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This work investigates the energy efficiency (EE) and the spectral efficiency (SE) performance of multi-hop full duplex cognitive relay networks (MH-FDCRNs) operating in the spectrum sharing mode, under the influence of interference from the primary source. We formulate three distinct optimization problems for finding the optimal power allocation for the secondary nodes in MH-FDCRN: (i) EE optimization with minimum SE requirement, (ii) SE optimization with minimum EE requirement, and (iii) EE-SE trade-off optimization. The impact of residual self-interference (RSI) arising due to full duplex operation at the relay nodes and the inter relay interference (IRI) arising due to frequency re-use are considered. For the EE/SE optimization problems, we transform the original non-convex optimization problems to their convex forms by expressing the numerator of the objective function as the difference of concave functions, and by using parametric transformation. For the EE-SE trade-off optimization problem, we first transform the original multi objective optimization problem into a single objective form; and then into its convex form by introducing an auxiliary variable. Computationally efficient algorithms are proposed to solve the considered problems. With the help of numerical results, the best trade-off among EE and SE can be achieved by proper selection of priority factor

Re-emergence of infectious diseases are commonly seen with viral infections among which those caused by Influenza viruses are by nature unstable and unpredictable because of the unique capability of changing their antigenic characteristics by mutation. This study aims to unravel the haematological consequences of Influenza A H1N1 infections and also to compare it with Influenza A H1N1 negative infections. Materials and Methods: Applying the relevant inclusion and exclusion criterion yielded a total hundred patients consisting of sixty-five Influenza A H1N1 positive and thirty-five Influenza A H1N1 negative patients. The CBC profile of all these subjects were obtained from an Automated hematology analyzer which yielded various haematological parameters. Results: The mean hemoglobin was 12.145 gm/dl in H1N1 positive cases and 12.6 gm/dl in H1N1 negative cases. The mean hematocrit value was 36.28% in H1N1 positive cases and 40.65% in H1N1 negative cases. 26 H1N1 positive cases had leucopenia, whereas 4 H1N1 negative cases had leucopenia and 8 H1N1 positive cases had leucocytosis. Lymphopenia was observed in 60% of H1N1 positive cases and in 22.9% H1N1 negative cases. Thrombocytopenia was a feature in 8 H1N1 positive cases and 2 H1N1 negative cases. Conclusions: Several haematological variations are observed in both H1N1 positive cases and H1N1 negative influenza cases, but to different extents. Keywords: H1N1, Influenza, Haematological.

Voice Handicap Index (VHI) is the most commonly used tool to assess the quality of life in voice disordered patients. A validated Tamil language version of VHI is not developed yet. Hence, this study was undertaken to translate and validate the Voice Handicap Index in Tamil language, which can potentially benefit Tamil speaking patients with voice disorders. This was a translation and tool validation study done at a tertiary care teaching hospital using an analytical, follow up design according to WHO guidelines. Dysphonic (Group A) and Normal (Group B) respondents were purposively invited to fill a self administered VHI-Tamil questionnaire. The content validity, response process validity, internal consistency and clinical validity of the questionnaire was calculated using appropriate statistical analysis methods using SPSS version 24.0 software. Out of 117 respondents, 61 respondents were dysphonic (Group A) and 56 respondents were normal (Group B). Overall index for content validation was over 0.84, and response process validation was 1.00 in all domains. Overall internal consistency was excellent, with Cronbach’s alpha of 0.993. Excellent test–retest reliability was identified using the Spearman rank correlation coefficient (r = 0.96; p-value

