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Entrepreneurship is a potent force in addressing unemployment and fostering economic growth. However, there remains a research gap in understanding the specific impact of entrepreneurship on unemployment among Soran University Graduate Students within 2010-2023. Hence, the study aims to provide information to address policies and interventions aimed at promoting entrepreneurship and mitigating unemployment challenges among Graduate Students in the specified period. During the research, a descriptive-analytical approach and a quantitative method with 134 participants. As such, the study established a noteworthy and positive correlation between entrepreneurship and the reduction of unemployment. The analysis reveals key insights into the pivotal role of entrepreneurship education, access to funding, and resource facilitation in effectively addressing unemployment challenges among Soran University Graduate Students. The results highlight the significance of empowering graduates to shape their success, contributing not only to personal growth but also to regional economic development. Such findings of the study also emphasize implementing proactive strategies to promote entrepreneurship. All mentioned is supported by a qualitative literature review of previous publications. As a practical value, the study suggests that by fostering an entrepreneurial mindset and providing necessary support, institutions can play a pivotal role in mitigating unemployment and offering a solution to persistent issues

In the multifaceted landscape of entrepreneurship, this research delves into the intricate relationship between entrepreneurial orientation and entrepreneurial intention, focusing specifically on the final-year female undergraduates in Nigerian federal universities. Grounded in the Human Capital Theory (HCT), this study uncovers profound insights into the multifaceted relationships between various entrepreneurial traits and their influence on entrepreneurial intentions. The findings reveal a nuanced relationship between traits such as autonomy, competitive aggressiveness, risk-taking, self-esteem, and the sense of inclusion with entrepreneurial intentions. Autonomy and competitive aggressiveness emerge as significant influencers, while risk-taking displays a non-significant association. Self-esteem holds profound implications, while the sense of inclusion exerts a more subdued impact on entrepreneurial intentions. Theoretical implications challenge and expand existing frameworks, notably HCT. While HCT posits that investments in education and training foster entrepreneurial traits, this study suggests a more intricate relationship. The non-significant association of certain traits, despite their emphasis in HCT, underscores the need for a nuanced understanding, possibly integrating other theoretical frameworks. From a practical standpoint, these findings guide policymakers and educators in designing targeted interventions. Specialized training programs, workshops, and courses emphasizing autonomy, competitive aggressiveness, and self-esteem can be developed. Integrating competitive elements, like business plan competitions, can nurture students' competitive drive. Policy recommendations include tailored entrepreneurial education, fostering inclusive environments, promoting a risk-taking culture, supporting longitudinal studies, and enhancing collaboration between educational institutions and industry.

Research Question: Why the banking sector in some countries experienced more severe panic than the banking sector in other countries? And why some countries recovered faster than others? Motivation: In a response to the global financial crisis, research on the motivation risk-taking or risk-aversion has been increasingly grown to investigate whether culture differences among countries affect the behaviors of individuals inside societies to be risk-taking or risk-aversion? Idea: Test the effect of the four cultural dimensions of Hofstede (2001) i.e. (individualism, uncertainty avoidance, power distance and masculinity) on risk-taking in the banking sector. Data: Our sample consists of 2620 bank-year observations of 262 banks from four countries covering the period from (2011 to 2020) collected from Refinitiv Eikon database. Tools: The statistical techniques used are descriptive analysis, correlation and OLS regression. Findings: We found the effect of national culture on risk-taking is significant for all dimensions. Individualism and masculinity are negatively related to risk-taking and uncertainty avoidance is positively related to risk-taking. For power distance dimension, we found power distance of Hofstede (2001) is significantly and negatively related to risk-taking, while power distance of House et al. (2004) is significantly and positively related to risk-taking. We confirmed our findings with robustness test. Contribution: Our results confirmed the “cushion hypothesis” formulated by Hsee & Weber (1999). We provide evidence on the significant effect of masculinity, long-term orientation and indulgence on bank risk-taking where most previous studies either excluded or found them insignificant. The impact of all cultural dimensions has been confirmed using a small sample of countries.

