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Objective: To find a relationship between visual acuity and contrast sensitivity testing in low vision patients of different age groups. Effect of visual acuity and contrast sensitivity on increasing age of low vision patients. Study Design: Descriptive cross-sectional study. Materials and Methods: The study included low vision patients of different age groups. Data was collected by Performa. Visual acuity was assessed by ETDRS chart and contrast sensitivity was checked by the peli-Robson chart at different distances. Data were analyzed by using SPSS 22.00. Results: The study included a total of 64 patients with low vision of different age groups. Out of 64 patients, 31(48.44%) were males and 33(51.56%) were females. Patients with age group 1-15(15.63%). Patients with age group16-30(50%) and patients with age group above 30(34.36%). Relation between CS and VA of RE with age groups. In the age group 1-15, 2 patients have VA 0.9 and CS 0.10, in age group 16-30, 4 patients have VA 0.9 and CS 0.30 and in the age group of above 30 years 2 patients have VA 1 and CS 0.30. The relation between CS and VA of LE in different age groups of low vision patients in age group 1-15, 2 patients have VA 0.7 and CS 1.35 similarly in age group 16-30, 4 patients have VA 0.9 and CS 0.30 and in the age group above 30 years 2 patients have VA 1.3 and CS 0.75. Conclusion: It is concluded that the statistical value is significant P_ 0.00 which shows a significant result. And it shows that there is a strong relationship between visual acuity and contrast sensitivity as age increases visual acuity and contrast decreases so age has to affect visual functions.

Purpose: To check the reliability of the duo-chrome test in different age groups after best correction. Study Design: Descriptive, Cross Sectional Study. Place and Duration of Study: College of Ophthalmology and Allied Vision Sciences. King Edward Medical University, Lahore from September 2019 – December 2019. Methods: Forty two cooperative patients of both genders more than 15 years of age were included but patients with poor fixation, any opacity or any other ocular pathology were excluded. Equipment used was Trial box Trial frame Auto-refractor and Snellen Chart. Group 1 composed of 17 patients (15 – 35 years of age). Group 2 (36 – 60 years) had 15 patients and group 3 (age 61-80 years) comprised of 10 patients. Data was collected on self-designed Performa. Duo Chrome was dependent variable and gender was independent variable. Data was analyzed by using statistical package for social science (SPSS22.00) and chi square test was applied. Results: Out 42, 21 patients reported red, 12 reported green and 9 patients reported equally clear in the right eye. P value=0.156 showed that duo chrome test was equally reliable in every age group in the right eye. Similar results with p = 0.755 showed that duo chrome test was equally reliable in every age group in the left eye. Test when performed bilaterally, showed similar results. Out of 42 patients, 32 were satisfied and 10 were not satisfied with the test. Conclusion: Red Green duo-chrome test is equally reliable in all age groups to confirm refraction. Key Words: Duo chrome test, Refraction, Myopia, Hypermetropia.

Background: Medicinal plants are used in anticancer therapies from ages. The very first time we have not only screened anticancer medicinal plants from Pakistan but also identified anticancer plant terpenes. This study will definitely pave the way towards anticancer drug development after animal trials. Materials and Methods | This study was based on ethanolic extraction of fruits/seed of 25 plants. The cytotoxic potential of extracts and plant terpenes was evaluated against mouse fibroblasts (NIH 3T3) cell line by using MTT (3- [4, 5-dimethylthiazole-2-yl]-2, 5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide) assay and compared with cyclohexamide. Results | Ethanolic extracts were nontoxic against NIH3T3 cell line. On the basis of the % inhibition plants were graded as B.lycium, 48% > T.bellerica, 47% > C.verum, 45% > Z.tenuior, 39% > H. adenophyllum, 38% > C. carandas, 31% > C.behen, 29% > P. juliflora, 28% & P.granatum, 28% W.somnifera, 27% > E.cheiri, 26% > S. potatorum, 24% & M.incana, 24% > D. peregrina, 21% & B.lanzan, 21% > L. maldivica, 20% > F. lyrata, 18% > F.arabica, 16% & R. indica, 16% > C.absus, 13% & C.paniculatus, 13%. > C. diurnum, 12% > J.mimosifolia, 11% > D.malabarica, 8% > C. speciosa, 3% as compared to the reference drug Cyclohexamide, 70%. Whereas the maximum % inhibition was exhibited by n-Hexadecanoic acid (88%), followed by Hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester (16%) and Methyl decanoate displayed 11%. C50 of n-Hexadecanoic acid and Cyclohexamide was 3.1±0.2 and 0.8±0.2 respectively. Conclusion| Plant extracts and terpenes was found to be inactive against 3T3 cell line.

State-of-the-art techniques for enhancing system-levelreliability for SoCs include both design-time and run-time strategies, such as task mapping and reliable communication network design. In contrast to task mapping where the network topology is predefined, fault-tolerance in the communication network design involves the reliability evaluation of the network topology. In this paper, we apply the idea of k-node fault tolerant graph to address the challenge of reliable network design. To determine k-node fault tolerant graph for an arbitrary subject graph is non-trivial. We propose a heuristic based on divide-and-conquer approach and validate the quality of the results with an exhaustive search for small graphs. The effectiveness of proposed methodology is demonstrated with real multiprocessor computational task using a commercial system-level design environment.