Introduction : Over the years, nature has witnessed the occurrence of pandemics caused by influenza viruses of different strains due to their unique capability of antigenic variations and aggressive behavior. This study aims to understand and document the general characteristics and biochemical findings of Influenza A H1N1 infection. Materials and Methods: This study revolved around hundred patients presenting with influenza like illness. The general, clinical and relevant laboratory investigation findings of Influenza A H1N1 positive patients were studied and documented Results : Out of hundred patients with influenza like illness, sixty-five positive patients were studied excluding the thirty-five negative patients. The age range of the patients was wide from 1 month to 75 years, with seven cases having had comorbid conditions and six cases with history of exposure. Fever was the most common symptom in all cases, followed by cough, sore throat, nasal catarrh, difficulty in breathing and vomiting. Fourteen patients took liver function tests among whom eight showed elevation of enzymes and two out of twenty-one tested had hypokalemia. Conclusion: The unpredictable nature, varied clinical and laboratory expressions of the disease make it essential to study and understand the various characteristics of the Influenza A H1N1 infection. Keywords: Biochemical, Clinical features, Influenza A H1N1, Laboratory, Liver function test.

The endoplasmic-reticulum (ER) stress response represents a cellular process that is provoked by a number of circumstances that disturb folding of proteins in the ER. An evolutionarily conserved adaptive mechanismhas been developed by Eukaryotic cells, termed the unfolded protein response (UPR) to clear the unfolded proteins and restore ER homeostasis. The cellular functions deteriorate, in the conditions when ER stress cannot be reversed and this sometime lead to cell death.The poor vascularization, low oxygen supply, nutrient deprivation, and acidic pH in the tumor microenvironment stimulate the ER stress. UPR has been shown to exert a significantcytoprotective part in speedily growing cancers as it helps folding of newly synthesized proteins required for the growth of the tumor.Accumulating evidence showed that ER stress-induced cellular dysfunction and cell death are the major contributors to many diseases and making the modulators of ER stress pathways potentially attractive targets for therapeutics discovery. Herein, we will briefly summarize gesticulating cascade activated upon ER stress and its role in cancer cell death.

The main objective of our project “Blood leakage detection during self-dialysis” is, the patient can do their treatment by themselves whenever he/she feels comfortable and free. The IOT device is also designed as a warning tool for detection of blood leakage/loss. It can indicate the risk level in both end-sensing units and remote monitor devices via a wireless network and cloud.

Aims: Hyposmia and hypogeusia are one of the symptoms of COVID-19. Occurrence and course of these symptoms and their relationship with severity of COVID-19 disease are studied. Materials and Methods: This was a prospective cohort study, including consenting adult SARS CoV-2 positive patients of both genders, admitted to a Covid Hospital in Puducherry, India. This questionnaire- based study was conducted for a period 4 months from 1st October 2020 to 31st January 2021, and collected data was analyzed using SPSS version 24.0 software. Results: Out of 639 participants, 412 (64.5%) were males, 227 (35.5%) were females. Total cases of new onset hyposmia were 167 (26.1%), and total patients with new onset hypogeusia were 172 (26.91%). 216 (33.80%) had either hyposmia/hypogeusia. First symptom as hyposmia was noted in 49 (7.67%) patients, and as hypogeusia in 20 (3.13%) patients before development of any other symptoms. 216 (33.80%) patients had either smell or taste disturbance as one of their symptoms. By the end of 5 weeks of illness, 96.41% of hyposmic patients, and 97.67% of hypogeusic patients recovered fully. There was no statistically significant difference between presence or absence of hyposmia/hypogeusia and severity of COVID-19 disease (p value = 0.95). Conclusion: The occurrence of hyposmia and hypogeusia among Indian COVID-19 patients is more than 26%. Presence or absence of hyposmia/hypogeusia is not a predictor of severity of COVID-19 disease. More than 96% of the patients fully recovered their sense of smell and taste sensation by the end of 5 weeks.

