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The research purpose is to give a civil-legal description and assess the prospects for the practical application of an element of the venture financing legal infrastructure that is new for Russian realities. The research methods are presented by special technical and legal tools, and by logical means of analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, comparison and generalization, analogy and legal modeling, characteristic of civilist doctrinal research. The research results include the established civil nature of the Russian structure of a convertible loan, the identified principal conditions and the key stages of the conversion mechanism, the research also confirmed its convenience and efficiency. The research significance is manifested in its ability to strengthen the doctrinal basis of the legally permitted multivariate economic activity, promote accelerating the integration of convertible loans into the Russian legal field, help intensify domestic venture capital investment and increase the attractiveness of Russian jurisdiction for foreign investors.

Russian companies have actively used the transfer of support functions to outsourcing in recent decades, which allows them to increase the efficiency of their activities and focus on the main business areas. For this purpose, shared service centers are created, which can take various forms – from an internal division to a branch or subsidiary of the company. When deciding to outsource functions, one of the key issues is the choice of the shared service centers’ locations. The purpose of the study was to review the existing approaches to determining the factors that influence the choice of the shared service centers' location, as well as to assess the degree of influence of such factors based on statistical data. Using the method of ordinal logistic regression, a direct statistically significant dependence was revealed between the rating of the socio-economic situation of the region, the number and rating of universities, and the number of shared service centers in the region. The inverse dependence between the unemployment rate in the region and the number of shared service centers is also established, as well as the absence of the influence of the average wage level on the territorial location of shared service centers. The study shows that one of the significant factors influencing the choice of the shared service center location in Russia is the proximity to the main production. This is due to the need to preserve jobs in single-industry towns, the low mobility of the population, and the insufficient level of remote service technologies. The article outlines the directions of development that allow strengthening the role of regions in the creation of shared service centers in the future. The results of the study can be used by companies when analyzing the activities of existing or creating new shared service centers, as well as by authorities when considering regional development issues.

The description of the National primary standard for the unit of average laser radiation power GET 28-2016 with a power range from 10–9 to 5·10–3 W is described. The principle of operation of a standard based on a photoelectric trap detector in the range from 10–9 to 5·10–3 W is described. As a result of metrological studies at National primary standard, it was determined that the value of the total standard uncertainty of reproduction and transmission of an average power unit for the range from 10–9 to 5·10–3 W is no more than 0.36 %. The model and theoretical characteristics of the measuring beam splitter, allowing to expand the range of the National primary standard to the range of kilowatt power levels, are presented. National primary standard allows solving the problems of metrological support of promising low-level laser ranging systems both in the ground and in the aerospace field, ensuring the uniformity of measurements of radiometric parameters of low-intensity laser radiation fluxes.

Purpose of the study. The purpose of the study is to develop proposals for the formation of a neuroeducational environment that ensures that students acquire the competencies necessary to solve the problem of introducing end-to-end digital technologies within the framework of the digital economy program. The analysis showed that improving the training of specialists in the field of neurotechnology and artificial intelligence in the digital economy is an urgent and demanded task. The paper discusses an approach to solve the problem of improving the training of specialists in the field of neurotechnologies, taking into account the requirements of the federal project “Personnel for the digital economy” by creating a technological platform for a neuroeducational environment that ensures the acquisition of the necessary competencies by students.Materials and methods of research. In the process of carrying out the research, theoretical provisions in the field of the theory of neural networks were developed, a new class of neurons and neural networks was proposed, which are close in functions to biological neural networks and are called selective. The technology of training and application of selective neural networks has been developed. The advantage of selective technologies in comparison with classical neural networks is shown. Hardware models of neural networks, which are part of the neuroeducational system, have been developed and used in the educational process. A general methodology for teaching neural network technology as one of the end-to-end technologies of the digital economy has been developed, as well as a methodology for using neural networks in solving economic problems in the context of digital transformation.Results. A technological platform for a neuroeducational environment has been developed, including software, hardware models of classical neurons and perceptrons (McCulloch-Pitts), as well as neurons and perceptrons of a new class, called selective. A software tool for teaching standard and selective neurotechnologies was developed and proposed, for which a certificate of state registration of a computer program was obtained. For the assimilation of theoretical material and the acquisition of practical skills, methodological materials, author’s practical tasks and author’s laboratory works have been developed, which are part of the technological platform. The approaches proposed in the article can be used in organizing the study of the theory of neural networks and methods of applied application of neurotechnologies in solving the problems of introducing end-to-end digital technologies within the framework of the digital economy program. The development results are confirmed by 4 patents for inventions. In order to more effectively master the theoretical provisions and features of the practical application of neurotechnologies, the main attention is paid to the physical meaning and presentation of the processes occurring during the functioning of a neural network in the form of formal descriptions that provide a more effective assimilation of the foundations of the theory of neural networks and neurotechnologies using existing standard neural network architectures, as well as architectures built on the basis of selective neural networks.Conclusion. The architecture and components of the technological platform of the neuroeducational environment based on neuroeducational complexes have been developed. A general methodological approach has been developed for teaching the basics of neurotechnology based on standard and selective neural networks and the peculiarities of their application in the framework of the digital economy program. A methodology for teaching the basics of neurotechnology based on standard and selective neural networks has been developed, which includes the mathematical theory of standard and selective neural networks, a description of the learning process for standard neural networks based on McCulloch-Pitts neurons, as well as selective neural networks based on selective neurons.

