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The main objective of this paper is to overcome the problems with conventionally tuned proportional-plus-integral (PI) controller by using TLBO-PI technique, which enhances the dynamic performance. The significant problem is that it is not able to provide optimal parameters, which is overcome by new teaching-learning-based optimization (TLBO) algorithm. This research work develops a new TLBO for multi-level inverter (MLI)-based multi-terminal HVDC (MLI-MT-HVDC) in grid-tied photovoltaic power plants (GTPVPPs). In this, 7-level inverter is replaced by a conventional 3-level, due to its advantage of less number of switching components, less dc source requirement, low total harmonic distortion (THD) and due to main effective reason of application in HVDC transmission. Here two terminals with individual grid integration are interconnected to a common terminal of solar distributed generation (DG). Among those terminals with grid integration, one is faulty and other is healthy terminal, in which the healthy terminal is not affected due to the fault on a faulty terminal. A teacher and students in a class are employed in step-by-step manner to generate an optimal result. The test system is also controlled with a fuzzy logic controller (FLC), adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS), but due to its simple structure and its application in industries, a PI controller with new optimization method is implemented. Additionally, it is clear that TLBO-PI can reduce the THD to the level as per IEEE 519-2014 standards, improve fault-ride-through (FRT) capability and enhance the dynamic performance better during abnormalities and dynamic load.

Increasing demand for automobiles is one of the major trends witnessed in the global market. To meet the needs of a customer and to provide customer satisfaction research is going on to modify the existing products or replacing old products with new and advanced material products. Many modifications have taken place to improve the suspension system of a vehicle. In the automobile industry, the suspension system is one of the major research areas and especially leaf springs design play a crucial role in providing suspension to the vehicle. Leaf Spring absorb shocks and bump loads and takes vertical loading to give comfortable experience to the passengers travelling in the wheeled vehicle. In this work, a new leaf spring modelled, a static and transient analysis performed. This leaf spring developed by introducing EPDM rubber in between the steel leaves, which is a synthetic rubber and exhibits hyperelastic nature. Hyperelastic materials are widely used for diverse structural applications in a variety of industries. Modelling of existing and new leaf springs did in NX 11.0; a static and transientanalysis performed using ANSYS Workbench 18.1. Acomparative study is done and presented

Purpose The choice of best machining parameters is an extremely basic factor in handling of any machined parts. The purpose of this paper is to exhibit a multi-objective optimization technique; in view of weighted aggregate sum product assessment (WASPAS) technique toward upgrade the machining parameters in modified air abrasive jet machining (MAAJM) process: injecting pressure, stand-off distance (SOD), and abrasive mesh size measure with 100 rpm rotatable worktable on Nickel 233 alloy material. Three conflicting destinations, material removal rate (MRR), surface roughness (SR) and taper angles (Ta), respectively, are considered at the same time. The proposed procedure uses WASPAS, which is the examination of parametric optimization of the abrasive jet machining (AJM) process. The results was used any scopes of reactions in MAAJM process is the ideal setting of parameters are resolved through investigations represented. There is wide utilization of Nickel 233 in aviation enterprises; machining information on producing a hole utilizing MAAJM for the first time is given in this work, which will be helpful different industries. Design/methodology/approach This paper exhibits a multi-objective optimization technique; in view of WASPAS technique toward upgrade the machining parameters in MAAJM process: injecting pressure, SOD, and abrasive mesh size measure with 100 rpm rotatable worktable on Nickel 233 alloy material. Findings As an outcome of using the tool in any ranges of responses in the AJM process, the optimal setting of parameters is determined through experiments illustrated. The machining data of generating a hole using AJM are studied for the first time in this work, which will be useful for aerospace industries, where Nickel 233 is used broadly. Originality/value A new material in unconventional machining process and also a multi-objective optimization technique are adopted.

