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Electricity has become an important source of energy in human society. The enormous use of electricity necessitates a mechanism to predict future demand. Modelling and simulation of electricity markets have increasingly involved the use of a System Dynamics (SD) approach. The basis for population growth and policy option scenario is the variation in birth, death and migration rates. Accordingly, the resulting dynamic hypothesis and the stock-flow structures are represented and simulated using software such as Stella. The present study has been undertaken to assess the future electricity demand and the population dynamics in Karnal city (Haryana), India, covering an area of 90.4 km2 with a population of 0.28 million. The System Dynamic Approach (Stella version 9.1) was successfully used to predict the future energy demands versus population growth dynamics in five modified scenarios (MS-I, MS-II, MS-III, MS-IV and MS-V) apart from the baseline scenario. The MS – IV was found to be the best scenario, as this scenario projects the stabilized population in the Karnal city, giving an edge over the other four modified scenarios policies. In this case, the population would rise to 0.46 million (2041) from 0.28 million (2011), while the energy demand will rise to 559 Gwh (2041) from 346 Gwh showing an increase of 213 Gwh (38%) over 30 years. The MS – I was found to be very critical, as the maximum energy demand was found to be very high (668 Gwh) with a total raise of 322 Gwh (48%).

Moringa (Moringa oleifera L.) commonly known as “drumstick tree” belongs to the family Moringaceae. It is now grown worldwide but its native region is India. It is a fast-growing tree that responds to low inputs and has high regeneration potential after cutting. Its nutritional value and capacity to grow economically in different soils and environmental conditions make it a wonder tree. It is highly nutritious and each part is being utilized in various forms. It is widely cultivated for its young pods, flowers, and leaves for use as traditional herbal medicine and vegetable. It is also used by indigenous people in the tropics and sub-tropics as a source of remedies. The leaves are also used as a source of fodder in many countries of the world as they can sustain green fodder availability around the year without extra efforts. Various parts of this tree are good sources of ascorbic acid, calcium, iron, protein, and antioxidant compounds. Hence, its remarkable properties help to fight nutritional deficiency, human diseases and improve the performance of livestock.

Solar energy is one of the best sustainable forms of renewable energy. India has a cumulative installed capacity of 9.23 GW of grid-connected solar power and set an ambitious target of attaining 100 GW of solar capacity by 2022, including 40 GW of grid-connected rooftop solar installations well. The present study demonstrates the Geospatial technology to estimate the potential of solar photovoltaic on the rooftops of Karnal city. The satellite data of Sentinel -2 and World View-II data was interpreted so as to extract the building footprints. Digital Elevation Model (DEM) data derived from ALOS (Advanced Land Observing Satellite) PALSAR (2019) data was used to calculate the Global Horizontal Irradiance (GHI). It was calculated that the average annual GHI varied between 0.79-5.9 kWh/m2/day. The study revealed maximum GHI (462 kWh/m2) was recorded during the monsoon season. It was estimated that the seasonal energy generation capacity in urban area was minimum (268.4MWh) in the winter season, while the maximum (2632.4MWh) energy generation capacity was observed during the monsoon season. In the case of the industrial area, the minimum seasonal energy generation capacity was found to be 23.9 MWh in winter while the maximum of 234.8 MWh during the monsoon season. If solar panels installed on the proposed rooftops, an estimated energy potential of 5.9 GWh would be generated in the study area.

Introduction: With the advances in medical technology, the survival rate has increased amongst the high-risk neonates. Changes occurring in the neuro-motor function during the first year of life are closely related to the maturation of the central nervous system of babies and the presence or absence of injury to brain. These should be detected as early as possible, so that intervention programmes can be started. Methods: A prospective study was done in NICU of a teaching hospital, to find the predictive value of combined assessment by three neuro-developmental examinations Viz. Vojta’s Neurokinesiological examination, Amiel-Tison angles and head holding grades. Total 375 babies with various high risk category were included, out of which only 114 infants completed one-year follow-up. On the first visit a detailed neurological examination was performed using Vojtas Neurokinesological postures, Amiel- Tison angles and head holding grades based on Trivandrum Developmental Screening Chart (TDSC). At one year, the milestones attained were plotted against the BSID percentiles and babies assigned as developmentally delayed, if it was below 97% pass level. Sensitivity and specificity were calculated and propositions evaluated by chi-square test. Results: 23% babies had developmental delay at one year. The important high risk factors were maternal risk factors 39%, HIE with MAS, HIE stage-III, complications during NICU stay. Conclusions: Vojta’s Neurokinesiological examination is an effective screening test that can be applied to all high-risk neonates. The predictive value could be enhanced to 100%, by using other simple tests, like Amiel-Tison Angles and Head holding grades by TDSC.

Breast milk is the main diet of infants as it provides all the nutrients for normal growth and development of a baby from the time of birth to the first 6 months of life. This dynamic fluid provides a diverse array of bioactive substances to the developing infant during critical periods of brain, immune system and gut development. In Ayurveda though breast milk is vital for children and infants but it may be vitiated with Dosha (regulatory functional factors of the body) due to the faulty lifestyle of the Dhatri (wet-nurse or mother) which may lead to various type of morbidities in child according to predominance of Dosha. Ancient Ayurveda scholars have also mentioned effect of breast milk according to taste and texture along with management of morbidities caused by these predominance’s of Dosha. Ayurveda have stressed very much on this aspect and have given a detailed account of abnormalities of breast milk and their consequences. Knowledge of this fact is of key significance for the proper growth and development of a child. Therefore, evidences from Ayurveda have been compiled in this article to understand the effect of breast milk on child morbidity status.

