, to amorphous BN, we create a semiconductor, which is able to photoreduce CO2 in the gas/solid phase, under both UV-vis and pure visible light and ambient conditions, without the need for cocatalysts. The material selectively produces CO and maintains its photocatalytic stability over several catalytic cycles. The performance of this un-optimized material is on par with that of TiO2, the benchmark in the field. For the first time, we map out experimentally the band edges of porous BN on the absolute energy scale vs. vacuum to provide fundamental insight into the reaction mechanism. Owing to the chemical and structural tunability of porous BN, these findings highlight the potential of porous BN-based structures for photocatalysis particularly solar fuel production.

Introduction: Exercise addiction is a prevalent issue among NCAA student-athletes that is often undiagnosed. The effects of excessive exercise involvement include but are not limited to lack of recovery time, acquisition of overuse injuries, and development of eating disorders. In addition, exercise addiction can result in low athletic and academic performances, subsequent depression, and resistance to seek professional assistance. The study findings may aid athletic administration and coaching staff in developing appropriate training methods that would facilitate student-athletes’ healthy adherence to physical activity. Purpose: The purpose of the current study was to explore: a) the levels of Division I student-athletes’ physiological and psychological dependence on physical activity (exercise addiction); b) the frequency and duration of student-athletes’ voluntary physical activity, in addition to the NCAA required training time; c) the motivational factors behind student-athletes’ voluntary physical activity, and d) the relationship between student-athletes’ exercise dependence and their weekly hours of voluntary physical activity. Methods: In total, 106 NCAA Division I collegiate athletes completed the Exercise Dependence Scale (EDS-21) and reported the duration and frequency of physical activity performed in addition to the NCAA required training. Participants also indicated the motivating forces behind their voluntary physical activity. Multiple linear regression and ANOVA tests were conducted to establish statistical significance for the relationships of interest. Results: Findings indicated, out of 106 student-athletes, 14.2% of athletes were identified as exercise dependent, while 62.3% of athletes demonstrated withdrawal symptoms. Exercise dependent student-athletes engaged in up to 6 hours of weekly physical activity in addition to the required 20-hour physical training (M = 4.27, SD = 0.26). On the NCAA required day off, 63 student-athletes (59.43%) engaged in up to 2 hours of physical activity (M = 1.34, SD = 0.13). Improving athletic performance was the main motivation behind athletes’ voluntary physical activity. Further, the results of multiple linear regression and ANOVA revealed a strong positive relationship between student-athletes’ exercise dependence and their weekly hours of voluntary physical activity (F (1, 104) = 181.139, p R = 0.797). Thus, exercise dependent student-athletes engaged in much higher amounts of voluntary physical activity than symptomatic and asymptomatic student-athletes (Mean differences = 1.145 and 3.267 hours, respectively). Discussion: Athletic administration and coaching staff can shape athletes’ perceptions of healthy exercise habits and facilitate long-term healthy adherence to physical activity. Future research can examine the effectiveness of educational programs for exercise addiction prevention on student-athletes’ abilities to detect maladaptive exercise habits.

Part 1: eParticipation Developments; International audience; In order to motivate diverse user groups to participate in e-participation, platform designers are keen to offer attractive communication formats in combination with modern tools and suitable forms of online identification. This does not come without difficulties, as individual users prefer different solutions. Research on tools and electronic identification in this context has investigated the appropriateness of different e-IDs for different stages of e-participation. In this respect, this paper offers three contributions to questions of technology application and acceptance in e-participation: Firstly, it showcases two scenarios from a platform simulation on different levels of e-participation. Secondly, the authors present results on the acceptance of these scenarios and tools based on questionnaires and usability tests. Thirdly, viewpoints from interviews with key stakeholders for e-participation in governance and politics are included. Results shall be useful for the future design and implementation of e-participation platforms.

The aim of this contribution is to present the project “Mobile e-Card” which demonstrates the concept for a realization of an eHealth service on a smartphone, based on an existing secure identity used in Austria. By building a demonstrator on the existing ID infrastructure of the Austrian Health ID Card it will be shown how a mobile application can be user-friendly and safe. It also indicates how existing functionalities from the Austrian Health ID Card could be adapted into potential functionalities for a mobile smartphone application, to be used by involved stakeholders of the health care system in Austria. Basic use cases of this application will be presented as “show cases”, as well as the technical concept of this mobile application.