In order to identify the risk of oncological pathology in patients of dental clinics, a questionnaire has been developed that allows for a number of targeted questions to identify a high or very high risk of cancer in the patient. These questions reflect the presence (including in the past) of oncological diseases among respondents and their relatives, the presence of diseases and foci of trauma to the oral mucosa, smoking and systematic use of alcohol, the carriage of herpes virus, human papilloma or fungal flora, work in harmful working conditions and climate. The frequency of positive responses increases with age (with the exception of smoking and drinking) and is less common in women. Interviewed 574 people in 6 dental clinics in the Moscow region.According to a screening questionnaire at a dental appointment, a high and very high risk of developing cancer pathology according to WHO criteria applies to 44.1% and 36.4% of the population of the Moscow region, respectively. At the age of 40 years, the high risk does not exceed 21.4%, in people 40-60 years old it increases to 88.0% and decreases to 11.7% after 60 years; at the same time, a very high risk increases from 5.8% in people under 40 to 12.0% at the age of 40-60 years and to 88.3% after 60 years. Up to 40 years of age, cancer risk is 2 times more likely to be detected in men, then evening out in men and women.

The aim of the study is to increase the efficiency of the incident management process in an enterprise information system. The article analyzes the work on improving the incident management process. The expediency of applying a number of key metrics is substantiated, which makes it possible to assess the degree to which the process indicators achieved their target values, that is, assess the quality of the incident management: the speed of solving the incident, the degree of satisfaction of service users and the availability of channels for processing user requests. A comparative analysis of the existing model of the incidents’ management process and the proposed model is performed. The proposed model, which includes an additional support line, can significantly improve key indicators of incident handling and resolution process. The scientific novelty of the developed proposals lies in the integrated use of a combination of process, technological and service metrics, which provides the construction of a more effective model of incident management.Materials and methods. The theoretical basis of the study is the analysis of recommendations for the use of metrics in accordance with: the management methodology of the COBIT information technology, recommendations for building an incident management process based on the ITIL library of information technology infrastructure, as well as the results of scientific research by Russian and foreign scientists and publications of leading organizations in the field of management incidents in enterprise information systems. The analysis of incident management process metrics is carried out. The mathematical methods of quantitative measurement of key metrics are used. The analysis of statistical data received by the technical support service for incident management processes was carried out.Results. The use of key metrics is justified, with the help of which the task of promptly responding to incidents, their subsequent processing and resolution is solved in conditions of ensuring guaranteed access to channels for processing calls. A three-tier incidents’ management model was developed, which made it possible to more effectively solve the problem of managing their processing based on the integrated use of key metrics.Conclusion. The study revealed the shortcomings of the existing model of the incident management process. The analysis of metrics used in existing models of the incident management process is carried out. The choice of a set of relevant metrics is substantiated, the complex application of which allowed us to develop a more effective incident management model that meets both the requirements of service consumers and the requirements for the operation of an information system. The developed model provides improved quality of incident processing (speed, completeness, reliability).A distinctive feature of the developed model is the use of objective quantitative characteristics obtained on the basis of relevant metrics of the incident management process, which made it possible to substantiate proposals for improving the existing incident management model in the enterprise information system.