Globally anemia accounts for a majority of the nutritional problem and it is principally engendered by deficiency of iron. Its prevalence is inordinately higher among developing nations, because of low socioeconomic status and poor access to healthcare services. In developing countries, the adolescent group is more exposed to nutritional challenges and adolescent girls are more vulnerable to the disease. This survey is intended to evaluate the prevalence of anemia and its associated factors among adolescent girls in age group of 12-15 year in Jaipur district, this survey also generated the anemic cases in the adolescent girls of age 12-15 year. A cross sectional study was conducted from August 2019 to January 2020 by attending health check-up camps at various areas situated within 20 kilometers in Jaipur district. Hemoglobin estimation was done by using three-part auto analyzer method. Statistical analysis was done using Percentages and Chi-square Test. 75.39% girls were found anemic. Statistically significant association (p < 0.05) was found in anemia in adolescent girls with the history of receiving iron folic acid (IFA) supplementation, deworming, age, habitat, family type and status of menarche. Present study reveals that 75.39% girls were found anemic and the problem is significantly associated with status of IFA supplementation, deworming and family type.

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is an inflammatory chronic disease primarily affecting the colonic mucosa; the extent and severity of colon involvement are variable. Ulcerative colitis is identified by mucus diarrhea, tenesmus, bowel distension, and anemia. 5-aminosalicylic acid drugs, steroids, and immune suppressants are used for the therapy of ulcerative colitis. The mainchallenges in the management of thediseaseare drug-related side-effects and local targeting. To overcome these challengesprobiotics and micro and Nanoparticulate systemauspiciousapproaches to overcome drug-related adverse side effects and local targeting.Upon ingestion, the probiotics can result in beneficial health effects. Probiotics and micro and nanoparticulate approaches for suitable targeting and overcome the drug-associated side effect. Probiotics are mainly used as gut modulators but are also nowadays explored for their use in ulcerative colitis.The current therapeutic goals are to achieve clinical remission along with mucosal healing, avoidance of complications such as side effects of the drug and to improve the quality of life. The use of probiotics to increase the health of the intestine and used to block or manage intestinal disorders. They may prevent the induction of inflammatory reactions. Probiotics must be inspected for efficacy in the prevention and management of a wide spectrum of gastrointestinal diseases, like antibiotic-associated diarrhea.Micro and Nanoparticulate drug delivery system has been achieving huge importance for targeting of the drug to colon locally at a controlled and sustained rate.

An intraosseous lesion of jaws called central giant cell granuloma (CGCG), is significantly found in children and young adults and most of the cases are nonaggressive, asymptomatic, and slow growing. Approximately 30% of cases show an aggressive and progressively devastating nature with tendency to recur. We present a case of slow growing CGCG in mandible in a 10-year-old male managed by curettage along with preservation of tooth germ.

The main purpose of the study is to compare the digital library job requirements and the curriculum offered in Indian LIS departments. Data were obtained from two sources: 180 job advertisements obtained through online job sites and course outlines obtained from the websites of 21 universities. The content analysis method was followed in the research for data analysis. The findings indicate that employers demand good communication skills and ability of working on digital library software, handling library management software, knowledge of basic computer skills, programming and markup languages. Job ads also indicate that a bachelors’ and masters’ degree programme in library and information science are the minimum essential requirements for employing digital library professionals. The study also found that there is no separate digital library programme offered whereas digital library course contents are integrated into BLIS & MLIS programmes. The digital library topics such as training students in using library management software, digital library software and content management systems; creating databases using MySql; website designing are offered at both bachelor’s and master’s degree levels. This paper compares what is demanded in the job market and what is offered by LIS departments and found that the curriculum does not fully address the needs of the job market, as certain topics such as troubleshooting and problem solving skills were seen missing from the Indian LIS curricula.

Children are more susceptible to various infections because of underdeveloped immune system as compared to adults. Strengthening the immune system is a natural way to help the body fight against the disease-causing pathogens and immunomodulators can play a major role in this context. Various Ayurveda classics and studies published in journals related to Ayurveda drugs for improving immunity are reviewed and analysed. In Ayurveda, the objective of immune enhancement is achieved through the use of the Amalakyadi Rasayana (an Immunomodulators), as it increases longevity of life, memory, intellect, luxture, complexion, voice, strength of the body functions, strength of all senses and provides the resistance to disease, improves glow and power. Analysis of classical references and various experimental studies show that Amalakyadi Rasayana posse immuno-modulatory, Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory, Antimicrobial, Anthelmintic activity. Present paper is a review to update knowledge on pharmacological properties, therapeutic actions and possible mode of action of the selected formulation, Amalakyadi rasayana from Yogaratnakara (Rasayanadhikara/17) to enhance the immunity in children. Rasayana is an important part of Ayurvedic therapeutics used to improve the quality of life by strengthening the tissue quality and by reducing the age-related tissue degeneration. This study reveals that Amalakyadi Rasayana have potential to improve or strengthen the immune system in children and thereby can lower down the morbidity rate in children.

