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La violencia contra las mujeres es una situación que en los últimos años se ha venido visualizando, las estadísticas en el Ecuador muestran que 1 de cada 3 mujeres sufren algún tipo de violencia, estos hechos repetitivos indican que existe un problema estructural, por lo tanto, son acciones que se manifiestan en la cotidianidad, que en algunos casos son situaciones que se viven como algo natural. La naturalización de la violencia contra la mujer tiene su génesis en los procesos históricos como resultado de las interacciones sociales y por la ausencia de un marco constitucional incluyente, es decir, que incluya a la mujer en la vida pública, la ilusión según políticas públicas que tratan de enmendar este error por medio de la participación de las instituciones de la sociedad civil particularmente las instituciones de educación superior En este sentido, la investigación tiene el objetivo de identificar las diferentes formas en la que se ha naturalizado la violencia contra la mujer en las instituciones de educación superior, con este fin se elaboró en el diseño metodológico orientado desde el enfoque mixto; cuali-cuantitativo, con un fuerte componente descriptivo la población objeto de estudio fueron los estudiantes universitarios, para evitar algún sesgo se trianguló la información con los datos de una encuesta aplicada por la SENESCY, cuyos resultados se presentan a continuación. Palabras claves: mujer, violencia, género, educación.

The phenomenon of homelessness is affecting an ever larger number of municipalities in the Czech Republic, and it seems to be a structural problem that can hardly be solved by directive approaches and proclamatory and spectacular gestures during political campaigns. The text above informs about a publication that will be published at the beginning of 2021. This monograph combines two formats of approach to the research. Applied research predominates over basic research. Their common subject of interest is the issue of homelessness, which is associated with a specific place, namely the city of Pilsen.

The plunging nasal tip is a challenging condition because, although it is predominantly a dynamic deformity which occurs during smiling, it also indicates a structural problem. When a person smiles, the paired depressor septi nasi muscles pull the tip caudally at the same time as the levator labii superioris alaeque nasi muscles pull the alar base and lateral lip cephalically. This movement causes straightening of the alar rim. Even though surgical rhinoplasty is the gold standard to restore nasal appearance, the procedure may fail to treat the dynamic cause of the drooping tip. This article outlines the anatomical concepts that lead to a drooping tip and presents a technique that can treat both the dynamic and structural causes of the drooping tip using hyaluronic acid filler. Cases are also presented that illustrate these concepts. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE IV: This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

(1) Background: spinal tumors not only causes structural problem but also it affects body functionality, too. Surgery has a key role in management of patients with spinal tumor. The aim of this study is that to observe their clinical profile, functional outcomes and prognostic factors. (2) Methods: 20 retrospectively consecutive patients with spinal tumors operated over a period of 2 years were analyzed. (3) Results: nine (45%) were intradural and 11(55%) were extradural. Mean age at surgery was 45.05 years (range 20–80 years). The common clinical features were pain, limb weakness and autonomic involvement. Schwannoma was common in intradural extramedullary group whereas astrocytoma and ependymoma was common in intramedullary group. In this case, 16 (80%) patients had improvement following surgery and 4 (20%) remained the same, none had deterioration. Common complications were persistent pain (1 case) and autonomic involvement (1 case). (4) Conclusion: spinal tumors need early exploration and excision and usually patients recover well without any residual effect.

Many argue that the peer review is broken—but it should not be. The focal article by Kohler et al. (2020) comes at a time when many researchers and some editors are claiming the peer review process is broken with observations of the impact of human frailties (Rennie, 2016), that the peer review system is unsustainable (Kovanis, Porcher, Ravaud, & Trinquart, 2016), and that the system exploits academics (Fox & Petchy, 2010). While the focal article moves to address the human frailties issue, the second issue relates to the academic pool willing to complete peer reviews, and this is a problem that needs to be also resolved for the quality of reviews to have any effect. Indeed, if we are able to broaden the reviewing pool, this may make establishing quality standards even more important. The final issue, which relates to the exploitation of academic labor by publishing houses, while associated with the reduced reviewing pool, could be considered an economic or structural problem. In this response, I seek to address the problems that emerge from fewer academics engaging in the peer review process. I also offer solutions for what we can do about it and explain how this can be linked to the professionalism competency within the quality framework for peer review offered by Kohler et al.