The key task of the current stage of the education system development is the task of transition to new methods of organization and support of the educational process, allowing providing high-quality training of graduates with practical knowledge and skills in demand in the labor market. To solve this task is possible only with the use of innovative methods and tools for the creation of information-educational environment in the formation and processing of learning objects and software services distributed in the educational network and allowing the flexible implementation of the processes of educational and methodological support of educational activities. The aim of the research is to determine the possibilities of using the ontological approach to the construction of innovative automated education management systems, including the construction of individual learning trajectories. In this regard, the problem of modeling and algorithmization of the formation of educational programs as a chain of interrelated training modules and objects, taking into account the implementation of a competence-based model of learning in a distributed educational environment of the University, seems to be interesting. The modern education system is to be aimed primarily at adaptive generation of educational content, taking into account the needs of students and in accordance with constantly changing conditions and needs of the labor market. At present, research in this area mainly concerns issues such as the use of multimedia technologies and simulation programs, knowledge testing technologies based on the competency model, methods for measuring the degree of satisfaction with the quality of training, and management methods based on the portfolio of students. These issues and problems are considered with varying degrees of detail, for example, in [1, 2, 3, 4] and other works. The developed methodology for the formation of educational programs is based on the research results of these authors and is developing towards the use of ontologies that can integrate various concepts of professional and educational standards and create on their basis fundamentally new educational modules and objects. In our opinion, it corresponds to world trends in the development of science in this field of knowledge. It is propose d to use the methods and methodologies of knowledge engineering as engineering methods: ontological engineering methods used for semantic modeling of the information and educational environment, allowing to represent the subject area in the form of a set of interconnected ontologies; methods for constructing and visualizing ontologies; methodologies for building databases and knowledge bases and forming complex queries to databases and knowledge bases; methods for semantic analysis of metadata; graph theory. As a result of the analysis of the objects of the information and educational environment, the requirements for the meta-description of educational objects and services are identified, and a description of the concepts of basic ontologies of the informational and educational environment is presented. The article also discusses the possibilities of using modern software for the formation of an intellectual repository of ontologies. Thus, the proposed toolkit for generating educational programs, in our opinion, will allow us to formalize, simplify, and significantly accelerate the process offlexible development of materials necessary for organizing and supporting the educational process. Application of the described approach makes it possible to improve the quality of training of specialists due to the prompt creation of organizational, managerial and educational materials adapted to the requirements of the labor market, taking into account the peculiarities of forms and methods of training.

Introduction: the article considers a strategic objective consisting in reduction of the Russian companies’ dependence on highly sought-after imported power engineering equipment, including internal combustion engines used as part of auxiliary power units. In the article, the co-authors propose to integrate additive manufacturing methods into technologies used to produce internal combustion engines, their parts and components, which are temporarily or permanently impossible to import. The co-authors have proven the feasibility of advanced additive technologies in respect of casting molds and castings designated for internal combustion engines. An alloy of cast iron featuring an advanced chemical composition was developed. It enables the use of complex shape castings free from any non-metallic inclusions to produce engine parts and components; these castings demonstrate higher values of strength and wear resistance, they are a must for an internal combustion engine operating in severe conditions. The co-authors demonstrate the casting mold production process using ExOne’s S-MAX 3D printer.Methods: the study is based on the analysis of strengths, weaknesses and peculiarities of established casting methods, with account for faster production cycles and a higher quality of final products.Results and discussion: in the article, the co-authors analyze the proposed technology used to manufacture castings for “a block of cylindersˮ and “a head of the block of cylindersˮ.Conclusion: the newly developed technology for production of parts/assemblies of an internal combustion engine, including an advanced alloy having a new chemical composition, enables manufacturers to make high quality parts/ assemblies for an internal combustion engine in the most economical and productive way.

The study considers the experience of interaction between Roshydromet and EMERCOM of Russia in the Russian Arctic and its development under conditions of extending economic activity and climate change. The aim is to increase the readiness to respond to emergencies in the Arctic region. Concrete measures are proposed to use the available experience for organizing the network of Arctic complex emergency-rescue centers.