Children are more susceptible to infections due to less immunity power. Frequent illnesses among children influence adversely on their growth and development. So the health status of this vulnerable age group (under 5 years age) is very much important as morbidities affect their health which influences the overall health status of the country. More than half of the children (53.7%) are suffering from some form of illness. Recurrent respiratory infection, recurrent diarrhea, recurrent fever, etc. are the most common causes of morbidity in immune-compromised children. The present study was planned to provide the demographic status of the morbidity pattern in children less than 5 years in a defined population. A cross sectional study was conducted from July 2018 to February 2019 by attending and participating in various health camps in various villages in periphery of Jaipur organized by PG Department of Kaumarabhritya, NIA, Jaipur. The sample size was calculated 501 (n = 501). All children from 06 months to 5 years were included in the study. During the study period, the sample size was 501, in which 187 (37.33%) children were found with morbidity features of either sex. Mainly 161 (32.14%) subjects were infected with recurrent RTIs, 98 (19.56%) subjects with anemia, 63 (12.57%) subjects with recurrent fever, 26 (5.19%) subjects with recurrent diarrhea and 17 (3.39%) subjects with skin infections. For enhancing the immunity of children and awareness about health, many Swarnaprashana camps and health checkup camps in various preschools situated in Jaipur were organized by PG Department of Kaumarabhritya, NIA and Jaipur.

Increasing population pressure and decreasing cultivable land brought the agricultural sector at an alarming situation of food production particularly in the developing countries. To feed the burgeoning population, the agriculture sector needs to become more productive and diversified while facing the adversity of climate change and limitations of natural resources. During 1960–70, the improved irrigation facilities, the use of fertilizers and pesticides in the cultivation of high yielding varieties of cereals successfully led to the Green revolution in India. In the present scenario, the low irrigation and fertilizer use efficiencies, poor pesticide application and delivery are amongst the important issues in developing countries that need to be addressed for getting higher productivity. Also, fertilizer and pesticide usage also had severe associated environmental consequences like eutrophication, resistance and resurgence in pest, toxicity to non-target organisms, residues in food and feed, accumulation in the environment, etc. In such conditions, organic farming, a traditional practice coupled with the exploration of bio-nanoparticles to achieve a sustainable production system seems to be a better option. This review focuses on current research developments in the areas of bio-nano-enabled crop nutrition, protection, post-harvest management, and the possibility of bio-nanomaterials and organic farming confluence to revolutionize the agricultural sector by ensuring sustainable food security for coming generations.

Background: The present study aimed to report occurrence of radix entomolaris in mandibular first molar. Materials and methods: The present study was conducted on 428 mandibular first molar in 280 patients. The incidence of RE and comparison of the occurrence between males and females and between the right and left sides of the mandible were recorded. Results: Out of 210 molars in males, 10 (4.76%) had and out of 218 molars in females, 8 (3.66%) had Radix Entomolaris. The difference was significant (P< 0.05). 12 Radix Entomolaris were seen in 238 left molars and 6 were seen in 190 right molars. The difference was significant (P< 0.05). Conclusion: Authors found that Radix Entomolaris was commonly seen in males. Left side exhibited more Radix Entomolaris as compared to right side.

When glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is treated with anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) agents, it commonly exhibits tumor progression due to the development of resistance, which results in a dismal survival rate. GBM tumors contain a large number of monocytes/macrophages, which have been shown to be resistant to the effects of bevacizumab. It has been reported that tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) promote resistance to bevacizumab treatment. Therefore, it is important to target TAMs in the GBM microenvironment. TAMs, which depend on chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2) for differentiation and survival, induce the expression of proangiogenic factors such as VEGF. Dynamic susceptibility contrast (DSC)-MR imaging is an advanced technique that provides information on tumor blood volume and can potentially predict the response to several treatments, including anti-angiogenic agents such as bevacizumab, in human GBM. In this study, we used a CCL2 inhibitor, mNOX-E36, to suppress the recruitment of TAMs in a CCL2-expressing rat GBM model and investigated the effect of combination therapy with bevacizumab using DSC-MR imaging. We demonstrated that the inhibition of CCL2 blocked macrophage recruitment and angiogenesis, which resulted in decreased tumor volume and blood volume in CCL2-expressing GBM in a rat model. Our results provide direct evidence that CCL2 expression can increase the resistance to bevacizumab, which can be assessed noninvasively with the DSC-MR imaging technique. This study shows that the suppression of CCL2 can play an important role in increasing the efficacy of anti-angiogenic treatment in GBM by inhibiting the recruitment of CCL2-dependent macrophages.

Many pathogenic viral pandemics have caused threats to global health; the COVID-19 pandemic is the latest. Its transmission is growing exponentially all around the globe, putting constraints on the health system worldwide. A novel coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), causes this pandemic. Many candidate vaccines are available at this time for COVID-19, and there is a massive international race underway to procure as many vaccines as possible for each country. However, due to heavy global demand, there are strains in global vaccine production. The use of a plant biotechnology-based expression system for vaccine production also represents one part of this international effort, which is to develop plant-based heterologous expression systems, virus-like particles (VLPs)-vaccines, antiviral drugs, and a rapid supply of antigen-antibodies for detecting kits and plant origin bioactive compounds that boost the immunity and provide tolerance to fight against the virus infection. This review will look at the plant biotechnology platform that can provide the best fight against this global pandemic.

COVID-19 is a respiratory disease caused by a newly identified coronavirus named severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Since its inception in late December 2019, COVID-19 has led to a tremendous loss of human life worldwide. To overcome the unprecedented challenges posed by the COVID-19 pandemic to the public and economic health, strengthening the healthcare system is of utmost need. In this regard, research communities are putting efforts into developing an advanced healthcare system that could reduce the severe impacts of this pandemic. Nanotechnology is an advanced technology that has contributed significantly to produce powerful arsenals for the frontline warriors in this battle against COVID-19. It has offered opportunities for the development of fast and accurate point-of-care testing, efficient therapeutics and vaccines, potent sanitizers, facemasks, and personal protective equipment against SARS-CoV-2. However, associated toxicity, lengthy procedures of clinical trials, and uncertain health risks are some points that are still debatable. The present paper provides an overview of COVID-19 specific therapeutics and vaccines with an emphasis on nano-based strategies, which are significantly contributing towards the success of mitigation measures and strategies against COVID-19. Furthermore, the associated challenges, current limitations, and opportunities in this field are discussed.