AbstractGender diversity in the board has recently become the most intensely deliberated and scrutinized corporate governance aspect, especially its linkage with various corporate economic outcomes following numerous corporate scandals as a results of weak governance mechanisms. This empirical work examined association between board gender diversity (BGD), efficiency and risk-taking behavior (RTB) of insurers in Kenya over 8 year’s period from 2013 to 2020 using a dynamic data analysis model on a Kenyan sample of 53 insurers. The findings confirm a significant inverse association between BGD and RTB. The study also reports an insignificant negative association with risk taking, despite showing that generally insurers are technically inefficient. The study, therefore, suggests that boards with relatively higher proportions of women have lower propensity for risk taking. The outcomes have implications for the shareholders on the potential benefits of women on board in reducing propensity for risk taking among insurers. With regard to regulatory and policy implications, the findings support the argument for policy formulation and regulations on gender quotas in both public and private insurance firms. This is particularly valuable in emerging countries where corporate governance is at nascent stage. The study recommends that future studies could extend the scope to determine the optimal gender mix as well as broaden the studies to cover gender inclusivity among the top executives and embrace additional BGD variables.

AbstractTo forestall future financial crises, risk governance has been embraced as a line of defense. Therefore, this paper seeks to synthesize the risk governance literature, identifying gaps, and suggesting direction for future research, through a systematic literature review (SLR). Analyzing 151 papers from the Scopus and Web of Science databases, this paper finds a steady increase in academic work on risk governance. Using the theory, context, characteristics, and methodology (TCCM) framework, the study emphasizes the importance of chief risk officers, geographical context coverage, and effectiveness and regulation of risk governance. Methodologically, endogeneity issues are a major concern for researchers, agency theory (AT) being the most popular theory used. Finally, moderating and mediating variables that affect risk governance are identified as important but under-explored. While providing practitioners and policymakers with a framework, empirical testing is encouraged. The study contributes to SDG Goal 8, Target 10 of strengthening financial institutions and promoting a resilient financial system.