The main objective of this work is the development of a Computational Fluid Dynamics model coupled with a structural code for the simulation and optimization of fishing gears. As fishing nets are highly deformable structures under the influence of incident water, the use of merely empirical correlations for hydrodynamic forces, such as those used in many structural codes, does not provide precise predictions for their behaviour. The coupling between the structural problem and the hydrodynamic effects makes it necessary to tackle the problem through a new “fluid–structure interaction” approach, which is described here. Preliminary results obtained with the CFD model are also presented. Centro de Investigación en Tecnologías de la Información y las Comunicaciones (CITIC); ED431G 2019/01

Russia has been chronically suffering from a structural problem that its economy heavily relies on energy resources. The long-standing and excessive economic dependence on the energy sector decayed qualitative growth through productivity, necessary for long-term growth as the economic transition to mid- and high-value-added manufacturing gets delayed. In other words, Russia’s economic growth since 2008 can mostly be attributed to quantitative growth driven by physical capital and labor input. This study analyzes the impact of innovation in the IT sector on the Russian economy from a structural transformation perspective. More specifically, the research theoretically examines how technological innovation in the IT sector helps address the structural transformation delays that middle-income countries have suffered, and investigates the possibility of IT cooperation between Korea and Russia in policy and technological aspects.

Despite global efforts made to address anaemia, the prevalence remains high in most Sub-Saharan African countries. In Ethiopia, anaemia poses a very strong public health concern. The purpose of the present study was to examine the key risk factors related to anaemia among children aged 6–24 months (younger age group) and 25–59 months (older age group). We used the 2016 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey data, collected from 11 023 mothers with under five children. Ordered logistic regression modelling was used for assessing risk factors of childhood anaemia. The results suggest that the prevalence of anaemia was 72 % in the younger and 49 % in the older age groups. The risk factors for anaemia in the younger age group were morbidity (odds ratio (OR) 1⋅77; CI 1⋅21, 2⋅60), having no piped water source (OR 1⋅76; CI 1⋅07, 3⋅01) and no toilet facility (OR 1⋅60; CI 1⋅07, 2⋅38). The key risk factors for anaemia in the older age group were no micronutrient intake (OR 1⋅69; CI 1⋅23, 2⋅31), having a young mother (15–24 years old) (OR 1⋅35; CI 0⋅84, 1⋅91) and a non-working mother (OR 1⋅50; CI 1⋅15, 1⋅96). Anaemia also varied by region, place of residence and economic factors. Multiple factors contributed to the high prevalence of anaemia. Given the structural problem that the country has intervention strategies should consider the unique characteristics of regions and rural residences where the prevalence of anaemia is above the national average.

Background Body-machine interfaces map movements onto commands to external devices. Redundant motion signals derived from inertial sensors are mapped onto lower-dimensional device commands. Then, the device users face two problems, a) the structural problem of understanding the operation of the interface and b) the performance problem of controlling the external device with high efficiency. We hypothesize that these problems, while being distinct are connected in that aligning the space of body movements with the space encoded by the interface, i.e. solving the structural problem, facilitates redundancy resolution towards increasing efficiency, i.e. solving the performance problem. Methods Twenty unimpaired volunteers practiced controlling the movement of a computer cursor by moving their arms. Eight signals from four inertial sensors were mapped onto the two cursor’s coordinates on a screen. The mapping matrix was initialized by asking each user to perform free-form spontaneous upper-limb motions and deriving the two main principal components of the motion signals. Participants engaged in a reaching task for 18 min, followed by a tracking task. One group of 10 participants practiced with the same mapping throughout the experiment, while the other 10 with an adaptive mapping that was iteratively updated by recalculating the principal components based on ongoing movements. Results Participants quickly reduced reaching time while also learning to distribute most movement variance over two dimensions. Participants with the fixed mapping distributed movement variance over a subspace that did not match the potent subspace defined by the interface map. In contrast, participant with the adaptive map reduced the difference between the two subspaces, resulting in a smaller amount of arm motions distributed over the null space of the interface map. This, in turn, enhanced movement efficiency without impairing generalization from reaching to tracking. Conclusions Aligning the potent subspace encoded by the interface map to the user’s movement subspace guides redundancy resolution towards increasing movement efficiency, with implications for controlling assistive devices. In contrast, in the pursuit of rehabilitative goals, results would suggest that the interface must change to drive the statistics of user’s motions away from the established pattern and toward the engagement of movements to be recovered. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT01608438, Registered 16 April 2012.