Purpose of the research.The aim of the study is to increase the effectiveness of information security and to enhance accuracy and promptness of the classification of security events, security incidents, and threats in information security systems. To respond to this challenge, neural network technologies were suggested as a classification tool for information security systems. These technologies allow accommodating incomplete, inaccurate and unidentified raw data, as well as utilizing previously accumulated information on security issues. To address the problem more effectively, collective methods based on collective neural ensembles aligned with an advanced complex approach were implemented.Materials and methods:When solving complex classification problems, often none of the classification algorithms provides the required accuracy. In such cases, it seems reasonable to build compositions of algorithms, mutually compensating errors of individual algorithms. The study also gives an insight into the application of neural network ensemble to address security issues in the corporate information system and provides a brief review of existing approaches to the construction of neural network ensembles and methods to shape problem solving with neural networks classifiers. An advanced integrated approach is proposed to tackle problems of security event classification based on neural network ensembles (neural network committees). The approach is based on a three-step procedure. The stages of the procedure implementation are described. It is shown that the use of this approach facilitates the efficiency of solving the problem.Results:An advanced integrated approach to addressing security event classification based on neural network ensembles (neural network committees) is proposed. This approach applies adaptive reduction of neural network ensemble (selection of the best classifiers is based on the assessment of the compliance degree of the competence area of the private neural network classifier and convergence of the results of private classifiers), as well as the selection and rationale of the voting method (composition or aggregation of outputs of private classifiers). The results of numerical experiments support the effectiveness of the proposed approach.Conclusion:Collectively used artificial neural networks in the form of neural network ensembles (committees of neural networks) will provide more accurate and reliable results of security event classification in the corporate information network. Moreover, an advanced integrated approach to the construction of a neural network ensemble is proposed to facilitate effectiveness of the classification process. The approach is based on the application of the adaptive reduction procedure for the results of private classifiers and the procedure for selecting the method of aggregation of the results of private classifiers. These outcomes will enable advancement of the system control over information security incidents. Finally, the paper defines tendencies and directions of the development of collective solution methods applying neural network ensembles (committees of neural networks).

The purpose of the study is to highlight the most significant legal gaps in the mechanism under study, find doctrinally relevant ways to overcome them casually in law enforcement, and propose options for generally filling the gaps in rulemaking. It is equally important to test the effectiveness of the analogy as a means to combat legal gaps. The methodological framework was formed by general (analysis, synthesis, abstraction, and concretization) and specific (comparative, formal, and technical legal) scientific research methods. The positive role of analogy as a method of combating legal uncertainty and the formation of legislative innovations was confirmed. The conclusion was made about the absence of a formal need for additional legislative authorization for Limited Liability Companies’ members to create a conditional or individualized withdrawal procedure. Backed by the legal analogy, the necessity to extend the freedom-of-contract doctrine in determining the fair value of a withdrawing shareholder’s share was argued. The achievements provided the basis for specific practical proposals to enhance existing Russian legislation and harmonize corporate relationships, which should improve Russia’s business climate.

The aim of the work is to substantiate and predict measures to ensure the increase in the values of the target indicators of the university's activity in the international institutional rating QS to the values necessary to increase the rating in subsequent years. Mathematical modeling of cognitive maps is used in conjunction with selective dendritic networks of neurons. The possibility of increasing the efficiency of using cognitive maps for predicting the development of a university using selective dendritic networks of neurons is shown. The proposed structure of hybrid cognitive maps allows you to naturally simplify the structure by removing non-working network connections of the global structure. The universal matrix description of the mathematical model of the network allows you to effectively form a computational algorithm and software for predicting the indicators of the development of the university. The results obtained allowed us to form a scenario plan for the necessary step-by-step increase in the values of target indicators, taking into account the hidden factors affecting them. The possibility of forming a cognitive map based on a multilayer dendritic network of direct propagation in the presence of unidirectional content links is shown.

The paper is devoted to the study of investments in green energy as a driving force for sustainable economic development. The paper highlights the features of sustainable economic development, the relationship between economic development and environment, the goals in the field of sustainable development and current trends in their implementation. The key directions of sustainable economy are identified on the basis of a combination of productive elements of foreign practice and domestic experience available in this area. The theoretical aspects of the concept of “green economy” and its tasks at the present stage are considered. Energy remains the key element in clean technologies. A definition of green investments is given by the authors. Green investments solve the problems of increasing energy efficiency, accelerating the development of renewable energy sources from alternative sources leading to the improved environment. The paper presents the dynamics of investments in green technologies in the Russian Federation and abroad, a brief analysis of the goals and direction of projects in the context of economic and social impact given. The authors conclude that the development of financial instruments and investment instruments is interdependent with the development of green economy and the sustainability of economy.