Abstract Today, financial intelligence is recognized as a powerful tool for achieving strategic goals and managing governments and companies globally. Financial intelligence can be one of the critical characteristics of an individual and by its correct use an individual can bring significant benefits to himself and the organization. The purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of financial intelligence value on the risk-taking of Zahedan National Bank employees with the mediating role of social capital. This research is descriptive, analytical, and correlative. The statistical population of this research includes all the employees of the National Bank in the branches of Zahedan, numbering 430 people, and the statistical sample consists of 202 employees who were selected by stratified random sampling. The data collection tools in this research were standard questionnaires whose validity and reliability have been confirmed. Smart PLS software was used to analyze the data and perform structural equations. Analyzing the model and carrying out structural equations showed that financial intelligence along with the mediating role of social capital cannot influence employees' risk-taking. Also, the results showed that financial intelligence has a separate effect on the two variables of risk-taking and social capital. Extended Abstract Introduction The financial performance of a company is the most obvious aspect of its performance, and it seems that this importance cannot be achieved unless by having employees with high knowledge in the field of finance. Of course, the financial intelligence of people will be effective in the financial performance of the company; because according to research, people's financial intelligence plays an important role in their financial decisions. Such decisions will not be unaffected by people's risk tolerance. Today, according to the sensitive conditions they experience, organizations need employees with high risk and risk management, and if there are such people in the organization, the organizations can definitely reach their financial goals (Hirani & Safaei, 2018). Financial intelligence can determine the amount of risk in an economic decision. Therefore, financial intelligence can be a good determinant of people's risk power (Parhizi, 2012). Financial intelligence consists of talent and knowledge of basic financial concepts that enables a person to make reasonable financial decisions and take responsibility for financial choices that affect people's financial well-being and personal life (Khani & Hosseinzadeh Yaghbasti, 2022, 57). Other factors that can guarantee the financial life of an organization and financial institution are social support and social capital. Social support and social capital play a key role in the self-confidence of the employees of an organization and can make people's potential talents flourish, and when the talent of the employees of an organization flourishes, it means reaching the goals of that organization. Asian Development Bank (2000) considers social capital to be a combination of trust, mutual behavior, norms, and networks of social engagements that make it easier to coordinate work to achieve goals (Naderi & Divband, 2010, 2). Surveys show that in the past, National Bank branches have been leaders in providing new banking services, and this has made the services provided by this bank very important. But if we pay attention to the general statistics and the history of this bank's capital, we will come to the conclusion that the capital in National Bank has decreased significantly in recent years. It can be said that the quality of service and customer relationship management in this bank can have important effects on the bank's financial performance. But the underlying processes of customer relationship investment and performance have not been clearly determined in most empirical studies. In fact, if the social capital in the bank and its related factors are well identified, it is possible to be sure about the customers and their investment. Therefore, the main question of this research is whether the financial intelligence of the employees' risk-taking is effective in the mediating role of social capital in the employees of Zahedan National Bank. Theoretical Framework One thing that can guarantee the survival of a bank is paying attention to capital; both material capital and social capital. Paying attention to capital and the factors affecting them is one way to advance the goals of banks. This important thing happens if these funds are taken into consideration thoroughly. According to the topic of this research, we will continue to define intelligence in order to provide a background for defining financial intelligence, and after that, some information will be presented about the concepts of risk-taking and social capital. In practical definitions, intelligence is a phenomenon measured through intelligence tests, and perhaps this is the most practical definition for intelligence (Naderi & Divband, 2010). In advanced psychology, human intelligence is divided into several different parts; one of the most important of which is financial intelligence; very useful all over the world (Vakili, 2012). It is given in the context of the definition of financial intelligence: Financial intelligence, which is also called economic intelligence, is a set of decisions and actions that take place in the direction of financial management (Anderson & Fornell, 2010). Financial intelligence means that people can get money in the shortest time or solve their financial problems using this skill. In simpler terms, we can say that monetary intelligence is the ability to solve financial problems. That is: "solving the most complex financial issues" (Tediga & Asongo, 2015). Risk is considered as an integral part of all business activities, and its effective management helps organizations in preventing financial problems and capital budgeting and also improves the decision-making process (Sadati Tileboni & Zabihi & Khalili, 2022. 176). Risk-taking plays a very important role in maintaining the competitive advantage of companies and can lead them to higher economic growth. In the competitive environment, companies follow different strategies to increase their share in the market (Sadati Tileboni & Zabihi & Khalili, 2022, 178). Today, in addition to human and economic capital, another capital called social capital is also considered. Social capital, or the spiritual dimension of a community, is a historical legacy that, through encouraging people to "cooperate" and "participate" in social interactions, is able to overcome more of the problems in that community and move towards growth and enable rapid economic, political, cultural, etc. development (Hassas Yeganeh & Afkhami, 2018). Methodology The current research is descriptive, analytical, and correlative. The statistical population of this research includes all the employees and managers of the national bank branches in Zahedan, whose number is 430. The statistical sample of this research is based on Morgan's table of 202 people who were selected by simple random sampling. In order to collect data, the financial intelligence questionnaires of Popovich et al. (2012), the social capital of Onyx and Bolen (2000), and the risk tolerance of Powell (2000) were used. In this research, path analysis, and Smart PLS software were used to analyze the data. Discussion and Results Before testing the assumptions and estimating the research model, the fit and goodness of the model should be evaluated. Several indices are used to evaluate the suitability of the structural equation model. One of them is the chi-square index (X2), which is considered an absolute index of the model's suitability, and the higher it is; the lower is the suitability of the model. One of the desired indices in the structural equation model is the goodness of fit index (GFI), whose values vary between zero and one, and the closer to one, the better the fit. Also, the adjusted goodness-of-fit index (AGFI) is an overall goodness-of-fit measure and accounts for the number of degrees of freedom. When this index is equal to 0.85 or more, the fit of the model is acceptable, and values close to 0.95 indicate a good fit. The results of this research show that the chi-square value is 0.72 and the goodness of fit index is 0.85 and the comparative fit index is 0.93. These numbers show that the model has a good fit and is acceptable. In the following, the research hypotheses are evaluated using the path coefficients and their significance level as well as the results obtained for the mediating variables. According to the obtained analysis, the effect of financial intelligence on consensus capital can be confirmed at the 99% level and the changes related to social capital can be explained by financial intelligence. But financial intelligence cannot explain changes in risk appetite. In order to investigate the effect of financial intelligence on risk-taking with the mediating role of social capital, the results show that since the t-value is equal to 0.287 (less than 1.64), financial intelligence with the mediating role of social capital on risk Adaptability is not affected. Conclusion It seems that banks in Iran have paid less attention to the personality dimensions of their employees due to external goals, customer orientation, and stability in financial matters; and financial intelligence is no exception to this rule, and when the financial intelligence of employees is not taken into account, factors affecting financial intelligence are not considered. As a result, considering the competitive advantage of banks, managers of these financial institutions should consider all aspects of financial stability and achieving their organizational goals. The main hypothesis of this research was that financial intelligence with the mediating role of social capital has an effect on the risk-taking of Zahedan National Bank employees. According to the results of this research, financial intelligence cannot influence employees' risk-taking with the mediating role of social capital. No matter how high the financial intelligence of employees is, the intervention role of social capital cannot explain the risk-taking of employees. Financial intelligence can be one of the fixed characteristics of bank employees. The reason for the lack of significance of the main hypothesis of this research can be traced in two dimensions. The first one is the organizational structure of the bank, and the other is the individual and personality differences among the bank employees. The organizational structure of banks is such that individuality does not have a high place, yet most of the teamwork is in a high place. Since financial intelligence is an individual characteristic, it cannot be greatly influenced by the organizational process of banks. Also, individual differences are an influential factor in all theories related to intelligence, and this rule also exists in the discussion of financial intelligence, and individuality is an influential factor in financial intelligence. But for the growth of any kind of intelligence, the existence of a suitable background can play a key role in its cultivation. Therefore, managers and planners of banks should put their training and study programs towards identifying the level of intelligence of their employees and ways to improve it in employees.