This paper aims to investigate the outcomes of participatory processes in an e-petition portal. In order to understand the decisions made by governmental bodies based on the proposals for policy changes provided by citizens this research uses a qualitative, case study-based approach. The selected case is the e-petition portal called "Russian Public Initiative" (RPI), since this portal is the one officially recognized tool for collection citizens' petitions at all levels (federal, regional, and municipal). The data collected includes 9800 initiatives on the portal. The findings show that only 25 initiatives (0.26%) received any solution, being 88% of the successful petitions at the federal level, and the rest 12%- at the municipal level. We have revealed that Russian Public Initiative pretending to serve as a decision- tool in practice presents more a consultation tool.

The project "Mobile eCard" aims to create a concept of an e-health smartphone application, based on an existing secure identity. By building on the existing ID infrastructure of the Austrian Health ID Card (GINA boxes, O-card, etc.) a demonstrator app shows the feasibility of transferring all current major functionalities of the Austrian Health ID Card onto a smartphone in a safe and user-friendly way. Ideally, additional use cases beyond the current possibilities of the national health ID card can be demonstrated as well. This paper presents basic use cases and the technical concept of the project.

A role in portfolio management is ideal for individuals who enjoy tackling challenges that have both technical and business components. Portfolio management provides objective insights and analytics to support research and development decision making and planning. Successful practitioners usually have strong analytical abilities developed from a background in either science or business. Portfolio managers often advise key decision makers at both the team and senior management level and thus require robust oral, written, and interpersonal communication skills. Day-to-day tasks are rarely the same, and comfort with change and the unknown is essential. Here I will discuss my experience as a portfolio manager in a larger biopharmaceutical company and the skills from academic research I leveraged to make the transition.

PurposeThis paper aims to examine socio‐cultural differences in internet use (Digital Divide) among 14‐year‐old Austrian pupils, in particular usage scenarios and research competences. It is based on a paper presented at the International Association for the Development of the Information Society e‐Society conference, 10‐13 March 2011, Spain (Parycek et al., 2011).Design/methodology/approachThe interpretation follows the results of a study conducted in 2009 and 2010 in school computer labs. The study design includes an online survey, a questionnaire and a cloze test.FindingsThe results give evidence that a Digital Divide in Austria exists even among teenagers, in particular in relation to gender, socio‐economic status and school type.Research limitations/implicationsAs the survey was done with 14‐year‐old pupils, the results are limited to this age group. However, the target group enables researchers to relate the results to the main two school types in Austria, as pupils attend either of these schools at this age.Practical implicationsThe findings of the survey were communicated to the Federal Ministry for Education, Arts and Culture of Austria. They provide a basis for target‐group specific projects aiming at enhancing e‐literacy among Austrian youth.Originality/valueThe focus on 14‐year‐old pupils allows for a more detailed analysis of the Digital Divide within this age group in three regions of Austria. The study provides detailed data on the search behavior of young people due to an integrated test element that tracked pupils' surf paths.

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to depict the present situation of e‐participation initiatives of Austrian municipalities and derives recommendations to further enhance the e‐participation sophistication level.Design/methodology/approachThe findings are based on hypotheses we verified against a dataset obtained from an electronic survey among all Austrian municipalities, conducted in 2008.FindingsThe technical basis for e‐participation in Austria is well developed, yet accessibility of municipal web sites and the phrasing of information leaves space for improvement. E‐participation in Austria is still in a nascent state and requires the convergence of technical, political, legal and socio‐economic factors, which has not yet fully arrived at the municipal level.Research limitations/implicationsThe raw material of the survey did not allow a qualitative assessment of e‐services.Practical implicationsChange of law and reconsideration of opening hierarchical structures.Social implicationsRecommendations of implementing e‐participation on municipal level.Originality/valueOwing to the broad fragmentation of e‐government strategies and relevant regulations, the detailed results of the survey are only of limited use for comparability to other surveys in this domain. The identified factors for e‐accessibility and the derived measures for e‐participation thereupon are a new approach and will help further research and surveys to define an e‐participation assessment framework.

Part 4: Software Platforms and Evaluation; International audience; In the area of large-scale e-participation projects on a cross-national level, the project we present is based on the idea that the active involvement of young people in the process of socio-political decision-making plays an important societal role. OurSpace is a multi-national project supporting a closer relationship between European decision makers, and Europe’s younger generation. OurSpace tried to combine ICT usage, young peoples’ readiness and motivation to participate, and their assumed lack of information regarding European politics. We present the evaluation framework and methodology applied for OurSpace, the major results of the project evaluation, and the lessons learned from a comparative perspective.

