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The prevention of malignant neoplasms in a healthy population is a priority task of national healthcare systems. Population screening and genetic counselling programmes allow identification of not only precancerous conditions, but also a genetic susceptibility to tumour diseases. Most hereditary cancers are passed on following an autosomal dominant pattern. Timely screening in healthy individuals, who may be potential carriers of mutated genes, facilitates the development of personalized preventive measures. The history of breast and/or ovarian cancer in close relatives is an important factor in early detection of genetic mutations in healthy patients, both women and men. The history of breast, ovarian or prostate cancer in close relatives increases significantly the chances of detecting a germinal mutation in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes in a proband. Genes associated with an increased risk of developing pancreatic cancer are BRCA1, BRCA2, CDKN2A, PALB2, PRSS1 and STK11. The most common syndromes of genetic mutations increasing the risk of cancer development include hereditary breast and ovarian cancer syndrome, Lynch syndrome, familial adenomatous polyposis, Peutz—Jeghers syndrome and Lee­Fraumeni syndrome, multiple endocrine neoplasia syndrome.

Background . At the end of 2019, a new coronavirus infection emerged in the People’s Republic of China. On March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization announced the start of the COVID­19 pandemic. During 2018, 2068 patients with malignant neoplasms of the vulva were identified, with the majority of patients aged 75–79 years. Surgical treatment is currently the main treatment method for vulva cancer (VC) patients. According to most authors, surgical treatment is the only method providing good long­term results. One of the approaches to reducing the volume of surgical treatment in such patients is the selective biopsy of the sentinel lymph node (SLN). Aim . To apply the method of SLN biopsy in VC patients with the purpose of reducing the amount of surgical treatment and surgical complications, as well as shortening hospital stay in the context of the COVID­19 pandemic. Materials and methods. This paper presents the results of surgical treatment of 19 patients with malignant neoplasms of the vulva. All the patients were at risk for a complicated course of COVID­19 due to age and concomitant pathologies. In 13 cases, vulvectomy with SLN biopsy was performed. SLN biopsy was performed by radioisotope lymphoscintigraphy. Results and discussion . A decrease in the duration of hospital stay and the absence of surgical complications characteristic of lymphadenectomies were noted. Conclusion . Reducing the duration of hospital stay in the context of the COVID­19 pandemic is an urgent task. The method of SLN biopsy in patients with invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva with T1A — T2 was found to be effective, allowing the amount of surgical treatment to be reduced. Vulvectomy accompanied by SLN biopsy is the surgical treatment of choice in the context of strict anti­epidemiological measures in the COVID­19 pandemic.

Introduction. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common primary malignant neoplasm of the liver. During the early stages, HCC is asymptomatic, which makes X-ray examination a particularly important diagnostic tool. According to WHO data, the mortality rate from HCC was 782,000 in 2018. HCC is associated with a number of risk factors: a high viral load, liver cirrhosis, detected HBeAg and elevated serum HBsAg levels. Inhibitors of tyrosine kinase receptors increase the overall survival and progression-free survival rates in patients with metastatic HCC. In this article, we conduct an analysis of results of the REFLECT study obtained for Russian patients by the Republican Clinical Oncological Dispensary, Ufa.Materials and methods. The experimental group included 9 patients (52.9%) receiving Lenvatinib. The control group included 8 patients (47.1%)) underwent therapy with Sorafenib at a dose of 800 mg per day 7 (41.17%) patients had a history of chronic hepatitis, of which hepatitis B and chronic hepatitis C was confirmed in 6 and 1 cases, respectively.Results and discussion. Over the period from 2017 up to the present, progression-free survival was observed in three patients (17.6%), of which 2 and 1 received Lenvatinib and Sorafenib, respectively. Overall survival was 10.5 months. The median overall survival rate in the experimental and control groups was 9.8 and 11.2 months, respectively. These parameters are considered comparable, provided that the sample was small.Conclusions. The use of Lenvatinib demonstrated the efficacy comparable to that of Sorafenib in terms of the overall survival rate in patients with inoperable HCC. Lenvatinib allowed statistically and clinically significant improvement in the progression-free survival and time to progression to be achieved.