According to several previous studies, entrepreneurial risk-taking is an important aspect that can lead to prospective business opportunities, hence improving entrepreneurial outcomes such as enterprise performance. The main purpose of this paper is to examine the extent and degree of impact of entrepreneurial risk-taking (ERT) as one of the dimensions of entrepreneurial mindset on the performance of micro enterprises in Skikda, Algeria. Based on a self-administered survey questionnaire, data were collected from a random sample of 142 micro-enterprises in Skikda. The study adopted descriptive, correlation, and regression analyses to estimate the impact of entrepreneurial risk-taking. collected data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS 22) programme. The findings demonstrate that entrepreneurial risk-taking significantly affects the performance of micro enterprises in Skikda. Of the total variance of the performance of micro enterprise’s, 9.2% can be explained by the variability of entrepreneurial risk-taking. A small percentage is expected and can partly be explained by the presence of other factors that affect the performance of these enterprises as well as the negative effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the process of economic activity and available business opportunities worldwide, especially these very small enterprises. However, the presence of this positive impact calls for a focus on raising the risk-taking spirit of existing and potential Algerian entrepreneurs, by holding conferences, forums and entrepreneurial programmes that enhance and support this characteristic of the entrepreneurial mindset.

Background: Existing research recognises that entrepreneurship orientation (EO) is essential for success. However, the mediating role of EO in driving entrepreneurial intention (EI) amongst young adults, especially in the context of the digital revolution, remains largely underexplored. Aim: Accordingly, this study aimed to investigate the mediated effect of risk taking, innovativeness, and proactiveness on EI in an emerging economy. Setting: The sample for this study was drawn from the young adult population in South Africa who understands the concept of entrepreneurship. Method: In the study, a quantitative method to collect the data is used, while structural equation modelling is used to test the extended theory of planned behaviour (TPB). Results: Findings indicate that risk taking mediates the effects of attitude, entrepreneurial capability, and the perceived benefits of digital technology on EI. The results did not support the mediating function of proactiveness and innovativeness. In fact, this result challenges the TPB’s simplistic structure and reveals the prominent role of risk taking in determining TPB predictors. Conclusion: Given the significance of risk taking, governments and entrepreneurship centres are urged to promote risk taking in all their entrepreneurship development programmes. Contribution: Considering the significance of the global digital transformation, this study extends the TPB by incorporating the perceived benefits of digital technology among the predictors of entrepreneurial intent. It also emphasises the role of risk taking in mediating the effects of these predictors on the entrepreneurial intention of young adults in South Africa.

