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Oxytocin is a primary neuropeptide which coordinates affiliative behavior. Previous researchers pointed to the association between genetic vulnerability on Oxytocin Receptor Gene (OXTR) and environmental factors (e.g., social relationships) to comprehend social behavior. Although an extensive knowledge of in-person social interactions has been obtained, little is known about online sociability. A gene-environment perspective is adopted to examine how OXTR and adult attachment moderate Instagram behavior. The genetic factors within the regions OXTR/rs53576 (A/A homozygotes vs G-carriers) and OXTR/rs2254298 (G/G homozygotes vs A-carriers) were assessed. The Experience in Close Relationships-Revised (ECR-R) questionnaire was used to collect participants' (N = 57, 16 males) attachment with a partner. The number of posts, followed people (“followings”) and followers were obtained from Instagram, and the Social Desirability Index (SDI) was calculated as the ratio of followers to followings. Interaction effects between OXTR groups and ECR-R scores on the number of posts and SDI were hypothesized. Results showed an effect of rs53576 on the number of Instagram followings. Specifically, people with A/A OXTR/rs53576 genotype had more followings than G-carriers independent of the anxiety or avoidance felt towards their partner. These preliminary results offer insights into future investigations on social media behavior., Gene*Environment; Adult attachment; Close relationship; Oxytocin Receptor Gene; rs53576; rs2254298; Online behavior; Social media; Social network; Instagram

Leukodystrophies are a diverse group of genetic disorders that selectively involve the white matter of the brain and are a frequent cause of young-onset cognitive impairment. Genetic diagnosis is challenging. Data on the utility of incorporating brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) diagnostic algorithms with next-generation sequencing (NGS) for diagnosis in a real-life clinical setting is limited. We performed sequencing using a custom-designed panel of 200 neurodegeneration-associated genes on 45 patients with young-onset cognitive impairment with leukodystrophy, and classified them based on van der Knaap et al.'s MRI diagnostic algorithm. We found that 20/45 (44.4%) patients carried pathogenic variants or novel variants predicted to be pathogenic (one in CSF1R, two in HTRA1 and 17 in NOTCH3). All patients with an established genetic diagnosis had an MRI brain pattern consistent with a specific genetic condition/s. More than half (19/37, 51.4%) of patients with MRI changes consistent with vascular cognitive impairment secondary to small vessel disease (VCI-SVD) had pathogenic variants, including all patients with pathogenic NOTCH3 (17/19, 89.5%) and HTRA1 variants (2/19, 11.5%). Amongst patients harboring pathogenic NOTCH3 variants, 13/17 (76.5%) carried the p.R544C variant seen predominantly in East Asians. Anterior temporal white matter involvement was seen only in patients with pathogenic NOTCH3 variants (6/17, 35.3%). Overall, we demonstrated a high diagnostic utility incorporating a targeted neurodegeneration gene panel and MRI-based diagnostic algorithms in young-onset cognitive impairment patients with leukodystrophy. National Medical Research Council (NMRC) National Research Foundation (NRF) Published version This study was funded by Singapore's National Medical Research Council [AN by the Clinician-Scientist New Investigator Grant (CNIG/1165/2017) and Transition Award (MOH-TA18may-0003), JF by Singapore National Research Foundation Fellowship (NRF-NRFF2016-03), NK by the Clinician-Scientist Individual Research Grant (CIRG/1416/2015), E-KT by the Singapore Translational Research (STaR) Investigator award (NMRC/STaR/014/2013) and Parkinson's disease Large Collaborative Grant – Open Fund (LCG002 - SPARK II)], and Singapore Health Services [AN by the SingHealth Precision Medicine Institute (PRISM) grant (SHF/PRISM008/2016)].

The other-race face recognition deficit is a robust finding in the literature on facial processing in humans. Although previous models of the other-race effect have proposed the role of experience and interracial contact, genetics have not been examined in the context of other-race face recognition. The aim of this study was to investigate the gene-environment interaction between early caregiving experience and oxytocin receptor gene genotypes with other-race face recognition in adults. Eighty-nineSingaporean adults gave information on their early caregiving experiences with own- and other-race caregivers and genotyping of their oxytocin receptor gene (rs53576) was also conducted. Participants completed a visual categorization task where they identified the race of a face (Chinese or Javanese) and their categorization response time was measured. A significant main effect of early caregiving experience was found where reaction time was significantly slower in individuals with no other-racecaregiving experience than individuals with other-race caregiving experience. In addition, only non-G carriers of rs53576 without other-race caregiving experience had a significantly slower reaction time compared to non-G carriers with other-race caregivers. This was not observed in G carriers, indicating a gene-environment interaction. These results highlight the role of early interracial contact on other-race face recognition and its interaction with genetics. Future studies can employ a longitudinaldesign for further insight into this gene-environment interaction across development.

Importance Large-scale genome-wide association studies in the European population have identified 90 risk variants associated with Parkinson disease (PD); however, there are limited studies in the largest population worldwide (ie, Asian). Objectives To identify novel genome-wide significant loci for PD in Asian individuals and to compare genetic risk between Asian and European cohorts. Design Setting, and Participants Genome-wide association data generated from PD cases and controls in an Asian population (ie, Singapore/Malaysia, Hong Kong, Taiwan, mainland China, and South Korea) were collected from January 1, 2016, to December 31, 2018, as part of an ongoing study. Results were combined with inverse variance meta-analysis, and replication of top loci in European and Japanese samples was performed. Discovery samples of 31 575 individuals passing quality control of 35 994 recruited were used, with a greater than 90% participation rate. A replication cohort of 1 926 361 European-ancestry and 3509 Japanese samples was analyzed. Parkinson disease was diagnosed using UK Parkinson’s Disease Society Brain Bank Criteria. Main Outcomes and Measures Genotypes of common variants, association with disease status, and polygenic risk scores. Results Of 31 575 samples identified, 6724 PD cases (mean [SD] age, 64.3 [10] years; age at onset, 58.8 [10.6] years; 3472 [53.2%] men) and 24 851 controls (age, 59.4 [11.4] years; 11 030 [45.0%] men) were analyzed in the discovery study. Eleven genome-wide significant loci were identified; 2 of these loci were novel (SV2CandWBSCR17) and 9 were previously found in Europeans. Replication in European-ancestry and Japanese samples showed robust association forSV2C(rs246814; odds ratio, 1.16; 95% CI, 1.11-1.21;P = 1.17 × 10−10in meta-analysis of discovery and replication samples) but showed potential genetic heterogeneity atWBSCR17(rs9638616;I2=67.1%;P = 3.40 × 10−3for hetereogeneity). Polygenic risk score models including variants at these 11 loci were associated with a significant improvement in area under the curve over the model based on 78 European loci alone (63.1% vs 60.2%;P = 6.81 × 10−12). Conclusions and Relevance This study identified 2 apparently novel gene loci and found 9 previously identified European loci to be associated with PD in this large, meta–genome-wide association study in a worldwide population of Asian individuals and reports similarities and differences in genetic risk factors between Asian and European individuals in the risk for PD. These findings may lead to improved stratification of Asian patients and controls based on polygenic risk scores. Our findings have potential academic and clinical importance for risk stratification and precision medicine in Asia.