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The decentralization of governance is increasingly considered crucial for delivering development and is being widely adopted in sub-Saharan countries. At the same time, distributed (decentralized) energy systems are increasingly recognized for their role in achieving universal access to energy and are being promoted in sub-Saharan countries. However, little attention has been paid by governments and energy practitioners to the dynamic interrelationships between national and local government and the role of governance decentralization in transitioning to distributed energy systems. This paper traces the complex relationships between accelerated delivery of distributed energy and decentralized local governance systems. The argument is grounded in an exploration of two different approaches to decentralized energy systems governance in Kenya and Malawi. For Kenya, analysis focuses on the energy sector since the adoption of the new decentralized constitution in 2010. In Malawi, it focuses on the involvement of the authors in piloting Local Authority Energy Officers in districts under the decentralization of Malawian energy policy. Our analysis shows that accelerating the speed and scale of implementation for distributed energy systems and enhancing their sustainability and socio-economic impacts is directly linked to the quality of local and national governance structures and their interrelationships. The paper extends existing work in energy and evidence literacy for policy actors by developing an analytical framework, to enable more effective local governance within energy access initiatives in the Global South.

The dairy industry accounts for 9–14% of East Africa's agricultural gross development product. Due to lack of milk cooling facilities, dairy farmers in areas without access to reliable grid electricity face problems of high milk spoilage and limited access to formal markets, which limits their income and standard of living. This article examines the economic viability for a number of configurations of off-grid solar, wind, biomass and biogas based milk-cooling systems serving a community in Tanzania. Key risk factors having the greatest impact on system viability are identified and a stochastic approach, by means of a Monte Carlo simulation is employed to determine the risk-adjusted economic performance of the project. The results indicate that biogas based systems offer the most viable option, with an internal rate of return of around 25%, a net present value of around $9000 and a projected increase in farmers' monthly income of at least 78%. Despite specific risk factors, the 300-L cooling system had an 82% probability of a positive net present value. However, larger system cooling capacities have a significant likelihood of a financial loss. Consequently, risk mitigation strategies designed to increase the probability of economic success are proposed.

The lack of modern electricity supply has been a major impediment to proper functioning of the healthcare centers in the rural areas, contributing to high maternal and child mortality rates in a country. Therefore, this study focuses on how to address the identified problem so that the healthcare centers or clinics in the remote areas can provide timely delivery of medical services for the concerned people. This paper, then, presents the analysis of stand-alone hybrid renewable energy systems for basic healthcare services in the rural areas, where there is no grid energy supply or the supply from the existing grid is erratic and unreliable. One major factor that informs the selection of the hybrid energy system in this study is that it promises high reliability compared to a single energy system. The research presents a statistical analysis of the potential of wind and solar energies for a selected rural locations in Nigeria based on the available long-term hourly and daily meteorological data. It employs an optimal technical and economic design and sizing of hybrid electrical power systems’ components such as the wind, PV, battery and inverter systems, using the hybrid optimisation software (HOMER). Results show that Sokoto and Jos sites exist in the high wind potential regions, while the remaining sites are only suitable for small wind applications. Values obtained for global radiation show that all the sites enjoy considerable solar energy potential suitable for varying degree of solar energy applications. PV/wind/diesel/battery hybrid system configuration is considered optimum for rural health center at Iseyin, Sokoto, Maiduguri, Jos and Enugu, while hybrid systems involving PV/diesel/battery is considered ideal for Port-Harcourt, due to the quality of renewable energy potential. Hence, it was concluded that, the abundance of wind and solar resources in the country create an ideal environment for inclusion of renewable energy systems in the design and implementation of standalone power supply systems to improve rural healthcare delivery.

Energy poverty in the majority of the rural households in Kenya is a threat to economic and social development; hence the availability of an affordable and reliable domestic energy source is important. This study investigated: the potential resources for biogas for cooking, suitable anaerobic digesters that could be deployed in rural households, and also the viability of a small community biogas business model. Conservative estimates of the business model parameters and sensitivity analysis revealed that there was adequate biogas potential in central and western Kenya while water scarcity affected other regions' opportunities. Cattle manure was the predominant feedstock, although crop waste has possibilities to contribute to biogas production. Economically and technically, the inflatable tubular digester was found to be the most suitable type for biogas production in rural Kenya. Discounted cash flow analysis of the business model proved a profitable business to supply an affordable household energy at 0.55€/Kg of biogas, with projected household savings of 249€ annually. Labor cost was found to have high significance on the feasibility of the business model which was also sensitive to changes in biogas revenues. Kenya's rural areas have significant biogas potential to reduce energy poverty, generate income and aid social development.