Endophytes are non-disease causing microbes (bacteria and fungi) surviving in living tissues of plants. Their intimate association and possible coevolution with their plant partners have resulted in them contributing to an array of plant growth benefits ranging from enhanced growth and biomass accumulation, tolerance to abiotic and biotic stresses and in nutrient acquisition. The last couple of decades have witnessed a burgeoning literature on the role of endophytes (Class 3 type) in regulating plant growth and development and their adaptation to abiotic and biotic stresses. Though the underlying mechanisms of plant-endophyte interactions are far from clear, several studies have raised the hope of their potential application in agriculture, especially in mitigating abiotic and biotic stresses. The use of endophytes is envisaged as a route to reduce the production cost and burden on the environment by lessening the dependence on breeding for crop improvement and agrochemicals. Unfortunately, save a few well documented examples of their use, a little of these insights has been translated into actual agricultural applications. Here, we reflect on this paucity and elaborate on some of the important bottlenecks that might stand in way of fully realizing the potential that endophytes hold for crop improvement. We stress the need to study various facets of the endophyte-plant association for their gainful application in agriculture.

Chediak-Higashi syndrome (CHS) is an extremely rare autosomal recessive disorder characterised by recurrent pyogenic infections, partial oculocutaneous albinism, and mild bleeding. The most reliable finding that helps in diagnosis is abnormally large granules in leukocytes and other granule-containing cells. Herein we report a case of CHS in a 3-month-old girl who presented to us in the accelerated phase of the disease. The case is reported because of the extreme rarity of CHS presenting in the accelerated phase at diagnosis.

Increased use of genetic resources is necessary to sustain crop improvement. Large numbers of germplasm entries and possible existence of duplicate/redundant accessions are impediments to effective management, evaluation, and utilization. A core collection is a limited set of accessions chosen to represent the maximum genetic spectrum with minimum redundancy of the existing germplasm collection. Six hundred forty-four indigenous and exotic germplasm accessions of Dolichos bean [Lablab purpureus (L.) Sweet] and four check entries were characterized for 21 qualitative traits and evaluated for 20 quantitative traits at the University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, India, during the 2012 rainy season. A core set of size 10% (n = 64 accessions) was developed using software that applies advanced M-strategy with a heuristic search. The core set was examined for its representativeness of the base collection for both qualitative and quantitative traits using univariate and multivariate statistics. The core s...

A variety of rubber dampers are available, these having been designed over the years through approximate methods of analyses and based on the experience drawn from their operation over the years. Behavior of rubbers, polymers and elastomers is highly non-linear posing difficulties in the analyses. Although the behavior of rubber blends have been researched in the past decades, its behavior in high strain range has attracted the attention of researchers only in the recent past. In the present work, the characterization of natural rubber and high performance SB rubber under severe dynamic compression loading is carried out based on the material response curves provided by recent researchers using material models. With a view to examining the feasibility of using these rubber formulations, these material models are then applied to the case of dynamically compression-loaded dampers in the high strain rate regimes. The discrepancies in the results obtained by utilizing the different material models are discussed in detail.

A total of 28 wall panels were cast and tested under uniformly distributed axial load in one-way in-plane action to study the effect of slenderness ratio (SR) and aspect ratio (AR) on the ultimate load. Two concrete formulations, normal concrete (NC) and self compacting concrete (SCC), were used for the casting of wall panels. Out of 28 wall panels, 12 were made of NC and the remaining 16 panels were of SCC. All the 12 NC panels and 12 out of 16 SCC panels were used to study the influence of SR and the remaining 4 SCC panels were tested to study the effect of AR on the ultimate load. A brief review of studies available in literature on the strength and behaviour of reinforced concrete (RC) wall panels is presented. Load-deformation response was recorded and analyzed. The ultimate load of SCC wall panels decreases non-linearly with the increase in SR and decreases linearly with increasing values of AR. Based on this study a method is proposed to predict the ultimate load of reinforced SCC wall panels. The modified method includes the effect of SR, AR and concrete strength.