The establishment of oncology as a discipline in Russia should be considered taking into account the specifics of national history, as well as key historical events. In 2020, Russia celebrates the 75th anniversary of Victory in the Great Patriotic War (World Was II). Russian oncology also celebrates its 75th anniversary. April 30, 1945 is considered the birthday of the Russian oncological service connected with the publication of a historical resolution of the Council of People’s Commissars of the USSR No. 935 “On measures to improve oncological care to population.” In pre-revolutionary Russia, oncological care had the character of a private initiative, rather than a well-organised process. The tsarist government did not bear responsibility for organising the fight against cancer. The Great October Socialist Revolution contributed to the organisation of the fight against malignant neoplasms at the state level, based on the decisions of party congresses and healthcare laws. This created favourable conditions for improving and expanding anticancer care to the population. Soviet scientists-enthusiasts made a significant contribution to the development of oncology in the USSR. The organisation of medical professional societies facilitated the determination of main directions in the development of oncology as a discipline in the country. By the beginning of World War II, oncology in the USSR had acquired the character of an oncological care system, implementing measures aimed at developing and transferring into clinical practice early detection methods and those of treating malignant tumours, as well as their prevention. By the beginning of World War II, this system had comprised a large number of oncological dispensaries, located in almost all the republics of the Soviet Union. However, at that moment, there was still no unity in the creation of practical oncological institutions. Neither was practiced the registration of cancer cases, their account and observation, which measures are necessary for the prevention and early diagnosis of malignant tumours and precancerous diseases.

Introduction . Vulvar cancer belongs to the group of rare neoplasms and accounts for about 4% of all gynecological malignant tumours. One of the important barriers to the spread of the tumour cell population is the lymph nodes. Most oncologists recognize the existence of the so-called sentinel lymph nodes. A proper assessment of the status of this node makes it possible to predict the extent of the spread of cancer, which in turn secures a better surgical treatment outcome. Materials and methods . 87 patients with vulvar malignant neoplasms received surgical treatment in 2015-2018 at the Department of Oncogynecology of the Republican Oncology Center. Vulvectomy was performed on 19 patients with verified vulvar cancer; sentinel lymph node detection was employed. The methods used were the contrast lymphography and indirect intraoperative radioisotope lymphoscintigraphy. This resulted in the minimal number of postoperative complications recorded. Results. The scope of surgical treatment for vulvar cancer was optimized based on sentinel lymph node verification. Conclusions. Detection of sentinel lymph nodes in vulvar cancer is an effective method of planning for the scope of the surgery. Using this method reduces the number of postoperative complications. The reduction of the number of postoperative complications improves the patients’ quality of life.

Aim. To study the dynamics of lung cancer (LC) morbidity among the population of five cities of the Republic of Bashkortostan over the period from 2010 to 2016 and the structure of industrial emissions for grounding of adequate integral index, connected with LC morbidity and development of preventive measures to decrease malignant neoplasms. Materials and methods. The structure of gross emissions of industrial enterprises and ecologohygienic assessment of atmospheric air was conducted according to the materials of the Department of Rospotrebnadzor in Bashkortostan for 2010-2016. Lung cancer morbidity in the above mentioned territories was studied by the materials of Republican Clinical Oncological Dispensary. To estimate the influence of gross emissions on LC morbidity, modeling technique, adequate to panel analysis of spatially dynamic structural data, was applied. Results. The assessment of carcinogenic risk of atmospheric air emissions, taking into account not separate carcinogens, but their combined effect as substances with similarly directed impact, detected accurate correlation of dependence of high LC morbidity on the resultant carcinogens action. Conclusions. High LC morbidity in the cities of Bashkortostan is connected with high gross emission of carcinogens into the atmospheric air. Information on gross emissions of carcinogens and their structure can serve as an integral criterion of atmospheric pollution impact on lung cancer morbidity.

In the paper there is presented a review of foreign and literature data, documented in electronic search system PubMed regarding epidemiology, early and prenosological diagnosis, carcinogenic factors for development of malignant respiratory neoplasms, lung cancer.