The amputation of a limb is one of the oldest surgical procedures. In the course of medical history operative techniques and surgical instruments have been improved continuously. As early as the first century Celsus described an amputation. A major step in the development of the operative technique was the introduction of an artery forceps by Paré during the sixteenth century. Nevertheless, due to a lack of analgesics and narcotics the operation had to take only a few minutes. Therefore the amputation was completed in one cut (i.e., detachment of the skin, muscles, and bone at the same level). This technique, known as "classic circular cut," was modified several times in the following period: to reduce suture tension Petit recommended that we transect the skin first and the muscles and bone more proximally ("two-stage circular cut," 1718), and Bromfield approved that the skin be cut first, the muscles more proximally and the bone most proximal ("three-stage circular cut," 1773). Lowdham (1679), Verduyn (1696), and Langenbeck (1810) changed the operative technique in that they used a soft-tissue flap to cover the bone without tension ("flap amputation").

Der Chirurg Matthaus Gottfried Pur(r)mann (1649 bis 1711) verdankt seinen Platz in der Geschichte der Chirurgie vor allem seinen Lehrbuchern der „Wundarznei” (Chirurgie), in denen er besonders die Versorgung (kriegs-) verletzter Patienten aufgrund seiner Erfahrungen und aufgrund seiner Literaturkenntnis beschrieb. Er operierte unter anderem Trepanationen bei Schadelfrakturen, nahm Repositionen und Schienungen von Frakturen und Luxationen vor und fuhrte auch einige Kaiserschnitte (transperitoneal uber einen Unterbauchparamedianschnitt) erfolgreich durch. Vor allem stellte er in seinen Lehrbuchern auch die anatomischen Grundlagen, die Indikationen und die Komplikationen fur jeden Eingriff zusammen. Mit Purmann begann in Deutschland die Weiterentwicklung der Chirurgie aus der mittelalterlichen Volksmedizin, mit der Purmann besonders in der Salbenzubereitung fur die Wundversorgung noch eng verbunden war, zu einer Erfahrungswissenschaft. Dieser unter anderem von dem Chirurgen Purmann begonnene Weg wurde spater von dem Professor fur Anatomie und Chirurgie an der Universitat Altdorf und spater in Helmstedt Lorenz Heister (1683 bis 1758) konsequent weiterverfolgt.

We describe the historical development of surgical instruments exemplified by hemostatic forceps, starting with antique and medieval forceps used for the arrest of bleeding to modern atraumatic hemostatic forceps used for vascular reconstruction. Their development proceeded mainly in three steps: (1) development of ligature forceps directly for hemostasis (Celsus, first century AD; Paré, 1582; L. Heister, 1743; (2) development of atraumatic forceps, which facilitate vascular reconstruction or anastomosis creation by temporarily clamping vessels (Höpfner, 1903; Stich, 1907; Jeger, 1913; (3) construction of tangential forceps, which, by partially clamping vessels with partial maintenance of blood flow, allow the reconstruction or anastomosis of large vessels in a side-to-side technique. The first tangential occlusion clamp was developed by Friedrich Trendelenburg (1844-1924) in 1908, when he established the operative treatment for embolism of the pulmonary artery. This clamp was later modified by A. W. Meyer (1927) and V.P. Satinsky (ca. 1950).

When analyzing original articles since the sixteenth century, it becomes apparent that all surgical techniques for repair of the inguinal hernial orifice can be traced back to two simple repair principles. The first is reinforcement of the anterior wall of the inguinal canal and tightening of the external inguinal ring (Stromayr 1559, Purmann 1694, Czerny 1877), and the second is reinforcement of the posterior wall of the inguinal canal and the tightening of the internal inguinal ring, either externally (Lucas-Championnière 1881, Bassini 1889, Lotheissen 1898, McVay 1942, Shouldice 1945, Lichtenstein 1987, Stoppa 1989) or via an intraabdominal approach by laparotomy (Tait 1891) or laparoscopically (Ger 1990, Velez and Klein 1990). We have tried to provide a systematic order to the diverse procedures of surgery of inguinal hernias according to their repair principles. We also point out their historical development.