The acreage under salinity is increasing, and the stress thus generated in the plants causes severe damage to the quality and quantity of the produce. Salinity stress also increases the susceptibility of the plants against pests and diseases. Since the requirement to feed billions of mouths is ever-increasing, shortening of the arable lands is not desirable. Thus, measures to improve plant’s tolerance and performance under saline soils could be of great practical significance in crop production. The plant breeding approach for developing salinity-tolerant line has limitations for developing alternatives of the commercial cultivars. The microbial agents hold greater promise and suitability to be used as stress alleviator for wide varieties of crops and their commercial cultivars. This chapter summarizes the interaction of rhizosphere and endophytic microorganisms with plants and their role in improving salt tolerance. Various aspects of plant tolerance are discussed in this chapter that are proven to be enhanced by microbial agents such as nutrient uptake, ion homeostasis, reduction in reactive oxygen species by various antioxidants, membrane integrity, ACC deaminase production, and maintaining the osmotic balance of the plant cells. Exploring and characterizing such potential microbes could be useful tool in developing smart package and practices for increasing agricultural production.

In the era of Information Warfare, the malicious actors try to penetrate the network devices and delete their traces. In order to detect such network intrusion we need to do continuously monitor logs of each and every network connected devices. SIEM solution is used for centralized collection, consolidation and correlation for analyzing logs in real time. NIDS and NIPS inspect each & every packet travelling through the network, and generate alerts using pre-defined signatures or heuristics. This paper discusses an approach to design and implement, a solution by integrating the different IDS/ IPS like Snort, Suricata, and Bro with ArcSight SIEM solution in order to provide enhanced Information Security in an environment by reducing false positives/negatives and achieving better alert confidence. We show that the alerts generated on different NIDS for same types of attacks are different and this when integrated in the ArcSight SIEM solution gives a much higher degree of confidence of detection than each of the solution used individually.

Aims and Objectives: The basic purpose of this study is to evaluate the knowledge and attitude of general dental surgeons (Dentist) toward use of denture adhesive in complete denture. Materials and Methods; A detailed questionnaire was prepared and a total of 100 dentist were surveyed using this questionnaire, in order to understand the knowledge and attitude about denture adhesive in complete denture. Result; The result of this survey shows that about 56% of dentist know about denture adhesive, and 56.6% reported improved mastication retention and stability. Most the dentist is well aware about denture adhesives in Darbhanga town but their knowledge is only limited to the use of denture adhesives. Conclusion; the knowledge of denture adhesive among dentist in Darbhanga town is not as much as expected, however they are using it in their clinical practice since long.

Flupirtine is a non-opioid analgesic without antipyretic or antiphlogistic properties. Flupirtine is a centrally acting analgesic but the analgesic action of flupirtine does not depend on any central opioid effect. The fact behind this statement is that the pain-relieving property of flupirtine is not reduced by the opioid antagonistic drug naloxone. Flupirtine has been reported for its neuro-protective properties and possess a selective neuronal potassium channel opener that also has NMDA receptor antagonist properties. Flupertine is transformed into two primary derivatives, 4-fluoro-hippuric acid and the Nacetylated analogue D13223. Both derivatives of are flupirtine pharmacologically active with 30% of the analgesic potency of the parent drug and further oxidized and then conjugated with glycine to form inactive metabolites, Recently, Flupirtine maleate has been introduced in Indian market in oral, intravenous and rectal dosage forms. The half life of flupirtine following intravenous administration was 1.8 hours, while the plasma elimination half life in healthy young volunteers following single dose administration of flupirtine by the intravenous, oral and rectal routes was 8.5, 9.6 and 10.7 hours respectively. There is plenty of literature available on the effect of Flupirtine maleate on chronic and acute pain management. These preliminary finding require confirmation in further comparative studies. Keywords: Flupirtine maleate, Naloxone, Opioid, NMDA

ObjectiveTo describe the effective pressure and FiO2 delivery to a realistic spontaneously breathing lung model using a novel, simple, inexpensive neonatal non-invasive bubble continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) device.MethodsThis experimental bench study was conducted at Bench Testing Laboratory at a Children’s Hospital. A realistic 3D anatomic airway model of a 28-week preterm neonate was affixed to the ASL5000 Test Lung to simulate spontaneous breathing with lung mechanics that are specific to a preterm neonate. The assembly was constructed on site using easily available nasal prongs, paediatric infusion set with a graduated chamber, three-way stop cocks and oxygen tubing. The adult nasal prong was used as cannulae. However, this assembly had the limitation of the lack of humidification and inability to deliver graduated oxygen. This assembly was attached to the anatomic airway with nasal prongs. Pressure and FiO2 were measured from within the lung model at different flow settings and recorded for 10 breaths.ResultsThere was a linear increase in the mean pressure in the 10 recorded breaths as oxygen flows were increased.ConclusionsOur nasal CPAP is a simple device, as it can be easily assembled at the point of care using simple, affordable supplies by the healthcare providers and can benefit the newborns with respiratory distress in the resource constraint settings.