Access to reliable electricity eludes many poor rural Afghan communities despite plentiful renewable resources. Micro-generation seems particularly well suited to Afghanistan’s mountainous, decentralised society but even with substantial investment since 2001 it has not lived up to expectations. Recognising the causes are likely to dwell in the human (rather than technical) domain, this study takes a qualitative, soft systems approach to deriving and validating the necessary conditions that might improve the success rate of micro-generation projects in enabling sustainable economic development. It acknowledges the governance limitations inherent in fragile states and the significance of the community as the most stable element of society, putting the latter at the centre of its thinking. Those conditions identified as critical are summarised as: a holistic approach that sees micro-generation as a component of broader economic development; an environment safe enough for project build and operation, and for the markets necessary for wealth creation; and external support to build community capacity to fund and maintain schemes through-life. These conditions are likely to have relevance for other fragile states; the next step is to develop them in the field before deployment as part of a comprehensive approach to poverty alleviation in Afghanistan and similar states.

Climate change and population growth are likely to be future challenges to obtaining water and growing crops in arid areas. Traditional hand pumps are available but give relatively low flows; they are time consuming and are limited by the depth of wells. In low latitudes, solar energy can be the main renewable energy source for water pumping and desalination. In this project, several ways to get irrigation water, drinking water and electricity have been evaluated in the country of Western Sahara. Solar pumps have been proven to be a reliable economic solution for irrigation, but drinkable water is also required in arid areas where the salinity of water wells can be high. There is an obvious synergy when using photovoltaic solar panels for pumping, desalination, and electricity generation, but the feasibility of a project involving all those uses depends on demand and finance. This paper uses resource, technology, and economic assessments to model scenarios that demonstrate the viability of this triple approach. A Net Present Value of €26,887, and an Internal Rate of Return of 10.41% was found where 7 m3 of water was pumped per day.

Water and energy are both major challenges in rural areas of developing countries, including in the sub-Saharan Africa Region. This study assessed water and energy needs, challenges, and costs in order to produce a body of knowledge and further explore ways in which the water-energy synergies could be utilised. A mixed-mode survey method consisting of questionnaires, semi-structured interviews, observations and focus group discussions involving participants in the rural areas of Chiradzulu District in Malawi was employed. The study findings show that water access is generally inadequate, caused by high population, low yield, disparity in the distribution of water sources, and non-functionality. Using the contingent valuation method, logistic regression showed the only predictor of willingness to pay for drinking water was income and the predictors to pay for irrigation water were occupation, age and household size. Sustainable energy access was also found lacking for cooking and basic energy services such as for lighting, mobile charging and for radios. Biomass remains the main source of cooking energy, whereas battery powered torches have replaced paraffin for lighting. Overall, the household survey results imply that there is need for more sustainable water and energy provision. To address both challenges, the study recommends solar PV water pumping systems which can be designed in such a way that they can be simultaneously used for providing basic energy services. Further research is needed to address cooking energy choices.

Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from dairy farms are significant contributors to global warming. However, much of the published work on GHG reduction is focused on either methane (CH4) or nitrous oxide (N2O), with few, if any, considering the interactions that changes to farming systems can have on both gases. This paper takes the raw data from a year of activity on a 300-cow commercial dairy farm in Northern Ireland to more accurately quantify GHG sources by use of a simple predictive model based on IPCC methodology. Differing herd management policies are examined together with the impact of integrating anaerobic digestion (AD) into each farming system. Whilst significant success can be predicted in capturing CH4 and carbon dioxide (CO2) as biogas and preventing N2O emissions, gains made can be lost in a subsequent process, negating some or all of the advantage. The process of extracting value from the captured resource is discussed in light of current farm parameters together with indications of other potential revenue streams. However, this study has concluded that despite the significant potential for GHG reduction, there is little incentive for widespread adoption of manure-based farm-scale AD in the UK at this time.