A method of attenuating high-power laser radiation using a small metal diffraction grating as an attenuator for power measurement was analyzed. The thermal operating modes of the attenuator were investigated, and various systems of cooling were considered. Errors of the coefficient of attenuation that are associated with the polarization and spectral composition of the radiation, and by the radiation absorption, mechanical deformation, and temperature mode of the diffraction grating are estimated. It is shown that a small metal diffraction grating can be used as a calibrated attenuator of powerful laser radiation with wavelength 1.06 μm. The relative error of the attenuator was 0.64%.

A conical meter of the energy characteristics of laser radiation containing two spatially separated groups of thermopiles is proposed. It is shown that an error of the detector’s zone characteristic of less than 1% may be achieved by appropriate selection of the branch resistance in the circuit of the voltage source which is the most sensitive element to heating.

The analysis of the prevalence of malignant neoplasms (EIT) on the lips and oral cavity according to the annual report on Russia prepared by the Moscow Oncology research Institute named after P. A. Herzen and the Moscow regional oncologic dispensary. The dynamics of the analysis was carried out for 2011 - 2017 years. The detectability of the lip and oral cavity ZNO in the Moscow region is significant. The incidence of malignant tumors of the oral cavity is more pronounced in comparison with the ZNO lips. The extent of the EIT I-II degree are more characteristic of ZNO lips, and for TESTING of the oral cavity II-III degree. Mortality during the first year after diagnosis was established in every fourth patient with oral HEAT. The prevalence of lip ZNO for the period from 2011 to 2017 decreases, and the ZNO of the oral cavity increases.

The article is devoted to the socio-economic aspects of banks ' activities in relation to agricultural lending. The contextual background of the study is the social significance of agriculture for the country in terms of food security and the formation of a stable standard of living of the population. The purpose of the study was to reach the essential understanding of the social aspects of the Bank's activities by considering the social functions of the Bank in the lending process. The article considers the composition of credit subjects and gives a brief description of them. The activity of the State as a regulator of credit relations and a full participant in lending is emphasized. The essential understanding of the bank 's social functions in the context of solving the state 's social task of financing agriculture through the mechanism of concessional lending has been expanded. Conclusions are made about the leading role of the state in the formation of the mechanism of interaction between the Bank and the borrower with the strengthening of social functions of the Bank.

The paper presents a promising direction of developing and using the cyberinfrastructure focused on pipelined/parallel data processing on a supercomputer of the experimental setup being developed at Perm National Research Polytechnic University, a small-sized wind tunnel (SSWT). The model climatic wind tunnel named Icing (MCWT) intensive data streams from which are transmitted on a high-speed optical network to the computer nodes of the supercomputer for their processing in real time created at PNRPU is described. The numerical gas-hydrodynamic results for the MCWT path obtained on this cyberinfrastructure are presented.

Creation of multi-mode aero-cooled climatic wind tunnels (ACCWT) for testing the icing of aircraft structures is an urgent task of modern aircraft construction. The ACCWT nozzle is one of its most complex elements in terms of design. The article presents the results of parallel multi-criteria optimization of the nozzle profile in two ACCWT operating modes of the gas dynamics of the watered flow and icing on the walls, which is performed by parallel calculations. The results were obtained on the PNRPU supercomputer (peak performance of 24 TFLOPS). The proposed algorithm scalabilities are estimated, the acceleration is compared on various grid models.

The article presents the results of the analysis of orthodontic status in 176 children 6-9 years with a removable bite in Moscow. The high prevalence of dentoalveolar anomalies among children with a removable bite in Moscow (73.9 %), including anomalies in the position of the teeth (67.0%) and the ratio of dental arches (67.6 %). Significant detection of premature loss of temporary teeth (17.0 %). In the structure of anomalies of the teeth position the crowding of the teeth (45,2 %) is most represented, and among the anomalies of the ratio of dental arches - distal and excessively deep bites (respectively 46,0 % and 21 %).