AbstractPrevious studies use mainly insolvency, credit, liquidity, market, and operational risk to measure risk-taking in Islamic banks. We are expanding the risk indicators: credit risk, market risk, liquidity risk, operational risk, legal risk, reputation risk, strategic risk, shariah compliance risk, rate of return risk, equity investment risk, and insolvency risk. We summarize these risks in a risk index. Additionally, we expanded the Shariah Supervisory Board (SSB) attribute indicator and developed the SSB busyness attribute unused by previous researchers. The study sample included 14 Islamic commercial banks in Indonesia, observed from 2010 to 2020. Fixed effect and random effect data analysis models were used. Model determination is based on Hausman test results. Based on the test results for each type of risk, we find that busyness, educational background (economics/finance and Islamic law), and SSB experience has a negative effect on the risk. However, SSB’s level of education encourages directors to take risks. This result is also consistent when using a risk index where SSB education can increase the risk. Our findings strengthen the resources-dependent theory that experience, busyness, and educational background as access to resources have an impact on increasing the knowledge and skills of SSB in controlling risk. The findings are robust to the potential issues of endogeneity and sensitivity analyses.

Abstract In the present era, women are recognized as successful entrepreneurs through their strong desire, qualities, and capabilities for robust economic development. Due to such an important contribution of women in economic development, we propose to investigate the factors which affect women entrepreneur’s success in Pakistan. Data were collected through structured questionnaires from 181 registered SMEs operating in Pakistan. A conceptual model is developed, while SPSS and AMOS software’s are used for analysis. The results indicate that the internal factors including the need for achievements, risk-taking, and self-confidence and external factors including economic factors and socio-cultural factors have a positive and significant influence on the success of women-owned enterprises. This research recommends Small and Medium Enterprises Development Authority (SMEDA), policymakers, and practitioners to encourage women entrepreneurs to run their businesses for the long term by providing a variety of incentives and supports related to those internal and external factors. Numerous studies have been conducted to test the different factors’ effects on women’s entrepreneurial success, but our study investigated some psychological, cultural, and religious factors that are still almost untouched especially in Pakistan. The current study also contributes to the existing literature through empirical shreds of evidence.

ABSTRACT: Small and medium enterprises are paying the lion’s share in the innovation-based economy of today’s competitive business environment. To this effect, this study observed the effects of corporate entrepreneurship (CE) dimensions on the performance of SMEs in the town of Holeta, Ethiopia. We used both descriptive and survey research designs to meet the specified target of the study. The researchers employed both primary and secondary data sources; the former were collected from 173 participants using both primary and secondary data. The result of this study indicates that all of the explanatory variables used were statistically significant and had a positive relationship with the performance of SMEs. Thus, we recommend that owners of small and medium enterprises pay special attention to practicing CE to increase their business performance, sustainability, and competitiveness. Entrepreneurs should also come up with new and attractive product and service features to take high market shares. Furthermore, forecasting potential challenges for firms and devising possible ways of solving the situation in advance can safeguard businesses from failure.

Purpose: This study aims to compare the governance, risk-taking, and efficiency of pure Islamic Banks between Pakistan and Malaysia. Design: Total 9 years of data from 2009 to 2017 used for analysis. Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) has been used for the measurement of Islamic bank's efficiency. Efficiency has been measured by (Technical Efficiency, Pure Technical Efficiency, and Scale Efficiency). Z-score has been used to measure risk-taking. Results: This comparative study shows that Shariah Supervisory Board has a significant impact only on Malaysian Islamic Banks with technical, pure technical, and scale efficiency. At the same time, board independence has a meaningful relationship with the efficiency of IBs of both countries. Board meetings significantly impact Pakistani Banks' pure technical efficiency while it substantially affects Malaysian banks' technical efficiency. Results also show that risk-taking has a significant negative impact on the efficiency of both countries. Implications: Pakistani Islamic banks should focus more on Shariah Supervisory Boards to develop the Islamic Banking system in Pakistan because it significantly impacts the Efficiency of Malaysian IBs.