Despite the strong support for exergy in thermodynamics, the industry still relies on energy based power plant efficiencies. The paper exposes errors with energy based efficiencies and improves the graphical representation of plants efficiencies. Among others, energy efficiencies cannot recognised that Combined Heat and Power (CHP) plant may be less efficient than condensing plants or that fossil fuel based plants should always be more efficient than any biomass plants because irreversibilities from biomass spontaneous thermo-chemical reactions are much higher than with coal or natural gas. Profitability equations fail to distinguish the true technical efficiency so exergy must be used, if only to enhance power plants understanding. Two novel graphs are introduced. Graph #1 combines all in a single graph; total, electrical and thermal exergy efficiencies. Graph #2 splits thermal exergy efficiency into two components related to; plant thermal losses and useful heat output quality. Data from 24 existing and design plants is used to support the graphs. Graph #1 shows different rankings of efficiencies than what is typically understood by the industry. Graph #2 shows that achieving further higher thermal energy efficiency barely increases the total exergy efficiency. If possible, it is better to increase the useful heat output quality.

This paper describes the definition of the transient model structure for an updraft gasifier and the input variables related to the process and the feedstock quality with the most significant influence on the dynamic models and the transient behaviour. For such purpose, a set of open-loop dynamics experiments were carried out in the gasifier. Moreover, the output variables performance was recorded together with the composition analysis of the municipal solid waste batch (MSW). The output and operational variables record was used as base information for performing regressions of transient models with the purpose of determining the model type choice that achieves the largest occurrence frequency of fitting percentage figures above 50%. In addition, the dataset of regression parameters is analysed through feature selection in order to establish the influence of feedstock quality parameters and independent dynamic operational variables in dynamic changes. The model structure selection determined that underdamped, second order with one zero transfer function (P2ZU) is the most accurate case for updraft gasifiers. Regarding the influence of feedstock-related information, feature selection results show that ultimate composition is the group of quality parameters with the most significant influence on transient behaviour. Results also show that recirculation flow rate is the operational variable whose effect in the output variables is the most likely to be predicted and potentially controlled. The results for this variable show that 64.3% of the performed regressions achieved a fitting percentage value above 50%.

Bioethanol is a renewable energy source produced from the resources which can be easily replenished. The bioethanol production through fermentation may provide an economically competitive source of energy by its incorporation into gasoline. Production of bioethanol from waste food crops like potatoes could be the better substrate, and the waste produced is also biodegradable. Lack of storage facilities and postharvest losses make potato a promising crop which can be used for production of ethanol. Moreover, the conversion of potato starch into glucose by bakhar is more cost-effective, and fermentation with baker’s yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae yields maximum amount of ethanol. This process of production of ethanol from waste potato would be promising and economically effective for the production of biofuel, called bioethanol.

This paper presents an overview of the Malawi energy situation and the potential of renewable energy resources including solar, wind, biomass, hydro and geothermal. Despite a range of efforts by local and international stakeholders to increase access to modern energy sources in the country, 89 per cent of Malawi׳s energy is still sourced from traditional biomass mainly fuel wood. Only 8 per cent of the population in Malawi have access to electricity but installed capacity of electricity generation is lower than demand. This leads to load shedding by the electricity supplier; consequently electricity supply in Malawi is unreliable and micro and macroeconomic activities are significantly affected. Solar, non-traditional biomass (crop residues and forest residues not burnt on three stone fireplaces, and biogas), hydro, wind and geothermal are potential energy resources that could enhance Malawi׳s energy security. However, unreliable financing mechanisms for large scale energy projects; shortage of trained human resource; lack of coordination among local institutions; unclear regulation enforcement; and sometimes political governance impede sustainable delivery of energy projects. The Malawi energy policy targets and drivers are also discussed in the paper. Based on the prevailing energy situation, a PESTLE analysis is provided in this paper outlining a novel thinking for addressing the political (P), economic (E), social (S), technological (T), legal (L), and environmental (E) challenges that constrain the development of renewable energy technologies in Malawi.

An analysis has been made as regards emission characteristics of ocean energy systems from life cycle assessment and scope of energy availability from energy accounting studies. Assessment tools developed and standardized were the indices like scope of Green house gases (GHG) emission per kWh power generation, percentage of CO2 saved compared to coal fired power station and the energy payback period. Emission characteristics of ocean energy systems were also compared with that from solar power, bio-fuels and wind energy systems. Four case studies were made comprising of wave energy converters, Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) system and tidal energy. It could be observed that CO2 emission percentage saved from ocean energy schemes were more than 95 per cent; and energy payback period varied between one year and a little higher than two years, depending on the type of the device.