We analyze the results of an experiment using an explosive sound source in the tropical part of the Indian Ocean. We consider the time structure of sound signals in geometric shadow zones to a distance of 270 km and the scheme of how the sound field in the shadow zone is formed by rays reflected from horizontally extended fine-structured sound velocity layers. From the results of calculation using a wave program that realizes the method of psuedodifferential parabolic equations, we analyze the influence of signal scattering by fine-structure sound velocity inhomogeneities on the sound field distribution in a waveguide. We show that the field formed by spots of light in each of the shadow zones is generated by a regular field and propagates in parallel to it, taking energy from the regular zone in the near field and in each subsequent convergence zone. This mechanism causes an additional decrease in the field in illuminated zones, which can be interpreted as additional attenuation of the regular sound field.

The paper presents the results of the author’s study of the problem of employment of universities graduates of the Ministry of Emergency Situations (EMERCOM) of Russia for vacant posts in the EMERCOM of Russia. The purpose of the study is to develop a draft “road map” aimed at solving the management problem of insufficient active participation of EMERCOM universities in the employment of graduates for civil service in the EMERCOM of Russia. The authors have used the following methods: traditional document analysis, expert sociological survey in the form of a questionnaire; method of studying statistical data; method for constructing the Kaworu Ishikawa chart. As a result of processing statistical data and experts’ answers, the paper presents the author’s view of the draft “road map” the implementation of which will solve the problem of effective employment of graduates of EMERCOM universities. The paper presents for the first time the results of the causal relationship between the need for employment of graduates of EMERCOM universities and the low percentage of this employment presented in the form of the Ishikawa chart.

The article analyzes the experience in the application of practice-oriented technologies in teaching students in creative areas of “Journalism”, and “Advertising and Public Relations” at higher education institutions in Moscow and the Moscow Region. The purpose of the conducted research is to identify the most effective practice-oriented technologies in the preparation of bachelors in the field of journalism, advertising, and public relations to the benefit of a modern metropolis. The authors give the classification of technologies and their effect on the result of students’ education and reveal how a particular technology is used in the training of university students. The article considers specific examples of technologies, their relevance, and impact on the level of professional training of university graduates, as well as on improving their competitiveness. The article also presents the analysis results of the students’ and graduates’ opinions (using the method of a free interview of 97 respondents without sample calculation) that confirms the main hypothesis that the structure of knowledge and skills of future specialists is being changed, as well as the level of preparedness to work in the metropolis and large cities. The present article summarizes the authors’ long-term experience in applying practice-oriented technologies in teaching students at many universities where the authors worked.

The study is relevant, as multi-variant rental relationships are wide-spread, requiring a seamless legal definition of the key elements of the lease design. The aim is to identify and, by analogy, comprehensively develop the legal regime of problematic and atypical leases, thus strengthening the doctrinal basis for filling legal gaps in the practice of applying civil law by analogy. Combined with special technical-legal and comparative-legal methodological tools, the article applied general logical methods of analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, comparison and generalization. This research is peculiar in that the method of analogy acted simultaneously as a means, and as an object of study. Specific gaps in the legal definition of the list and properties of present and future things and their parts as admissible lease facilities were identified; a practical idea to improve the regulatory structure of the lease arrangement was formulated. The work helps to achieve greater contractual freedom and variability of economic activity, promotes the involvement of a greater number of material goods in the property turnover, at the same time helping to unlock the potential of the analogy method in the legal regulation of economic activity.

The improved national primary standard for the unit of average laser radiation power GET 28–2013 is described. It can be used to provide metrological support for unity of measurements of the energy characteristics of semiconductor lasers and laser diodes that have high divergences and fairly high output radiation instability.

An experimental setup was devised allowing high-accuracy radiation power measurements in the range of the order of 10−18–10−15 W. The use of a calibrated Fresnel prismatic attenuator in the design minimizes the error in determining the mean number of photos in each radiation pulse. Results are presented for measurements of the positive measure operator for a Hamamatsu H7422-40 photoelectric multiplier.

The article examines the theoretical and practical aspects of the development of financial intermediation in the context of sustainable economic development. Sustainable economic development has an impact on the life of the population and enterprises and leads to changes in their needs. Meeting the needs of the entire society is possible through the sustainable development of the financial market as a whole and its individual segments, including new areas of financial intermediation. Banks are considered one of the first financial intermediaries, but the steady development of the economy, accompanied by digitalization, leads to the emergence of new, alternative directions. One of them is crowdfunding. For credit institutions, crowdfunding is an opportunity to diversify their business, reduce lending risks, and expand their customer base. The article presents the dynamics of crowdfunding development in the Russian Federation and presents a comparative analysis of the main financial indicators of the largest Russian banks and crowdfunding platforms.The conclusion is made about the role of banks and alternative financing methods in a sustainable economy and their positive impact on the development of the real sector of the economy.