Background: Dengue is an acute viral infection and occurs in three different conditions- Dengue fever (DF),dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) and dengue shock syndrome. Supportive and symptomatic treatment isindicated during infection, however less is known about feeding care obligatory in its management.Objective: it was aimed to study feeding care offered to DF patients admitted to hospitals.Materials and Method: An observational study was conducted on 48 patients (16 children and 32 adults)diagnosed for dengue fever and admitted to hospital (3 -government and 2-private hospitals were included)during the months of January to May. Details regarding medical symptoms, body temperature, state ofconsciousness, food tolerance and food intake from day 1 to day 5 was obtained. Oral intake of water andIV infused were recorded.Results: Relationship existed between symptoms, state of consciousness and tolerance to food and water;accordingly patients were classified as seriously sick, moderately sick and mildly sick. Patients with bodytemperature ?102°F, abdomen pain, hepatomegaly and dehydration was associated with food intolerance andnon-responsiveness (seriously sick), they took significantly longer time to develop food tolerance comparedto their counterpart with less serious conditions (p ? 0.0001). Severity of sickness affected hospital stay,severely sick patients stayed longer as compared to the mildly sick (children 4.67±0.94 vs 4±0; adults6.43±3.16 vs 3.67± 1.11 days).Majority of adults (71.9%) and children (56.3%) received normal diet. Energy and protein intake of patients(adults and children) in all the three groups were markedly lower than the RDA. Energy intake increasedsignificantly from 1st to 5th day in all three groups. Differences in energy intake (adults-5.0±2.6 Kcals to18.0±6.5 and children 10.0±3.8 - 29.0±6.8 Kcal/kg/day) was extremely significant (p? 0.001) among severelysick compared to the moderately (adults 11.0±1.6- 17.0±4.9 and children 20.0±2.9- 23.0±6.9 Kcal/kg/day)and mildly sick patients (adults 17.0±2.1- 21.0±3.8 and children 38.0±7.8- 39.0±5.7 Kcal/kg/day). Proteinintake among both adults and children was very low. All patients regardless of the conditions received IVfluids at time of hospital admission. Severely sick received higher volumes of IV infusions and less quantityof oral fluids compared to the moderate and mildly sick. With improvement in conditions, it crisscrossedwith reduced IV infusions and increased oral intakes. Each patient had different fluid needs and varied eachday.Conclusion: Presently, diet management ofDF patient is less judicious. In view of poortolerance and unconsciousness that prevail,food selection should be carefully managed.Easily digestible and nutritious drinks suchas fruits juices and soups should be included to complement for improving electrolytedisturbance and dehydration. Data base shouldbe developed about feeding requirements forDF patients.

Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) have shown enormous potential for solving multi-label image classification problems. In recent years, a lot of experimentation is done with various state-of-the-art CNN architectures. The CNN architectures have evolved to become deeper and more complex in these years. These architectures are big due to a greater number of layers and trainable parameters. However, there are many real-time applications which demand fast and accurate classification. Keeping this in consideration, a simple model inspired by Inception V7 is proposed for multi-label image classification in this work. The proposed model consists of six convolution layers including three inception blocks with one million parameters approximately, which are very few as compared to many state-of-the-art CNN models. This makes the model deployable in lightweight devices for some real-time applications. The comparison experiments with other deep state-of-the-art CNNs were carried out on image datasets from multiple domains including general benchmark datasets, medical datasets, and agricultural datasets. The model exhibits better performance on many datasets making it feasible to use in various domains for multi-label image classification.

Purpose Otorhinolaryngological surgeries being highly aerosol-generating carry the risk of transmission of SARS-CoV-2. Most centers have canceled elective surgeries. Surgical demonstration and hands-on training of postgraduate residents are challenging during the COVID-19 pandemic. Continued training of residents is of utmost importance in terms of time and skill development. Tonsillectomy is one of the most common and important surgeries in ENT. Resident training of tonsillectomy is essential. Here, we present a simple, inexpensive model for tonsillectomy hands-on training addressing critical steps of the surgery. Methods An oropharynx and tonsil model is prepared using easily available materials, such as a small plastic tub, gauze pieces, ribbon gauze, and rubber strips. The junior residents are trained in all the critical steps of tonsillectomy using routine tonsillectomy instruments. Conclusion This model for tonsillectomy is a simple, inexpensive model for training postgraduate residents during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. We hope that this model can help young residents to get trained in critical steps of tonsillectomy, in a closely simulated environment and help them develop confidence and skills in managing live patients.