Background: About 2.1 million people are infected with HIV in India. Clinical profile of patients has evolved over a period of time in the Antiretroviral treatment (ART) era. This study was done to document the clinical presentation of patients in a tertiary care in Mysuru in Karnataka. The aim of the study was to follow the patients who were initiated on ART over a period of time and to know its effect on the clinical outcome and overall morbidity and mortality of the patients.Methods: A prospective study of HIV positive patients who were initiated on ART was done regarding clinical profile and outcome over a period of one and a half to two years depending on when they were initiated on ART.Results: Totally 183 patients were registered during the period, out of which 114 patients (62.29%) were males and the rest were females (37.70%). The commonest route of transmission was heterosexual route seen in 97.3% (178). Most (56.8%) of the patients were asymptomatic. The mean basal CD4 count was 162.70. The mean age of patients was 39.07. The mean BMI was 20.29. A 23.5% (43) had one or other side effects. Anemia (44.2%) was the most common side effects seen. There were 18 deaths (12.2%). A 39.34% (72) patients had opportunistic infections (OI), the commonest being tuberculosis 45(%).Conclusions: It was concluded that patients with low CD4 count, low BMI were more prone for Opportunistic infections and death. Early initiation of ART can prevent such incidences and improve the quality of life of HIV positive patients.

For Improved performance of an automobile engine, Cooling systems are one of the critical systems that need attention. With increased capacity to carry away large amounts of wasted heat, performance of an engine is increased. Current research on Nano-fluids suggests that they offer higher heat transfer rate compared to that of conventional coolants. Hence this project seeks to investigate the use of hybrid-nanofluids in radiators so as to increase its heat transfer performance. Carboxyl Graphene and Graphene Oxide based nanoparticles were selected due to the very high thermal conductivity of Graphene. System Analysis of the radiator was performed by considering a small part of the whole automobile radiator modelled using SEIMENS NX. CFD analysis was conducted using ANSYS FLUENT? for the nanofluid defined and the increase in effectiveness was compared to that of conventional coolants. Usage of such nanofluids for a fixed cooling requirement in the future can lead to significant downsizing of the radiator.

In modern agriculture, advance technologies are being deployed for breaking yield barriers and enhancing crop productivity. Devising varied seed enhancement technologies is an important domain assuring uniform field emergence, better crop stand and realisation of higher yield in different crops. Integration of diverse plant extracts, microbial products and biotic agents through bio-priming for managing seed crop targeting against biotic and abiotic stresses has been considered as a unique approach, as it requires lesser amounts of chemicals, enhances efficacy of the seeds, reduces the cost of management and eliminates pollution hazards while causing minimum interference with biological equilibrium. Seed bio-priming is one of the vital seed enhancement tool in management of biotic as well as abiotic stresses and guarantees uniform stand establishment under stress conditions. Therefore, research programmes encompassing identification and genetic manipulations of novel biocontrol agents (fungal and bacterial strains) along with its commercial application needs to be devised.

The present study was based on primary data collected from 100 farmers in Gulbarga district of Karnataka, India, during the agricultural year 2013-2014. Study shows that average land holding size of pigeonpea seed farmers was higher in comparison to grain farmers and district average. The study illustrates a ratio of 32 : 68 towards fixed and variable costs in pigeonpea certified seed production with a total cost of₹39436 and the gross and net returns were₹73300 and₹33864 per hectare, respectively. The total cost of cultivation, gross return, and net return in pigeonpea seed production were higher by around 23, 32, and 44 percent than grain production, respectively. Hence, production of certified seed has resulted in a win-win situation for the farmers with higher yield and increased returns. The decision of the farmer on adoption of seed production technology was positively influenced by his education, age, land holding, irrigated land, number of crops grown, and extension contacts while family size was influencing negatively. Higher yield and profitability associated with seed production can be effectively popularized among farmers, resulting in increased certified seed production.