The hermeneutics of the concept of “e-government” is implemented, and the results are interpreted in the article using the method of expert survey. The goal of the study was to find out the relation between the digitalization of public administration in modern Russia and higher education. The conclusions on the impact of the concept of e-government on Russian education have been drawn, based on the interpretation of the experts’ answers. Some conclusions from a pedagogical experiment conducted on an ongoing basis at the Academy of Civil Defense of the Ministry of the Russian Federation for Civil Defense, Emergencies and Elimination of Consequences of Natural Disasters since 2016 have been also provided in the article. The goal of this experiment is to find out which pedagogical and information technologies are the most efficient for teaching at a university. The authors are confident that the problems of the mutual influence of the e-government and modern education in Russia described in the article are inexhaustible and will be continued by them.

The article analyzes the issues of financing the innovative component in the agribusiness of Russia. The article brings the analysis of the main indicators of agricultural production and reveals the current state of development of the agricultural sector. The authors highlight the features of the innovation process in the agricultural sector and the main directions of innovation in the activities of agricultural enterprises. The article also analyzes the main indicators of innovative activity in agriculture for the period 2016-2019. The work describes the sources of financing of innovation activities and the structure of institutions to support the innovation component in the agribusiness. The authors proved that the banking system is reluctant to lend to agricultural enterprises, and only a few Russian banks finance innovative developments in the agricultural sector. It is concluded that for the successful development of the agro- industrial complex, it is necessary to introduce innovations in production technologies, which requires increasing investment, as well as strengthening state support for the industry.

A method by means of which the unit of radiation power may be reproduced and transferred from a reference to a verified receiver under the conditions of substantial instability of laser radiation is proposed. Experiments that correspond to the calculations are performed and an estimator of the error of the proposed method for laser radiation with instability about 10% is given.

The configurations of a four-prism attenuator that provide a compact construction and greatly simplify its adjustment and assembly are considered. It is shown that the most successful configuration is a four-prism configuration with pairwise parallel working faces, for which the direction of propagation of the beam is preserved. This provides an intermediate beam for monitoring the polarization and attenuation factor of the incident radiation when calibrating the attenuator.

A new method of processing the experimental current-voltage characteristics of photodiodes using reference points is proposed. By comparing a trap detector, developed at the All-Russia Research Institute of Optophysical Measurements based on Hamamatsu S6337 photodiodes with an HH-03-1337 trap detector, certified using a cryogenic radiometer at the PTB, an experimental value of the internal quantum efficiency of the Hamamatsu S6337 photodiode is obtained.

The losses in a trap detector resulting from absorption of part of the diffusely scattered laser radiation in its walls are analyzed. The results of measurements of the indicatrix of diffusely scattered radiation from the working surfaces of Hamamatsu S6337 and S1337 photodiodes are presented. An approximate model of the propagation of radiation in a trap detector, taking into account the actual shape of the scattering indicatrix, is constructed. The effect of the number of diffuse radiation scattering events and the number of its reflections on the accuracy with which the loss is calculated and their dependence on the polarization of the incident laser radiation are investigated.

The results of high-precision measurements of the current–voltage characteristics of a number of silicon photodiodes are presented. It is established experimentally that random fluctuations of the photodiode temperature have the greatest effect on the measurement accuracy. A temperature stabilization method is proposed, based on the use of the photodiode itself as a temperature sensor and which enables the error in measuring the voltage and current in the photodiode to be reduced by a factor of 103. The results obtained are compared with known theoretical models. It is shown that the one-dimensional model of the photodiode (PC1D) is much more accurate than the Schottky equation.

A calibrated polarization-independent Fresnel attenuator of laser radiation power based on two Dove prisms is proposed and implemented. A method of alignment of such an attenuator relative to the axis of the laser beam and a method of determining the principal directions of polarization of the laser radiation is proposed. By means of model calculations it is shown and experimentally confirmed that imperfections in the manufacture of the prisms and assembly of the attenuator may be compensated by rotating the structure by given angles accompanied by corresponding variations in the total reflection factor of the system.