Introduction: This study aims to examine the effect of corporate entrepreneurial intentions consisting of innovation, risk taking, and proactiveness on entrepreneurial intentions and organizational performance, with self-efficacy as a variable that moderates the influence between corporate entrepreneurial intentions and entrepreneurial intentions in Citraland Surabaya. Methods: This study uses quantitative methods and the samples used are employees from various departments at Citraland Surabaya. The instrument used in this study was a questionnaire, then tested the relationship between variables with partial least squares, using the SmartPLS software. Results: The results of this study indicate that there is a positive and insignificant effect of innovation on entrepreneurial intentions, a negative and insignificant effect of risk taking on entrepreneurial intentions, and a non-significant positive effect on entrepreneurial intentions. This study also found that the overall variables of corporate entrepreneurial intention had a positive and insignificant effect on organizational performance. The moderator variable in the form of selfefficacy was found to be unable to moderate the effect of the company's entrepreneurial intentions on entrepreneurial intentions. Conclusion and suggestion: The company can also facilitate the entrepreneurial interest of these employees by giving them higher authority when the company establishes new branches. It is hoped that the company will realize the importance of fostering interest in the company, and how this will provide them with future retirement.

Purpose: The primary aim of this study was to investigate the entrepreneurial intentions of social grant recipients in the cities of Johannesburg and Tshwane. This study further investigated the extent to which social grants influence the entrepreneurial behaviour of social grant recipients. Design/methodology/approach: A descriptive cross-sectional survey design was adopted. Primary data were collected using a structured questionnaire randomly targeting social grant recipients at various SAPO branches and SASSA pay-points. To test the hypotheses, the data collected from 401 respondents in the cities of Johannesburg and Tshwane was analysed on the SPSS statistics software (version 25). Findings/results: It was discovered that most of the respondents intended to start a business in the absence of a social grant income. Although SASSA grant holders indicated that they intended to start businesses, 70% of the respondents had no knowledge of any public or private business support initiatives and had not been to any entrepreneurial training sessions offered by the public or private sector. The respondents within the youth age group who indicated interest to start a business also expressed their desire for immediate gratification. Given that an entrepreneurial career requires a long-term vision, persistence and perseverance, this is indicative of a lack of entrepreneurial intensity. Practical implications: In order to increase social grant recipients’ entrepreneurial intentions and possibly reduce the number of youth social grant recipients currently in the system, government stakeholders should include the existing public and private entrepreneurship support initiatives within South African Social Security Agency (SASSA) policies. Originality/value: With the application of quantitative methodologies, this research contributes to an evidence-based debate on the extent to which social grants influence the entrepreneurial behaviour of social grant recipients within the Republic of South Africa.

Purpose - This study aims to examine the effect of creativity and innovativeness, risk taking propensity, proactiveness and autonomy on entrepreneurial competency and performance among micro-enterprises in Kelantan, Malaysia. Design/methodology/approach - Adopting a cross-sectional design, the authors collected data from 403 micro-entrepreneurs who were registered under “Majlis Amanah Rakyat” and “Majlis Agama Islam dan Adat Istiadat”. Quantitative data were collected through structured interviews from September 2017 to December 2017. Findings - The findings revealed that creativity and innovativeness, proactiveness and autonomy had a positive influence on entrepreneurial competencies. In addition, autonomy and entrepreneurial competencies had a positive effect on micro-enterprise performance. Then, entrepreneurial competencies showed a mediating effect on the relationships between creativity, innovativeness, autonomy and micro-enterprise performance. Originality/value - The findings contributed to resource-based view and enriched the entrepreneurship literature, particularly in the context of small businesses in emerging economies. This study recommended underlying organizations to pay attention to the improvement of creativity and innovativeness, proactiveness, autonomy and entrepreneurial competencies among low-income entrepreneurs through useful policies and training programs, which were expected to improve micro-enterprise performance and encourage poor households to perform entrepreneurial activities for better socio-economic conditions.

Entrepreneurial orientation is an important construct that usually affects performance, profit, product growth and innovation in a company. Some successful entrepreneurs have shown this character since adolescence. Therefore, it would be better if this entrepreneurial orientation is implemented early on. Researchers are interested in looking at the relationship between entrepreneurial orientation and personality, especially personality that is nature, referring to The Theory of Humours by Hippocrates (460 BC) and Galen (2 AD). Based on the results of the One-Way ANOVA test, it was found that there were significant differences from the four temperaments in the dimensions of innovativeness, risk taking, proactiveness and autonomy (p less than 0.05). Whereas in the competitive-aggressiveness dimension it is known that there are no significant differences in the four temperaments (p less than 0.05). Overall, entrepreneurial orientation variables, obtained results that there are significant differences in entrepreneurial orientation from the four temperaments (p less than 0.05).