Petrous bone cholesteatoma is a rare challenging disease that accounts for 4%–9% of all petrous bone lesions. Subtotal petrosectomy with mastoid obliteration without blind sac closure is presented here. A 25-year-old female patient presented with right ear discharge for 5 days, with a history of right ear surgery 19 years back. Right ear external auditory canal showed stenosis suggestive of blind sac closure in the past. High resolution computer tomography and magnetic resonance imaging of temporal bones were suggestive of massive cholesteatoma in right petrous bone with extension into the posterior cranial fossa. As the patient refused blind sac closure, the patient underwent right subtotal petrosectomy, with mastoid obliteration, with wide meatoplasty. The patient is on regular follow-up without any complications. Although blind sac closure is routinely done, mastoid obliteration with wide meatoplasty is an alternative method without increased incidence of complications. Early patient reporting and clinical suspicion of recurrence and prompt treatment is facilitated by wide meatoplasty.

Background: Tonsillectomy is one of the major surgical procedure in terms of volume in the oto-rhino-laryngological practice. It is an age old surgical procedure, referred in history of medicine. There have been various changes in the indications and surgical procedures since 4 to 5 decades.Methods: A comparative study between the CO2 laser and conventional method (dissection Hospital set up, by the same surgeon, using two different techniques. The main objective of the study is to compare the intra-operative events (blood loss, time taken for surgery). This study was done in 40 patients undergoing tonsillectomy with or without adenoid hypertrophy removal over a period of 1 year (June 2015– May 2016). The patients (20 cases) in the first half of this period underwent conventional tonsillectomy whereas the rest (20 cases) underwent CO2 laser tonsillectomy. The gathered data were analysed by SPSS software (Ver-25) and using necessary tests. The differences between studied groups less than 0.5 (pResults: Among 40 patients, 20 cases underwent tonsillectomy by CO2 laser and 20 cases by conventional method. 20 patients who underwent laser tonsillectomy had lesser bleeding (25 ml vs 60 ml) intraoperatively, pConclusions: CO2 laser tonsillectomy is associated with low intraoperative bleeding and less time consuming surgery when compared to conventional tonsillectomy.

Background: Peritonsillar abscess is the most common complication of acute tonsillitis.Methods: A retrospective review was conducted to identify the cause, microbiology, management and outcomes of the peritonsillar abscess. Over a period of 4 years from September 2014 to September 2018, patients presenting with peritonsillar abscess to the Department of ENT, SMVMCH, Puducherry, who underwent wide bore needle aspiration at least once were included in this study. 45 patients were included in the study. Exclusion criteria were retropharyngeal and parapharyngeal abscess. Results: Among 45 patients, 18 were males and 27 were females. Two patients presented with bilateral peritonsillar abscess. 40 patients responded well with initial wide bore needle aspiration and IV antibiotics, with no postoperative complications. 5 patients needed incision and drainage under local anaesthesia.Conclusions: Wide bore needle aspiration is easy and cheap, less invasive, effective method of management in emergency situations of peritonsillar abscess. Early wide bore needle aspiration and iv antibiotics will prevent complications and reduce the need for incision and drainage.

Background: COM causes considerable morbidity with ear discharge, conductive hearing loss and complications. Ossicular reconstruction is a surgical procedure which intends to improve the quality of hearing and life in such patients. Comparison of the outcomes will help to determine the merits or demerits of a particular procedure.Methods: The study was conducted in the Department of ENT, VIMS, Bellary during the period from December 2010 to May 2012. All the patients with CSOM with ossicular erosion suggested by conductive hearing loss more than 40dB were included in the study. A detailed history taking, thorough clinical examination was done for these patients. Before and after the procedure pure tone audiometry was done to assess the hearing outcome. Post operatively PTA was done in 6th week, 3rd month, 6th month follow up. Hearing improvement was analysed according to the type of procedure. The data collected was tabulated and subjected to statistical analysis. Results: This study compared the outcomes of hearing gain in canal wall up versus canal wall down mastoidectomy surgeries. Hearing gain was better in canal wall up mastoidectomy (18.36 dB) than canal wall down mastoidectomy surgeries.Conclusions: Hearing outcome was better in intact canal wall mastoidectomy than canal wall down mastoidectomy in our study.