The effect of measurement errors in the current-voltage characteristics on the accuracy with which the radiation power q absorbed by the photodiode is determined is investigated theoretically. A procedure for measuring the current-voltage characteristic using exponential averaging is proposed, which enables experimental curves to be obtained that are uniform with respect to the measurement of the noise. Statistical distributions of the quantity q are presented from which the systematic and random errors due to the measurement noise are determined.

It is proposed for the first time that a number of basic characteristics of an optically thick photoelectric diode may be determined from its current-voltage characteristic. It is shown that it is theoretically possible to determine the internal quantum efficiency of a photodiode by means of model calculations. The solution of the inverse problem is based on a comparison of theoretical dependences obtained with the use of the PC1D program with “experimental” current-voltage characteristics.

A considerable energy variability is observed for quartets of doubly bottom-reflected signals when the acoustic path crosses the frontal zone of the Gulf Stream. The experimental curves exhibit a local increase by a factor of more than two in the energy of individual bottom-reflected signals. According to the data of numerical modeling, the position and magnitude of the energy maxima prove to be highly sensitive to the position of the frontal zone, its horizontal and vertical sizes, and the values of the horizontal sound speed gradients. A conclusion is drawn that the observed phenomenon can be used as an indicator of the position of the frontal zone and as a tool for estimating its parameters.

Temporal energy fluctuations of impuse signals generated by powerful explosive sources of sound are considered by using the experimental data obtained on a long-distance stationary path in the northwestern Pacific. The signals were received on the Kamchatka shelf (a characteristic ocean depth of about 200 m) at two points spaced by 115 km in the latitudinal direction, one of the reception points being located on the shelf far from its edge, and the other, on the shelf edge. The signal radiation was performed in the deep ocean, at a distance of about 1000 km from the shelf edge. Charges were exploded every hour for more than five days. The frequency-dependent energy fluctuations of the signals and those of the first mode alone were measured in the frequency range 10–80 Hz. It is shown that the amplitudes of energy fluctuations of the first mode in narrow bands can exceed 10 dB and make the main contribution to the energy fluctuations of the total signal. The maximum energy of the first mode is reached on the high tide. It is hypothesized that internal tide-induced variations of the sound velocity field on the shelf affect the degree of energy interaction between the first mode and the bottom.

This work examines an attenuator of laser radiation based on four Dove prisms, which is much more efficient in comparison with two cascades of a di-prismatic attenuator. In this case, not only is its alignment and assembly significantly simplified, but also the consistency of the construction becomes evident. It turns out that the most optimal configuration of a four-prismatic attenuator is a pair-parallel one. This configuration, compared with a pair-perpendicular one, provides exchangeability of the di- and the four-prismatic model of the attenuator, maintains the direction of propagation of the radiation, and has a reference beam to control an attenuation coefficient in the operation process of the attenuator.

This work presents an effectively implemented calibrated polarization-independent Fresnel attenuator of laser radiation power built on the basis of two Dove prisms. A method of the attenuator’s alignment with a laser beam axis as well as of determining the main axes of laser radiation polarization is herein demonstrated. It is shown and experimentally proved that using model calculations the prisms’ manufacturing and assembly imperfections can be compensated by the attenuator’s rotation by certain angles and a corresponding change of the system’s total reflection coefficient.

This paper, for the first time, suggests a method of determining internal quantum efficiency of an opaque p+nn+ photodetector and some of its characteristics based on a comparison between experimental measurements of photodetector's voltage-current characteristics and characteristics calculated with PC1D. For our research we chose a silicon photodetector Hamamatsu 1337. It was necessary that reflection coefficient of the front surface of the photodetector is known. The inverse problem solution consisted in determination of following parameters of the photodiode: intensity of incident radiation (q), background doping value (n), peak value of front doping (N), depth factor (L) and front surface recombination velocity (S). The shape of doping profile was figured in the form of complimentary error function. For "experimental" curves we used dependencies derived from voltage-current characteristics calculated by PC1D with nominal parameters values. Variation range represented almost one order of magnitude. The problem consists of the fact that there is an infinite set of local minimums corresponding to the selected initial points in a 5-dimensional space of variables. Hill climbing algorithm was used to find local minimums. A special algorithm to find the absolute minimum is presented in this article. Search for absolute minimum among many local minimums was done through method of consecutive approximations toward the minimum of mean square deviation. From performed calculations, we established that value of incident radiation (q) (and, as result, interior quantum efficiency of the photodiode) can be determined with 0.014% accuracy.