Whether higher serum phosphorus levels are associated with a higher risk for death and/or progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is not well established, and whether the association is confounded by access and barriers to care is unknown. To answer these questions, data of 10,672 individuals identified to have CKD (estimated glomerular filtration rate60 ml/min per 1.73 m(2)) from those participating in a community-based screening program were analyzed. Over a median follow-up of 2.3 years, there was no association between quartiles of serum phosphorus and all-cause mortality (adjusted hazards ratio for serum phosphorus over 3.3 to 3.7, over 3.7 to 4.1, and over 4.1 mg/dl, respectively: 1.22 (0.95-1.56), 1.00 (0.76-1.32), and 1.00 (0.75-1.33); reference, serum phosphorus of 3.3 mg/dl and below). Individuals in the highest quartile for serum phosphorus had a significantly higher risk for progression to end-stage renal disease (ESRD) (unadjusted hazards ratio, 6.72 (4.16-10.85)); however, the risk became nonsignificant on adjustment for potential confounders. There was no appreciable change in hazards ratio with inclusion of variables related to access and barriers to care. Additional analyses in subgroups based on 12 different variables yielded similar negative associations. Thus, in the largest cohort of individuals with early-stage CKD to date, we could not validate an independent association of serum phosphorus with risk for death or progression to ESRD.

In Government 2.0, public value no longer needs to be provided by government alone but can be provided by any combination of public agencies, the private sector, civil society organizations or citizens. The ubiquitous presence of ICT, citizens’ digital literacy, and their potential willingness to participate online can efficiently enable collaborative production. Models for the inclusion of external stakeholders in public value production can increase the degree of public sector innovation and improve the outcomes of such processes. Governments can use the most valuable resource they have, the citizens, by establishing opportunities for civil society and businesses to engage in an open government.

A crucial question in the conceptual design of e-participation processes is the selection of electronic identification methods (IDs). Both technical security of a system and low participation threshold are important factors that should be considered on all levels of e-participation. IDs that are perceived as too complex are likely to cause lower participation rates. While anonymous participation is favoured by a great number of users, some forms of e-participation, in particular those asking for authorised participants, require a more secure form of identification with a high quality of identification data. This paper presents an expert-based model that maps selected IDs with the levels of e-participation and evaluates the appropriateness of their usage for each stage. The results are discussed for different ID methods and aspects such as transparency and privacy are taken into consideration.

This paper describes contemporary 'intestinal' divination with the pancreas by indigenous people in Indonesia and explores the feasibility of comparing it to ancient intestinal divination. To our knowledge, divinatory use of the pancreas of sacrificial animals (chickens) has not yet been described in the literature.

During the clinical investigation of 570 soldiers of the German army, we were not able to feel the pulse in 5 cases at the typical place of the radial pulse in the distal part of the forearm. In these 5 cases we were able to find a subcutaneous artery which coursed superficial to the anatomical snuffbox and crossed superficial to the tendon of the extensor pollicis longus muscle. This superficial radial artery enters the deep aspect of the palm between the first and the second metacarpale bones. In three cases we found a bilateral occurrence of this artery, the other variations were observed unilaterally, two on the right side and one on the left side of the forearm. In the family of two patients other members were found who had the same variation of the radial artery. In one of the cases an arteriography of the vessels was made to find the exact anatomical course of the observed variation. We compared our results with the literature on this variation of the radial artery and found agreement on the following course for this vessel. The radial artery divides in the distal fourth of the forearm (5–7 cm proximal to the wrist joint) into two branches. The dorsal branch courses subcutaneously over the tendon of the brachioradialis muscle and runs over the tendon of the extensor pollicis longus muscle to enter the deep aspect of the palm in the first metacarpal space. This dorsal branch courses parallel to the superficial branch of the radial nerve. The palmar branch can be regarded as the ‘normal’ radial artery, which continues along the medial border of the brachioradialis muscle and courses deep under the tendons of the dorsal muscles of the thumb. The rare appearance (frequency ∼1%) of a superficial radial artery in man has probably some phylogenetic importance. This is proven by studies on the comparative anatomy of mammals. This variation of the radial artery seems to be homologous to the superficial radial artery which is described in many lower mammals. In human embryos a superficial radial artery is found as well which courses parallel to the superficial branch of the radial nerve and ends on the dorsal side of the hand. Taking all the anatomical and embryological facts into consideration we propose to name this variation of the radial artery the ‘arteria radialis superficialis’.