Background: Stomach is a common site for wide variety of lesions. The visualisation of the site with endoscopy and its biopsy leads to the early detection of the pathological process and appropriate therapy. Objectives: The objective of this study is to correlate the histopathological pattern of endoscopic biopsies with distribution of gastric lesions according to age and sex. Method: The study was carried out among 100 cases with endoscopic biopsies and histological assessment, received at Department of pathology, Rajendra Institute of Medical Science, Ranchi. Result: Out of 100 cases majority of cases were male gender with male : female ratio was 2.1:1. Our study showed a poor correlation between endoscopic and histopathologic evidence of inammation of the stomach. Five cases were diagnosed as intestinal metaplasia which were diagnosed as intestinal metaplasia which were diagnosed endoscopically as ulcer and erosion. Out of 34 of cases diagnosed endoscopically as ulcer , only 4 cases were conrmed histologically. Our study showed good correlation in the cases of carcinoma. Out of 32 cases diagnosed endoscopically as gastric carcinoma correlated histologically as gastric adenocarcinoma. Majority of carcinoma cases showed ulcerating fungating growth followed by ulcero-proliferative growth. Conclusion: Endoscopy is incomplete without biopsy and histopathology. Histopathology is the gold standard for the diagnosis of endoscopically detected lesions. Endoscopic examination and histopathological examination of suspected gastric lesions should go parallel and neither should be a substitute of each other.

Two climate metrics, Global surface Temperature Change Potential (GTP) and the Absolute GTP (AGTP) are used for studying the global surface temperature impact of CH4 emission from livestock in India. The impact on global surface temperature is estimated for 20 and 100 year time frames due to CH4 emission. The results show that the CH4 emission from livestock, worked out to 15.3 Tg in 2012. In terms of climate metrics GTP of livestock-related CH4 emission in India in 2012 were 1030 Tg CO2e (GTP20) and 62 Tg CO2e (GTP100) at the 20 and 100 year time horizon, respectively. The study also illustrates that livestock-related CH4 emissions in India can cause a surface temperature increase of up to 0.7mK and 0.036mK over the 20 and 100 year time periods, respectively. The surface temperature response to a year of Indian livestock emission peaks at 0.9mK in the year 2021 (9 years after the time of emission). The AGTP gives important information in terms of temperature change due to annual CH4 emissions, which is useful when comparing policies that address multiple gases.

Renewable energy is a viable alternative to meet growing energy demand of the country. Realizing this fact, Indian government has recently expressed an intention towards achieving 100 GW of solar capacity by 2022; out of which 40% is being expected through decentralized and roof top scale solar projects. One such Photovoltaic (PV) plant of 50 kW capacity installed at the roof top of Saraswati library building of Deenbandhu Chhotu Ram University of Science & Technology has been analyzed for its technical and financial viability. We have also analyzed the mix of technicalities involved in this PV plant. This PV plant is generating more than 5200 kWh/month of electricity and reducing 4070 kg/month of GHG emissions. Further, this plant is installed with govt. subsidy and found that the subsidy amount makes it lucrative by reducing pay back duration to 5.7 years and increasing the IRR to 16.97%. But even without subsidy, the pay back duration comes out to be 10.3 years and IRR equals to 8.22% to make it financially viable. Thus it is observe that if govt continued to provide subsidy up to 30% to such projects for next 2 to 3 years, then it will help to attract the domestic sector to get install more and more PV plant on their rooftop. Further attempt have been made to present a generic framework for providing SPV power system.

The application of nanotechnology in agricultural domain has drastically transformed the traditional methods of agriculture. The development of nanoagroparticles is not only enhancing the crop production but also improving the food quality, keeping in check the environmental pollution. Several nano-based agroparticles that have led to the smart agricultural systems include nanofertilizers, nanopesticides, nanoweedicides, nanosensors, etc. Apart from increasing the food productivity, these nano-based agroparticles also perform other functions such as controlled release of nutrients, delivery at target sites, sensing of disease in crops, and killing them, sense the stress conditions in the environment, minimize the release of excess chemicals into environmental matrices, etc. It is also observed that different modes of application of these nanoagroparticles influence the growth and crop productivity enormously, thus giving the alternatives to choose best course of action for crop growth. Moreover, nanotechnology in seed science has improved the quality of seeds producing healthy plants and increased crop yield. However, there are various constraints that are still needed to be addressed to bring the nanoagroparticles to commercial platforms. Mainly, knowledge about its environmental pathways and its long-term impacts on human and animal communities are the major area of concern and investigation. In the present-day scenario, the discovery of nano-integrated agroparticles is a miracle for increasing food demand, and its further enhancement could be a step toward the goal of sustainable agriculture.

In the present era, one of the most concerning issues is environmental contamination which is endangering human health and the ecosystem, thus the identification and proper implementation of suitable technologies for remediation of contaminated sites is a prerequisite for sustainable development. In this context, several methods have been developed for the mitigation of the adverse impacts of toxic/hazardous contaminants. In the past decade, lot of research have been focused over improving the performance of established remedial technologies with the objective of eliminating the drawbacks and reducing the contaminant concentration to acceptable limits. Plant–microbe interaction has not been extensively studied in agriculture field only but another area in which the partnerships of plants and microbes have been explored is environmental cleanup. Plant–microbe interaction has been found to be a promising approach for in situ remediation of various organic/inorganic pollutants. It offers several ecological and cost-associated benefits. Plant–microbe-assisted phytoremediation could be improved further through genetically modified plants and microbes. The present chapter reviews the role of plant–microbe partnership in removal/detoxification/degradation of different category of contaminants. Additionally, the advancements made in microbe-assisted phytoremediation through the use of transgenic recombinants and integrated nanotechnology are also discussed.

