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OBJECTIVE: Although His bundle pacing (HBP) has shown an improved therapeutic effect than conventional pacing in terms of reducing cardiovascular mortality, the basic characteristics of HBP has not been defined systematically. Therefore, a systematical review and meta-analysis on the HBP characteristics can be timely and favorable. In this study, we aimed to clarify the electrocardiogram and echocardiographic characteristics of the pre- and post-operation of HBP. METHODS: Patients with HBP were exclusively included in this study. By evaluating their electrocardiogram characteristics, echocardiographic parameters, and cardiac function, the therapeutic effect of HBP was assessed. RESULTS: A total of 23 studies were included in the analysis. The overall implant success rate for HBP was 83.64%. After HBP treatment, the paced QRS duration dropped from 147.73±19.46 ms to 116.84±17.32 ms (p

As the technology for manufacturing radial diffraction gratings improves, there will be increasing interest in using high-groove-density radial gratings as scales for precision interferometer-type rotary encoders. If efficiency in optical designs is to be optimized, the focusing properties of these gratings must be understood. We use analytical geometry to investigate the focusing properties of a radial diffraction grating illuminated by laser light diverging from a pointlike source. We compare the results with experiments that we performed with a state-of-the-art custom radial grating, and we obtain excellent agreement with our calculations, which improve on earlier analytical work.