The present study was based on primary data collected for 100 farmers from Gulbarga district of Karnataka during the agricultural year 2013-14. Tabular and discriminant function analysis was used in the present study. The analysis of data shows that the total cost of cultivation in pigeonpea seed production was around 23 per cent higher than grain production. The variable cost was comparatively higher in seed production (26936 per ha) over grain production (20698 per ha). The gross return was about 32 per cent higher in seed production than grain production and net return from seed production of pigeonpea was 44 per cent higher than grain production. The discriminant analysis indicated that gross return with 55.88 per cent followed by seed (18.52 per cent), human labour (8.35 per cent), manures and fertilizers (7.01per cent), bullock and machine labour (5.99 per cent), plant protection chemicals (4.26 per cent) contributed to discriminate between the seed and grain production of pigeonpea. The net return from pigeonpea seed production was encouraging, therefore the area under seed production may be increased for higher profitability and timely supply of quality seed to the farmers.

Long standing oral submucous fibrosis is associated with involvement of the oral submucosa and the muscles of mastication leading to difficulty in mouth opening. Various surgical modalities are mentioned for release but each has its own limitations. This article introduces a new technique of release of submucous fibrosis and reconstruction using superficial temporal fascia flap and split skin graft. The surgical technique involves a pre-auricular incision extending into the temporal region with dissection carried out in the sub follicular plane to develop the superficial temporal fascia flap to its maximum extent. The masseter muscle origin is released from the zygomatic arch and the temporalis muscle insertion is released from the coronoid process through an external approach. The entire fibrosed mucosa is released intraorally to create a mucomuscular defect thus achieving full mouth opening. The superficial temporal fascia flap is then brought in and sutured to the intraoral defect, which is then covered with a split thickness skin graft. This procedure is performed bilaterally. A total of five patients were treated with this new technique and all of them showed good mouth opening in long term follow up. There was no donor site morbidity. The incision line is well hidden in the hair bearing area. A well vascularised superficial temporal fascia flap brings in good blood supply to the area of affected muscle and mucosa to improve its function.

Reconstruction of soft-tissue defects of the lower third of the leg, the heel and the foot remains a challenge. The distally based sural neurocutaneous flap has been used effectively to resurface these defects. However, the paucity of bulk in this flap makes it inadequate for complex post-traumatic or post-ablative soft-tissue reconstruction. We dissected 20 freshly amputated lower limbs after injecting them with a mixture of lead oxide and gelatin. We found muscular branches of the accompanying artery of the sural nerve to the gastrocnemius muscle in all 20 limbs. This led us to conceptualise the distally based venoneuroadipofascial pedicled island sural myofasciocutaneous and muscle flaps. These flaps are useful for the reconstruction of complex soft-tissue defects of the lower third of the leg, the heel and the foot.

Background: Depression is one of the many complications seen among diabetics. Depression leads to lack of self-care by the diabetic and endangers the therapeutic compliance, accounting for a derangement in metabolic control which in turn causes further diabetic complications and may even result in hospitalization. This leads to an increase in depressive symptoms and thus the vicious cycle continues.Methods: It is a Descriptive, cross sectional study conducted in the Medicine outpatient department. Depression was assessed by Hamilton depression rating scale. Diabetic distress was assessed by diabetic distress scale.Results: Out of the 250 study participants, 142 (56.8%) were found to be suffering from depression and 6 (2.4%) were found to have diabetes distress. The magnitude of depression was similar in both male and female. Depression was high among illiterates, unemployed (70%), single, separated individuals and patients with complications of diabetes. There was no significant association between religion and low economic status with depression. Treatment modalities, complications of diabetes, sociodemographic factors like age, sex, occupation, education, marital status, religion and socio-economic status had no significant correlation with diabetic distress. But there was a statistically significant association between diabetic distress and co-morbid conditions. 95.8% with depression had no distress and this association was found to be statistically significant (0.038).Conclusions: The magnitude of depression and distress is much high among diabetics. Early detection, counselling and treatment are required for all diabetics, especially those who have additional risk factors for the development of depression.

In today’s VLSI Circuits design, one of the key challenges is the increase in power dissipation of the circuits, which in turn shortens the service time of battery-powered electronics, reduces the long-term reliability of circuits due to temperature-induced accelerated device and interconnects aging processes, and increases the cooling and packaging costs of these circuits. Leakage power accounts for an increasingly larger portion of total power consumption in nanometer technologies. A CNTFET is the analogue of silicon MOSFET in which CNTs replace the silicon channel. This paper proposes a new circuit level technique called Data-Retention Sleep transistor method to reduce the standby leakage current in the CNTFET SRAM Cell Design. This technique reduces leakage power by significant amount compared to sleep transistor method with minimal area and delay overhead.