Infrastructure and facilities built on structures retaining backfill cause significant damage due to large displacement of retaining walls during excessive vibration. The smart materials can be provided to compensate for the deleterious effects of vibration. Smart materials, namely Lead Zirconate Titanate also known as piezoelectric ceramic (PZT) material, are used to minimize the displacement due to the induced vibration and to control the flexible retention system for granular materials. The solution of the displacement control of retaining walls of varying flexibility is indeterminate in a multivariate system. The excessive vibration may reduce the life span of a retaining wall and may get transferred to the critical locations inducing plastic uncontrolled deformations. This paper investigates the response of smart material to control vibration by means of input transformation techniques. The time-domain formulation exploits the vibration as input and output finite settling time for motion excitation vibrations. The finite settling time depends on the natural frequencies and spring constant of vibration of the flexible retaining wall and granular backfill. The numerical analysis concludes that the provision of piezoelectric ceramic (PZT) material describes the specification of finite-time vibration cancelation. Effect of reduction of vibration by using smart material on the flexibility of the retaining structure is presented.

During last few decades, there has been a growing degree of interest in ferrites. The magnetic, electrical, optical and other properties of ferrites gain attention due to their use in various applications such as medical diagnostics, rechargeable lithium batteries, high frequency media, solar energy devices and magnetic fluids. The high resistivity and low eddy currents makes ferrites the better choice over metals. The aim of this review paper consists of an overview on the ferrites, classification of ferrites, synthesis methods, properties and its potential applications in different fields of technology.

In these days, nanotechnology has a very important role in our society. In various technological applications, use of nanoparticles has make things easier which have otherwise impossible. In this review, we have discussed about synthesis and possible applications of bimetallic nanoparticles. Bimetallic nanoparticles are the combination of two metal nanoparticles which are fabricated by number of synthesis methods. These nanoparticles are better for biomedical applications such as photo thermal ablation, photo thermal nano-platforms for drug delivery and solar energy applications.

Dental fluorosis is a cosmetic condition that affects the teeth. It’s caused by overexposure to fluoride during the first eight years of life. This is the time when most permanent teeth are being formed. The present study seeks to investigate the prevalence of dental fluorosis among children in Balidih, Jharkhand, india. The study was a retrospective collection of data to evaluate the prevalence of dental fluorosis among 2495 children attending the Free Dental Camp under Indian Dental Association, Bokaro from 2015 to 2018, aged between six to fourteen years. Test of association was done using Pearson’s Chi Square test and Cramer’s V. The results showed that the prevalence of fluorosis was 14.54% in the observed population. There was no correlation of dental fluorosis found with particular sex. The present study gives an insight into the prevalence of dental fluorosis among school going children of Balidih, Jharkhand, India.

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is one of the most aggressive human tumors with poor survival rates. The current standard treatment includes chemotherapy with temozolomide (TMZ), but acquisition of resistance is a persistent clinical problem limiting the successful treatment of GBM. The purpose of our study was to investigate therapeutic effects of nitroxoline (NTX) against TMZ-resistant GBM in vitro and in vivo in TMZ-resistant GBM-bearing mouse model, which was correlated with diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI). For in vitro study, we used TMZ-resistant GBM cell lines and evaluated therapeutic effects of NTX by clonogenic and migration assays. Quantitative RT-PCR was used to investigate the expression level of TMZ-resistant genes after NTX treatment. For in vivo study, we performed 9.4 T MR imaging to obtain T2WI for tumor volume measurement and DWI for assessment of apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) changes by NTX in TMZ-resistant GBM mice (n = 8). Moreover, we performed regression analysis for the relationship between ADC and histological findings, which reflects the changes in cellularity and apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease-1 (APE-1) expression. We observed the recovery of TMZ-induced morphological changes, a reduced number of colonies and a decreased rate of migration capacity in TMZ-resistant cells after NTX treatment. The expression of APE-1 was significantly decreased in TMZ-resistant cells after NTX treatment compared with those without treatment. In an in vivo study, NTX reduced tumor growth in TMZ-resistant GBM mice (P = 0.0122). Moreover, ADC was increased in the NTX-treated TMZ-resistant GBM mice compared to the control group (P = 0.0079), which was prior to a tumor volume decrease. The cellularity and APE-1 expression by histology were negatively correlated with the ADC value, which in turn resulted in longer survival in NTX group. The decreased expression of APE-1 by NTX leads to therapeutic effects and is inversely correlated with ADC in TMZ-resistant GBM. Therefore, NTX is suggested as potential therapeutic candidate against TMZ-resistant GBM.

Amide proton transfer (APT) imaging is a novel molecular MRI technique to detect endogenous mobile proteins and peptides through chemical exchange saturation transfer. In this preliminary study, the purpose was to evaluate the feasibility of APT imaging in monitoring the early therapeutic response to nitroxoline (NTX) in a temozolomide (TMZ)-resistant glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) mouse model, which was compared with diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI). Here, we prepared TMZ-resistant GBM mouse model (n = 12), which were treated with 100 mg/kg/day of NTX (n = 4) or TMZ (n = 4), or saline (n = 4) for 7 days for the evaluation of short-term treatment by using APT imaging and DWI sequentially. The APT signal intensities and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values were calculated and compared before and after treatment. Moreover, immunohistological analysis was also employed for the correlation between APT imaging and histopathology. The association between the APT value and Ki-67 labeling index was evaluated by using simple linear regression analysis. The short-term NTX treatment resulted in significant decrease in APT value as compared to untreated and TMZ group, in which APT signals were increased. However, we did not observe significantly increased mean ADC value following short-term NTX treatment. The Ki-67 labeling index shows a correlation with APT value. APT imaging could show the earlier response to NTX treatment as compared to ADC values in a TMZ-resistant mouse model. We believe that APT imaging can be a useful imaging biomarker for the early therapeutic evaluation in GBM patients.