The paper describes “Community scale, decentralized anaerobic digestion for energy and resource technology” which is a joint UK-Thailand project much in line with the current aims of the Thai Government for decentralized energy generation. The use of food waste for biogas generation by the process of anaerobic digestion provides multiple benefits: decreased energy dependency, nutrient preservation and recycling, and reduced greenhouse gas emissions. It is also promoted in the remoter Scotland and Wales of the UK. The aim of the project is the design and deployment of small scale digesters and their networking into remotely monitored units. Here, we are describing initial design of the reactors and some issues associated with using food waste as substrate. Based on the literature, we have also estimated the reactors performance to be 0.40–0.50 m3/kg of feedstock for biogas production.

There is much in the scientific literature regarding the energy value of bioethanol, whether it is sustainable as a transition fuel and what impacts the production could have on food resource availability. This paper addresses these issues through the development of an energy self-sufficient ethanol plant. The plant utilizes waste Musa spp (banana) as the feed stock thereby making no additional demands food production. Solar energy and bioenergy provide thermal and electrical inputs to the process. The energy return on investment for this plant was calculated and a financial model drawn up to determine the economic feasibility of the plant. In one scenario, the operational cost of ethanol production is £0.39/litre with a profit before tax of £44,000 per year for a 460,000 lit re facility. This scenario results in a maximu m selling price for ethanol of £0.45/ litre at an IRR of 11% for a 15 year operation which is comparable to current petrol prices. Furthermore, the process used is very simp le and appropriate for s mall developing countries. The study focuses on the island of St. Lucia which is a banana producing state in the West Indies and concludes that establishment of an ethanol plant is possible with the right financial support with the benefit of reducing imports of petroleu m products, improving the balance of payments and creating emp loyment.

This paper reviews the current status of microgeneration technologies at the domestic scale. Overviews are given for nine such technologies, grouped into three sections: (a) low carbon heating: condensing boilers, biomass boilers and room heaters, air source and ground source heat pumps; (b) renewables: solar photovoltaic panels, flat plate and evacuated tube solar thermal panels and micro-wind; and (c) combined heat and power: Stirling engines, internal combustion engines and fuel cells. Reviews of the construction, operation and performance are given for the leading commercial products of each technology. Wherever possible, data are presented from the field, giving the actual prices paid by customers, efficiencies and energy yields experienced in real-world use, reliability and durability, and the problems faced by users. This information has a UK focus but is generally relevant in the international context. Two issues are found to be prevalent throughout the microgeneration industry. Total installed costs are a premium and vary substantially between technologies, between specific products (e.g. different models of solar panel), and between individual installations. Performance in the field is found in many cases to differ widely from manufacturers’ quotes and laboratory studies, often owing to installation and operational problems. Despite this, microgeneration has demonstrated substantial improvements over conventional generation in terms of fossil fuel consumption, carbon dioxide emissions and energy cost, provided that the appropriate technologies are employed, being installed and operated correctly according to the load requirements of the house and their physical location.

A critical review of the literature relating to government policy and behavioural aspects relevant to the uptake and application of microgeneration in the UK is presented. Given the current policy context aspiring to zero-carbon new homes by 2016 and a variety of minimum standards and financial policy instruments supporting microgeneration in existing dwellings, it appears that this class of technologies could make a significant contribution to UK energy supply and low-carbon buildings in the future. Indeed, achievement of a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions by 80% (the UK government’s 2050 target) for the residential sector may entail substantial deployment of microgeneration. Realisation of the large potential market for microgeneration relies on a variety of interrelated factors such as microeconomics, behavioural aspects, the structure of supporting policy instruments and well-informed technology development. This paper explores these issues in terms of current and proposed policy instruments in the UK. Behavioural aspects associated with both initial uptake of the technology and after purchase are also considered.