Introduction: Increasing mephedrone use is a major public health concern in India. There are limited data on sociodemographic determinants and psychiatric comorbidity associated with stimulant use disorder (mephedrone) (SUD-M) from India. Aim: The primary objective of this study was to report the clinical and social correlates of SUD-M among those presenting to specialist mental health services in Mumbai, India. Methods: Patients with SUD-M were recruited from a clinical setting. Standardized culturally validated assessments were carried out to obtain information about sociodemographics and mental health: comorbid psychopathology Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale, Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale, Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, and Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 for personality traits and a clinical assessment for diagnosis of mental disorder using DSM-5. Results: SUD-M was more common among young men from the low socioeconomic position. The most common reasons for choosing mephedrone over other substances were better high from the drug and peer pressure. There were no associations between sociodemographic factors with the severity of SUD-M. Around 40% of the patients with SUD-M had psychiatric comorbidity. Psychotic disorders and anxiety symptoms were most common. Family history of substance use, comorbid substance use, and comorbid psychiatric disorders were directly related to the severity of SUD-M. Conclusions: This was a cross-sectional study with a relatively smaller sample size of self-nominating participants limiting the generalizability of findings to a wider population. Therapeutic implication of this finding is that prompt attention and treatment of the comorbid psychiatric disorder is essential while treating patients with SUD-M. Further population-based studies are recommended for a better understanding of the burden of SUD-M.

The term liquidity probably brings to mind the relationship of current assets to current liabilities. However, the concept of liquidity should encompass much more than simply these two balance sheet accounts. This study is based on previous ten years Annual Reports of the top performing manufacturing companies in India. In this study, liquidity is taken to mean the short term liquidity which refers to the ability of the firms to pay off the current liabilities. This study relates to the management of short term assets and liabilities and finding the relationship between liquidity, profitability and leverage measures of a firm.Short term liquidity has been considered crucial to the very existence of an enterprise. This will further lead to financial distress and finally corporate can go bankrupt. The conflict arises because the maximization of firm’s returns could seriously threaten the liquidity and on the other hand, the pursuit of liquidity has a tendency to dilute returns. The result can determine the risk postulate to that future customer. Additionally, this result can be utilized as a yearly appraisal of financial situation in making decisions to invest in the corporate. The result can contribute in advance an indication of the financial situation to aid the investor’s selection of companies.

This study examines the impact of bonus issue on share price of selected scrip’s during February 2010 to February 2011 listed on National Stock Exchange, India. When additional shares are allotted to existing shareholders without being paid any additional payment for them, it is known as bonus shares. Bonus shares are issued by a company when it intends to pay dividend by issuing shares. Companies giving bonus shares are regarded very highly by investor fraternity. Very few studies have observed bonus issue announcement and share prices in India and this study is an attempt to fill the gap. The present study is an empirical analysis to examine the impact of bonus announcement on share prices. Impact has been analyzed between 7 days from the date of bonus announcement. The result divulges that there is no significant impact on bonus announcement between pre-post conditions considered for this study.