Livestock is one of the major sources of anthropogenic methane (CH 4 ) emissions. India has the world's largest number of livestock and thus CH 4 emissions from the Indian livestock sector are very significant. Any long-term CH 4 emissions mitigation strategies would require the precise projection of livestock growth, followed by implementation of appropriate policy mechanisms. However, livestock related long-term CH 4 emissions projection studies are currently lacking in India. In this study, a dynamic approach based on the STELLA software in combination with mathematical models was developed to assess livestock population growth and CH 4 emissions in India for a 25 year period (2007–2032) under baseline (BS: BS-I, BS-II, BS-III) and modified (MS: MS-I, MS-II, MS-III) scenarios. Standard Indian livestock database and IPCC emission guidelines were followed to estimate CH 4 emissions. The results indicate that under the baseline scenarios, CH 4 emissions range from 14.08 Tg (296 Tg CO 2 e CH 4 ) in 2007 to 68.49 Tg (1438 Tg CO 2 e CH 4 ) in 2032 and for modified scenarios, emissions range from 13.85 Tg (291 Tg CO 2 e CH 4 ) in 2007 to 16.62 Tg (349 Tg CO 2 e CH 4 ) in 2032. At the state level, the highest CH 4 emissions from livestock has been observed in Uttar Pradesh (15% of total emissions in India) followed by Madhya Pradesh (9.41%) and Andhra Pradesh (9.20%). The lowest emission per head livestock has been observed in goats and sheep (105 kg CO 2 e CH 4 head −1 yr −1 ) followed by cattle (672 kg CO 2 e CH 4 head −1 yr −1 ) and buffalo (1155 kg CO 2 e CH 4 head −1 yr −1 ) in all the scenarios. However, while considering livestock populations, cattle contribute the highest CH 4 emissions (more than 50%) trailed by buffalo, goat, and sheep. Substantial reduction in emissions would be possible if livestock population growth could be stabilized according to the modified scenarios. Different approaches (like dietary management, livestock product demand optimization, and population stabilization) for CH 4 emissions reduction are also discussed in this paper. A comparison of modeled v/s estimated emissions using actual recent livestock census data from year 2012 has also been presented in this paper. The findings of the present study are expected to help policy makers to adopt appropriate policy mechanisms to reduce CH 4 emissions from the Indian livestock sector.

Introduction: Posterior urethral valves (PUVs) are the most common cause of obstructive uropathy in boys. While most patients in developed countries are diagnosed in the antenatal period, our patients often present late which adversely affects their outcome. This retrospective study was aimed to study the clinical profile of boys with PUV at follow-up. Methods: Records of 45 boys with PUV who were in follow-up for at least 1-year were retrieved between February and December 2015. Age of presentation, signs and symptoms, anthropometry, radiological findings, surgical interventions, and biochemical investigations were recordedin a pre-structured pro forma. The data were later analyzed on an Excel spreadsheet. Results: The mean age at the diagnosis of PUV was 16±2.8 months, and the mean age at enrollment was 70.6±53.5 months. The condition was detected antenatally in 5 (10.9%) subjects only. At the time of data collection, the mean height and weight standard deviation scores were ?1.7 and ?1.5, respectively. Hypertension was present in 29% of patients. 44.5% of subjects had moderate-to-severe malnutrition and 42.2% had short stature. Mean GFR of the subjects was 66.3 ml/min/1.73m². Bilateral hydronephrosis was present on ultrasound in 26 (57.8%) subjects. Mean anteroposterior diameter on ultrasound was 22.1 mm for the right kidney and 20.8 mm for the left kidney. Significant post-void residue was detected in 54.6% of patients. Bilateral reflux was seen in 21.7% of subjects on micturating cystourethrogram. Urodynamic studies were available for 16 patients, and 31.3% had significant post-void residual urine. Detrusor instability was present in 18.8% of subjects. 35.6% of subjects underwent valve fulguration alone as the surgical procedure while 19 (42.2%) had a diversion procedure (vesicostomy/ureterostomy) along with valve fulguration. Conclusions: Most of the patients with PUV arestill diagnosed postnatally and have significant renal damage at presentation. Urinary diversion procedures are required in almost half of these patients. All these contribute to a poor long-term outcome.

Sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) is an industrially and economically important agricultural commodity. It is used for the production of sugar and/or bioethanol. Ethanol’s use as a biofuel source helps in reducing the environmental degradation caused by greenhouse gases and immoderate use of fossil fuels. In India, sugarcane molasses is used as a feedstock for ethanol production by the fermentation process, which is later used as biofuel by blending it with gasoline in different ratios. India’s biofuel policy acts as a significant contributor toward social and economic development of rural areas and mobilization of resources that create employment opportunities. In 2002, Ethanol Blending Program (EBP) was launched and implemented with a 5% blending target. The target was achieved in 20 states and 4 union territories and was later increased to 20% with a goal to reduce pollution, encourage bio-product engenderment, and enhance socioeconomic status in the rural areas. In this regard, this chapter details the current status and prospects of sugarcane ethanol blending in India.