The research of personality characteristics of small and medium-sized enterprise (SME) entrepreneurs in relation to EO constructs is an important part of the research of the whole entrepreneurial environment of small and medium-sized enterprises. The aim of this paper is to search for a relationship between personality traits and the attitude toward innovativeness as a construct of EO of SME entrepreneurs in the Czech Republic based on their sociodemographic factors (gender, education, and age). Results from a questionnaire-based survey of the entrepreneurial environment of SME in the Czech Republic showed that the attitude toward innovativeness differed for entrepreneurs considering perseverance and responsibility to be important for entrepreneurship based on their education level. Entrepreneurs with secondary education or secondary educated with graduation were more confident about the reputation of their business as an innovator than university educated entrepreneurs.

Entrepreneurship on organic farming is often faced with high risks. This study aims to determine the courage of farmer in decision making and risk taking on organic rice farming and to know the factors that influence it. The research was conducted by survey method. Data were collected through interviews to 116 organic rice farmers in Bantul Regency, then analyzed descriptively and regression analysis. The results showed that the courage of farmers in decision making and risk taking on the organic rice farming is strong enough. Age, training, market orientation and cooperation network have a positive effect on the courage of farmer in decision making; while government support has a negative effect. Meanwhile, the courage of farmer in risk taking on organic rice farming is influenced by market orientation.

The purpose of this study is (1) to analyze the direct effects of work motivation, risk taking, entrepreneurship learning and individual commitment to work performance; (2) to analyze the indirect influence of work motivation, risk taking, entrepreneurial learning through individual commitment to the work performance. This study uses a survey with a sample of 125 respondents. The data were analyzed using Path Analysis. The results showed that (1) work motivation, risk-taking, and individual commitment at significantly influences on work performance, while the entrepreneurship learning does not significantly influences; (2) risk-taking and entrepreneurial learning indirectly influences to individual commitment and significantly influences the business performance, while work motivation to individual commitments indirectly gives no significant effect on work performance.

Orientation: The relatively high number of unemployed graduates in South Africa is a major cause for concern. Entrepreneurial start-ups have been heralded as the panacea to the unemployment challenge. Research purpose: The aim of this study was to ascertain how entrepreneurship education, at traditional South African universities, measured against existing entrepreneurship education frameworks. Motivation for the study: Despite a plethora of entrepreneurship education initiatives, the South African higher education system fails to produce sufficient entrepreneurs; hence, the need to explore how entrepreneurship education is structured. Research design, approach and method: The research design was exploratory and both quantitative and qualitative in nature. The population comprised the eleven traditional universities in South Africa and all of them were included in the study. Secondary data was obtained from the respective universities’ websites. The search sequence in the websites were as follows: Faculty of commerce/Management Sciences, Year/handbook, undergraduate/postgraduate programmes. The word ‘entrepreneurship’ was also used as a keyword to search within the university website. Main findings: The findings revealed some entrepreneurship modules, with low total credit value in relation to total programme credit value, at the undergraduate level and specialisation at the postgraduate level with some form of centre or incubator initiatives. It was also found that little attention is given to the development of entrepreneurial skills such as perseverance, resilience and self-efficacy. Practical/managerial implications: The significance of this article lies in its potential to guide the reconceptualisation of entrepreneurship education at South African universities. Contribution/value-add: This study integrates an existing framework and model to reconceptualise the undergraduate entrepreneurship programme. The reconceptualised structure entails a programme where modules from other disciplines are integrated into an entrepreneurship programme as opposed to the current structure where entrepreneurship modules are integrated into other career-focussed programmes.