Solar thermal systems, that provide auxiliary energy for space heating, represent a growing opportunity in European countries like Austria and Germany. However, such systems are as yet not widely known in the rest of Europe, unlike thermosyphon water heating systems. In addition, the need for energy conservation and reduction of CO 2 emissions, to combat climate change, demands the use and advance of renewable energy sources in new sectors than for common domestic water heating. The purpose of this research work is to present a full cycle of operational results of a hybrid solar thermal-biomass space heating system in Greece. The hybrid heating system was installed at the Centre for Renewable Energy Sources (CRES), Pikermi, central Greece in September 2005 with the intension to provide all the heat requirements for a specific office block of 60 m 2 area. The system was analyzed and optimized over a period of 6 months. The solar contribution during the actual measurement period (60% of the operating period) covered 52.9% of the total heating demand. The operational results of this unit from November 2005 till April of 2006 are presented and analyzed. The main parameters presented here include the operation of the system, the results, the coverage fraction ( f %) of the solar and the biomass subsystems, the actions taken to increase its efficiency and the technical problems faced along with possible solutions to overcome them.

In 2006, there was a significant numbers of schools in rural Sabah in Malaysia that had no access to 24-hours electricity. Extension of grid electricity networks becomes uneconomical because of the geographical conditions of these areas and the low electrical energy density demand of the population. Malaysia's rural development policies, therefore, emphasizes on the need to improve the learning and living condition at the rural schools. The abundant solar energy resource in the region is used for providing alternative power supply for these schools. 160 schools in rural Sabah were installed with solar photovoltaic (PV)-diesel hybrid systems. Even though the systems have been in operation for some years, knowledge informing the systems performance is difficult to find. Thus, understanding the system operation is a highly valuable experience and lessons can be learned for implementation of the rural electrification program (REP). This paper describes the finding from a field study at 11 solar PV-diesel hybrid systems. It highlighted some parameters that define the reliability of a solar PV system. The solar PV systems installed at schools in rural Sabah were found to be reliable. They reduced dependency on the diesel fuel consumption and fully utilized clean energy from the sun. It is essential to have reliable solar PV system that can provide sufficient energy for the load demand.

Electricity access is a key driver for developing a modern society. The use of locally generated renewable energy can overcome limitations of expensive grid infrastructure. However, there are still barriers to access particularly for the rural poor in the global south. When individuals or communities invest in electricity provision it is important to know how well the system is performing. Commercial monitoring systems have been developed for large scale renewable energy systems. The cost of these can outweigh the cost of a small decentralised renewable energy system. This paper describes the development of a low cost data logger that is going to be used to monitor the system performance of small photovoltaic nano-grids in Kenya and Bangladesh. The device performs within the expected range for the current, voltage, temperature and irradiance sensors. Data from the data logger device is sent via GPRS to a website where it can be accessed as real time graphical displays and data files.

This paper focuses on barriers and opportunities for the adoption of modern renewable energy technologies by low-income households in the light of energy requirements for household well-being; household prioritization of energy services; household purchasing power for energy; and households’ experiences with traditional and conventional energy sources. Approaches for addressing the identified barriers to the adoption of renewable energy solutions by low-income households are discussed as well. Our findings show that low-income households will continue to use traditional and conventional energy sources and technologies unless modern energy solutions come with integrated financing mechanisms that enable households to pay for good-quality systems capable of meeting their energy needs. The work is based on empirical evidence from Likoma Island in Malawi.

The economy of Bangladesh is growing upwards. The per capita net income increased from US$533 in 2008 to US$1044 in 2013. The economic indicator indicates that the energy consumption increased sharply in recent years. Although the per capita energy and electricity consumption are 208.8 kilogram oil equivalent and 278.9 kilowatt hour, respectively. The power generation is mainly dependent on natural gas. The gas production already has reached at sealing point. Petroleum import got priority as immediate alternative source of energy to boot up the power generation. Because of this, the country faces big challenges for meeting energy demand by imported petroleum to increasing growth of industries. Biofuel could be one of the alternatives for future energy source as well as it is environment friendly as it reduces greenhouse gases. Karoch tree (Pongamia Pinnata) is one of the native sources of biofuel which grows abundantly anywhere in Bangladesh and in this sub-continent. This tree is strong timberous, has long life and its seed has 25 –35% non-edible oil which could be used as biodiesel and seed cake could be used as fertiliser or solid fuel. This study focuses the potential production area of Karoch tree, production of biodiesel from karoch, CO 2 reduction and Life cycle assessment of Karoch tree in Bangladesh.