As silicon semiconductor device feature size scales down to the nanometer range, planar bulk CMOS design and fabrication encounter significant challenges nowadays. Carbon Nanotube Field Effect Transistor (CNTFET) has been introduced for high stability, high performance and low power SRAM cell design as an alternative material. Technology scaling demands a decrease in both V DD and V T to sustain historical delay reduction, while restraining active power dissipation. Scaling of V T however leads to substantial increase in the sub-threshold leakage power and is expected to become a considerable constituent of the total dissipated power. It has been observed that the stacking of two off devices has smaller leakage current than one off device. This paper proposes a SRAM cell circuit based on CNTFET that uses Forced Stack Technique to reduce leakage power. The advantage of this circuit compared to sleep-transistor technique is that it can save the state. This circuit is simulated using HSPICE with Stanford CNFET model at 32nm. The simulated results shows that this proposed Forced Stack CNTFET SRAM cell reduces a leakage-power by a significant amount compared to conventional 6T CNTFET SRAM cell with minimal Area and delay trade off.

The SRAM which functions as the cache for system-on-chip is vital in the electronic industry. Carbon Nanotube FETs (CNTFETs) are considered to be the possible “ beyond CMOS” device due to its 1-D transport properties that include low carrier scattering and ballistic transport. Therefore Design of SRAM Cell based on CNTFET is important for Low-power cache memory. In cells, the bit-lines are the most power consuming components because of larger power dissipation in driving long bit-line with large capacitance. The cache write consumes considerable large power due to full voltage swing on the bit-line. This Paper proposes a novel 7T SRAM cell based on CNTFET that only depends on one of bit lines for Write operation and reduce the write-power consumption. The read cycle also improved because of careful transistor sizing. HSPICE simulations of this circuit using Stanford CNFET model shows that 37.2% write power saving, read cycle improvement of 38.6%.

Leakage power accounts for an increasingly larger portion of total power consumption in nanometer technologies. Battery powered devices remains idle for most of the time except when in use. However, since the phone remains on, it drains power from the battery. This in-turn reduces battery life. In such a situation, battery power can be saved by shutting downthe power supply to the circuit when not in operation. This paper proposes ultra-low power Carbon Nanotube Field-Effect Transistor (CNTFET) based SRAM cell to minimize static power dissipation due to leakage. A Sleep Transistor technique is applied to CNTFET based SRAM cell to reduce leakage power. This method reduces leakage power by dynamically disconnecting supply during inactive state. The 6T SRAM cell circuit using CNTFETs was simulated in HSPICE using Stanford CNFET model at 32nm technology node. The results shows that this method reduces leakage power by 31.5% compared with conventional 6T CNTFET SRAM Cell with minimal area overhead.

Satisfactory reconstruction of complex maxillo-mandibular defect in a single stage has been a surgical challenge. This is particularly because it necessitates a flap which will reconstruct both the maxilla and mandible along with any associated soft tissue defect, mucosa or skin without adding to functional and cosmetic problems for patient and technical problems for the surgeon. Here we describe an innovative design for simultaneous reconstruction of maxilla, mandible, soft tissue and mucosal lining in one stage using a single fibula osteocutaneous flap.

Summary Complex soft-tissue defects of the lower third of the leg, the heel and the ankle still present a challengefor the reconstructive surgeon. In addition to skin replacement, many of these defects require muscle bulk, which promotes the healing of open bone fractures, effectively fills osteomyelitic cavities and deep three-dimensional defects, and helps to reconstruct the Achilles tendon. In an anatomical study, we developed a new flap based on the ‘neuromuscular concept'. This flap consists of a paddle of gastrocnemius muscle and a skin paddle based distally on the sural venoneuroadipofascial pedicle supplied by the lower peroneal perforators. Three cases are presented to illustrate the versatile use of this flap.