Background: At the dawn of the 21st century, Zimbabwe started moving towards dangerous levels of the infamous hyperinflation trajectory that made management of businesses a nightmare. Many businesses failed. Aim: This study seeks to explore if entrepreneurship, and in particular the aspects of risk-taking and tolerance of failure, could have saved the few companies that survived the menace that ravaged the insurance industries among many other sectors of the economy. Setting: The study looks at this particular entrepreneurial behaviour of risk-taking among insurance companies in Zimbabwe during the hyperinflationary environment that ravaged and defied economic logic and fundamentals. Savings were being eroded at a pace faster than anywhere in the world ever before, taking a toll on businesses as they struggled to survive. Methods: Using a survey sample of insurance companies in Zimbabwe, a quantitative approach was adopted. Questionnaires were used to extract data from participants to establish the nature and extent of risk-taking, and in particular tolerance for failure during this period. Therefore, tolerance of failure in corporate entities is discussed in this article as a critical aspect of risk-taking that enhances entrepreneurial innovation and ultimate prospects of corporate prosperity among insurance companies. A measure is developed to gauge the extent of tolerance of failure from the perspective of employees in the insurance industry in Zimbabwe. Results: The benefit of tolerance of failure or the lack thereof was measured on the dimension of profitability and growth. Results revealed that tolerance of failure is a necessary entrepreneurial virtue that encourages knowledge acquisition by both experimental and experiential learning – a risk element that also spurs entrepreneurial innovation and ultimately encourages both profitability and growth of the business entity, if well managed. Conclusion: The study concluded that firms that tolerate failure are more likely to be entrepreneurially innovative and perform better than those that are risk-averse and do not tolerate failure.

Objective - The objective of this study is to examine the relationship between capital regulation and risk-taking by the banks of Pakistan. Design - This study was conducted on all the commercial banks of Pakistan and data were collected from the year 2005 to 2016. Findings - This study concluded the significant positive relationship between regulatory capital and risk-taking by banks in Pakistan. The findings of this study play a key role in the implementation of capital regulations in the banks of developing countries. Policy Implications - In the light of this study, the regulators must revise their implementation process of the Basel Accord capital regulations in the banks of developing countries. The prime intention of regulators are only on to maintain the minimum capital ratios but must be conscious of other important elements of capital regulation implications. Originality - This study is one of the first attempts that investigated the crucial role of regulatory capital towards risk-taking in the Pakistani context.

Global market provides opportunities for business owners to grow their business. However, to what extent farmers – as one of business owners – take benefits from the global markers remains unclear. This paper aims to investigate the impact of entrepreneurial orientation on farmers’ involvement in global supply chain, in turn on farm performance. The data were gathered from a survey of 320 samples of vegetable farmers in three regions in West Java, Indonesia. Using PLS analysis, our findings demonstrate that farmers with higher entrepreneurial orientation (reflected by dimensions of innovativeness, proactiveness, risk taking, competitive aggressiveness, and autonomy), involve more in global supply chain, and gain higher farm performance. Ultimately, the more farmers involve in global supply chain, the higher their farm performance. Our findings provide an empirical support for the impact of entrepreneurial orientation on enabling farmers’ ability to involve in broader supply chains beyond the domestic ones. As a consequence, farmers enjoy better farm performance.

The purpose of this study is to test empirically the relationship between ownership concentration and risk taking by banks which are proxied by the CAR and LDR (li-quidity ratio). The study was motivated by the limited previous studies that analyze the structure of ownership in financial institutions and the weaknesses in sampling. Our analysis focused on Indonesia because this country has implemented the Basel Accord II standards successfully. This regulatory compliance is expected can control banking risk. Using data from 2009 until 2013 and panel data. We found that the ownership concentration become important determinants of bank liquidity. These findings are expected to provide policy guidance for regulators, especially relating to the ownership structure of the bank. However, the ownership concentration proved to be involved in the management decision to risk taking in banks.

Sustainability has been interpreted in family business research as the outcome of typical organizational dynamics, such as a moderate aversion to risk and a lack of intent to innovate. Drawing on the systems theory, this study identifies the key drivers for a broader conceptualization of sustainability for family businesses, based on the interplay of three interacting systems. A multiple case study research design involving companies belonging to Les Henokiens (an association of bicentenary family businesses) has been conducted in this systemic conceptualization. Unlike the assumptions presented in other research, our proposals suggest that fluctuating levels of risk taking and propensity to innovate may be a management response that occurs when the equilibrium of these interacting systems is in danger. This study's contribution is that it validates the systems theory as the leading theoretical perspective in family business research, which may help overcome 'management paradoxes' resulting from the overlap of conflicting systems. © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]