Municipal solid waste (MSW) is a global problem. Four processes for treatment include landfilling, incineration, recycling and composting the organic fraction. Landfilling can cause the release of the potent greenhouse gas methane into the atmosphere. In many parts of the world, including the European Union, legislation to limit the amount of generated Organic Fraction Municipal Solid Wastes (OFMSW) going to landfill has been introduced. An alternative to landfilling is to anaerobically digest the OFMSW. This paper investigates the concept of a Hybrid Biomass System (HBS) consisting of solar thermal Flat Plat Collector (FPC) providing heat energy to the thermophilic (55°C) anaerobic digestion process, and the potential energy yield of hotel OFMSW in Kolkata. The methodology comprises development and assessment of a theoretical model representing the anaerobic digestion process for optimum biogas yield and TRNSYS simulation of a 5m2 and 10m2 FPC. Theoretical biogas production rates derived are 0.44m3/kgVS or 0.21m3 biogas/guest/day with a C/N ratio of 35:1. 5m2 and 10m2 FPC simulations maintained the thermophilic temperature of 55°C within -1.9 and +2.1. 10m2 FPC provides largest energy contribution at 11% of the annual energy requirement. In is concluded that FPCs can support thermophilic digester heating requirements with heat store or direct integration. In order to meet optimum biogas yield, legislation and policy is required to evolve the current waste management processes with emphasis on infrastructure development and source segregation.

In this paper we discuss operational experiences of two large industrial anaerobic digestion facilities processing brewery waste and maize. The raw effluent from the brewery waste has COD ranging from 5500 mg/l to 41400 mg/l, with variable flow rate and suspended solids up to 4800 mg/l. The Anaerobic Digestion (AD) treatment uses 900m3 EGSB reactor. The two-year monitoring of data includes Ripley's Ratio, Volatile Fatty Acids, and pH. These parameters indicate lower performance and certain instability before the planned maintenance works, followed by the much improved performance afterwards. The average biogas production is 3540 Nm3/day but the variance of the biogas flow remains an issue. The combined Heat and Power (CHP) production from energy crops uses ensilaged, purposely grown maize with 28-34% dry matter and chop length of 6-9 mm. The available three-year data for this AD facilities indicate great process stability. It uses 150 t/day of maize, and result in energy production of 21 GW/year which is 7000 homes equivalent. This energy is evenly split between the sewage treatment works and injection to the public electricity grid. Depending on the dry solids content, the digestate is either stored and spread on the land, or sold to farmers.

The increasing deployment of photovoltaic (PV) systems requires large numbers of skilled engineers with a greater understanding of all aspects of PV technology both theoretical and practical. Developing experimental rigs at universities is expensive and limited to students physically attending the university. One recent approach to increase access to laboratories is the development of remote experiments. Here students can control real experimental equipment using a visual interface via the Internet. In this paper we explore the development of a photovoltaic laboratory to enable users to access and remotely control experimental equipment based at Loughborough University, UK, from anywhere in the world.

Distance education is not new. Correspondence courses date back over 150 years. Advances in information and communication technologies, particularly the Internet, open up a host of possibilities to study at a distance, making use of the latest advances in e-learning tools. However, it must be stressed that e-learning has to focus on the learning pedagogy and not just the technology. This chapter examines the role of learning in e-learning by reviewing state-of-the-art developments and innovations to support distance learning students and academics. It identifies strategies for successful learning through the evaluation of student experiences and considers methods and practices that can be employed for delivering a successful learning programme.

Control theory has seldom been used as an analytical tool in pedagogical research for modeling, analyzing or designing effective educational processes, despite its proven benefits in other social sciences, especially economics and finance. In this paper, we use the elements of open-loop and closed-loop feedback systems for evaluating two modes of teaching and lecturing. The first is the open-loop lecturing mode, which still dominates in many European universities, whereas the second is the so-called closed-loop lecturing with feedback and reflection. We provide mathematical models for both modes and apply control engineering techniques and tools to analyze the properties of the two lecturing modes. It is shown that the learning and information retention dynamics differs considerably between the two modes. Furthermore, we show how the closed-loop lecturing mode supersedes the open-loop lecturing mode. The simulation results demonstrate that with lecturing improved higher educational performance requires continuous feedback and reflection.