Back Ground: Nearly 51 million Indians are living with diabetes in India. With an estimated three fold rise in the prevalence of diabetes over the next 25 years, it is important that we plan ahead and make strategic changes, embarking seriously on capacity building of medical students for chronic care of diseases like diabetes. Objective: To assess the effectiveness of an integrated training workshop for chronic care of diabetes among medical students of MIMS, Mandya. Methodology: Three days intensive integrated training workshop was conducted for 30 randomly selected MBBS Phase III – Part I students with must know aspects of Diabetes using the World Health Organization’s Integrated Management of Adult and adolescent Illnesses (IMAI) model of chronic care, based on 5A’s (Assess, Advice, Agree, Assist and Arrange) and TEAM-P (Triage, Education, Assessment, Management and support for Positive living) approach. Written, structured pre-test, post test and feedback from the students was taken and the observations are being presented in this paper. Results: There was significant increase in the mean scores from 14.96 (S.D. = 4.66, 99% C.I = 12.62-17.30) to a post test score of 26.76(S.D. = 3.21, 99% C.I = 25.16-28.36), p

Foreign bodies in the middle ear are a rare occurrence. This is a case report of a 5 year old female, with plastic button in the left ear, with history of attempted removal using a metal hook, leading to subtotal perforation of the tympanic membrane and traumatic dislocation of the incus. On surgery a yellow colored plastic button, measuring about 1x 1 cm size was removed from middle ear by retroauricular approach. Myringostapediopexy using autologous incus and temporalis fascia under general anesthesia was done. Patient improved clinically post operatively. Foreign bodies in the ear should be removed with caution. Blind removal by instrumentation can lead to complications like tympanic membrane perforation and ossicular disruption. Early surgical intervention with tympanoplasty under anesthesia with tympanoplasty at the same sitting can prevent further complications and correct the hearing loss.

Background: COM causes considerable morbidity with ear discharge, conductive hearing loss and complications. Type 1 tympanoplasty is a surgical procedure which intends improves the hearing and quality of the life. Comparison of the outcomes will help to determine the merits or demerits of a particular graft. Methods: The study was conducted in the department of ENT, SMVMCH, Pondicherry from April 2015 to April 2017. A detailed history taking, thorough clinical examination done for these patients. PTA was done before the procedure, post operatively at 3rd month. Hearing improvement analysed using different parameters like type of graft used, hearing gain, graft uptake; the data collected was tabulated and subjected to statistical analysis. Results: All the patients had COM, mucosal type, with conductive hearing loss of rd month and graft uptake between temporalis fascia and tragal perichondrium. Conclusions: This study compared the outcomes of temporalis fascia and tragal perichondrium graft with respect to hearing gain and graft uptake. Tragal perichondrium graft equally effective as temporalis fascia graft in terms of hearing gain and graft uptake.

Background: Pinna perichondritis is a common secondary to trauma due to RTA or high ear piercings. Early intervention with antibiotics can lead to cure without sequelae. Delayed presentation, suboptimal treatment, abscess formation, delays in surgical intervention can cause cartilage loss and cosmetic deformity. This study is conducted to evaluate the various outcomes of surgical intervention of pinna abscess and its predisposing factors in our experience. Methods: A retrospective review was conducted to identify the cause, microbiology, management and outcome of the pinna abscess. Over a period of 2 yrs from September 2014 to September 2016, patients presenting with pinna abscess to the department of ENT, SMVMCH, Pondicherry, who underwent incision and drainage at least once were included in this study. 21 patients were included in the study. Exclusion criteria were post auricular abscess, infected pre auricular sinus. Results: Among 21 patients, 11 were males and 10 were females. Most common etiology was road traffic accident in 15 patients, followed by high ear piercing 3 patients, and post-surgical in 1 patient.8 patients responded well with initial incision and drainage and IV antibiotics, with no postoperative complications. 2 patients needed second incision and drainage. 11 patients required incision and drainage more than 2 times and change of IV antibiotics. Among 21 cases, 10 were culture positive. The commonest pathogen was Pseudomonas aeruginosa in 9 cases. Staphylococcus aureus in 1 case. 11 patients developed postoperative complications cauliflower deformity in 4 patients, recurrent abscess in 7 patients.Conclusions: Pseudomonas aeruginosa is the most common organism responsible for the pinna abscess caused by trauma (RTA), high ear piercings. Complications like cauliflower deformity and recurrent abscess were noted, which can be reduced by early initiation of antibiotics with surgical intervention.