Background: Anemia in adolescent girls possess greatest burden on their health as it leads to poor cognitive development, poor reproductive health and if not treated may lead to intrauterine growth retardation in their developing fetus. The prevalence of anemia among adolescent is 27% in developing country and 6% in developed country. The Government of India has launched National Anemia Control Programme, to prevent and control anaemia in children and adolescents. But the problem is still persisting because of many issues like - poor palatability, intolerance to the drug used, poor absorption of the drugs used, constipation, discoloration of stool, unpleasant odor and taste etc. result in poor compliance and therefore non adherence to the therapy which finally results in poor improvement. By looking at the magnitude of the problem, an Ayurveda drug Vajravatakmandura has been selected for the study and the present study was undertaken to evaluate the efficacy of the trial drug in iron deficiency anemia in adolescent girls. Material and methods: 100 subjects satisfying inclusion and exclusion criteria were selected and were randomly divided in two groups. In group A, the trial drug Vajravatakmaņdura was administered and in group B, IFA tablets were given for two month of duration with follow up at every fortnight. Result: Both the trial and control groups showed extremely significant result over subjective parameters. Trial drug Vajravatakmaņdura in group A was found more effective over the subjective parameters - weakness, palpitation, pallor and loss of appetite with % gain of 39.77%, 39.39%, 39.17%, 38.09% respectively. Statistical analysis between before and after treatment findings of objective parameters, extremely significant (P less than 0.0001) improvement was found in both groups in all parameters, except for RBC count in group A, which was significant. No adverse effects were reported during entire period of study by any of the patients in trial group treated with trial drug. Conclusion: The trial drug “Vajravatakmandura” is effective, safe and palatable for the management of iron deficiency anemia in adolescent girls.

The smart structures provide more efficient designs. In smart structures electronic components, sensors and actuators are well distributed and integrated, capable of controlling vibration for self-actuation and self-diagnostics. The purpose of structural control is to absorb, refract and reflect the energy induced by seismic wave propagation due to dynamic disturbances. This paper investigates semi-active control strategy for walls retaining granular material. It has two components, the seismic protection of retaining structure and the mitigation of wave induced vibration in retaining structure. An ideal semi-active motion equation of a retaining structure that consist of cantilever retaining wall with granular backfill bounded with a PZT patch was analyzed. The stress-strain analysis was performed by varying material properties and geometric configuration of the wall and granular fill. The stress- strain behavior of granular fill with PZT patch is presented in graphical form. A mathematical analysis is performed to examine the vibration induced effect of provision of PZT on in retaining structure due to the dynamic loading.

Communication of employer brand to external stakeholders has, in the recent past, seen new developments in the form of best employer surveys (BESs) and a potent form of employer branding lies in the BESs. In this article, we examine the impact of firm-related and job-related attributes on a candidate’s job application decisions by selecting firms from the BES lists. The study is based on the secondary and primary data of 139 companies which have appeared in four major BES lists from 2001 to 2012 (the longest time period for which data is available in an emerging economy—India) and primary data collected from 2,854 respondents. We find that both firm-level and job-related variables significantly influence a candidate’s job application decisions, such as, intention to apply and consideration of the best companies to work for. Firms, with an objective to attract huge candidates, should carefully examine the factors that positively affect the job choice decisions and make concerted effort to improve on those parameters. The study fills several research gaps present in the literature due to inadequate empirical studies, insufficient sample size and consideration of a limited variables in the past studies.

Judicious control of indoor wireless coverage is crucial in built environments. It enhances signal reception, reduces harmful interference, and raises the barrier for malicious attackers. Existing methods are either costly, vulnerable to attacks, or hard to configure. We present a low-cost, secure, and easy-to-configure approach that uses an easily-accessible, 3D-fabricated reflector to customize wireless coverage. With input on coarse-grained environment setting and preferred coverage (e.g., areas with signals to be strengthened or weakened), the system computes an optimized reflector shape tailored to the given environment. The user simply 3D prints the reflector and places it around a Wi-Fi access point to realize the target coverage. We conduct experiments to examine the efficacy and limits of optimized reflectors in different indoor settings. Results show that optimized reflectors coexist with a variety of Wi-Fi APs and correctly weaken or enhance signals in target areas by up to 10 or 6 dB, resulting to throughput changes by up to -63.3% or 55.1%.

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common malignant primary brain tumor with often recurrence. The currently available imaging parameters often are not adequate to make the final decision for treatment. As alterations in metabolism in GBM occur earlier than other variation during chemotherapy so, it would be advantageous to identify early biomarkers for response prediction to chemotherapy. Here, we evaluate the capability of chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to predict the early therapeutic effects of nitroxoline in a temozolomide (TMZ) resistant GBM model. In our study, we prepared TMZ-resistant GBM mouse model treated with 100 mg/kg of nitroxoline for 7 days that resulted in dramatical decreased in amide proton transfer (APT) value, while increased in non-treated group as assessed by CEST. In addition, nitroxoline slow down the tumor progression as compared to non-treated group, in which tumor volume was significantly increased further confirmed by histological examination. Furthermore, to compare the CEST, we investigated DWI for the same step of nitroxoline treatment in which, apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) value was not increased significantly. Our study suggests that CEST can successfully predict the early response of nitroxoline treatment as compared to DWI and may serve as a biomarker. This would have a major impact on the clinical management of patients with TMZ-resistant GBM.