When “Roam Like At Home” (RLAH) rules were introduced in 2017, many observers thought that this was the end of the roaming problem in Europe. While retail roaming surcharges were abolished across the EEA, the underlying problem of high prices at the wholesale level continued and the existing archaic system of determining those wholesale prices continued. This paper argues that wholesale prices are unrelated to costs because of a structural problem in the way traffic is traded -in particular the custom of bartering traffic or ‘balancing’ has distorted the market and means that for most wholesale roaming traffic, the wholesale price is unimportant. A central recommendation of this paper is that policy makers’ focus must be on breaking the link between in-country roaming services and returning traffic volumes – this will introduce a competitive dynamic in the market and allow normal pricing mechanisms. This can be achieved by moving the market to an electronic trading market to determine prices and volumes. Recent data clearly shows that certain operators are greatly disadvantaged by high pricing in the wholesale roaming markets and that demand suppression practices such as the avoidance of 4G agreements are not currently tracked. The implications for the development of 5G are that roaming risks undermining service development and adoption. The wholesale stresses are also leaking through to the retail level and consumers are not getting what was promised by RLAH in terms of the ability to roam throughout Europe on the same terms as they do in their home markets. This paper argues that the establishment of a wireless trading platform which permits one-way bids only (and thereby eliminates the fundamental problem of traffic balancing) as well as anonymising participation and being transparent on pricing would enable prices to move towards marginal cost. Mandating participation on such a trading platform might be necessary and two possibilities appear possible (via the Roaming Regulation or via an antitrust action). Moving pricing towards marginal cost would enable RLAH to be sustainable for all operators even where data volumes are very high, such as in a 5G environment. In turn, this will facilitate an accelerated 5G service development and accelerated adoption in Europe.

Concern about the long-term sustainability of European public pension systems has been a permanent feature for decades due to the unstoppable ageing of the population, but demographic change is not the only factor of concern. A deep economic and financial crisis has been added to this structural problem, whose impact on economic growth and job creation has further aggravated the situation. The combination of these two challenges has created a “perfect storm”, which is forcing most European countries to introduce far-reaching reforms in their pension systems with the aim of ensuring their sustainability. This chapter analyses the main measures that the different EU-28 countries have addressed since the beginning of the crisis to ensure the sustainability of their pensions. The wide range of measures taken include delaying the retirement age and introducing sustainability factors and automatic adjustment mechanisms.

Preterm delivery is one of the strongest predictors of neonatal mortality. A given exposure may increase neonatal mortality directly, or indirectly by increasing the risk of preterm birth. Efforts to assess these direct and indirect effects are complicated by the fact that neonatal mortality arises from two distinct denominators (i.e. two risk sets). One risk set comprises fetuses, susceptible to intrauterine pathologies (such as malformations or infection), which can result in neonatal death. The other risk set comprises live births, who (unlike fetuses) are susceptible to problems of immaturity and complications of delivery. In practice, fetal and neonatal sources of neonatal mortality cannot be separated – not only because of incomplete information, but because risks from both sources can act on the same newborn. We use simulations to assess the repercussions of this structural problem. We first construct a scenario in which fetal and neonatal factors contribute separately to neonatal mortality. We introduce an exposure that increases risk of preterm birth (and thus neonatal mortality) without affecting the two baseline sets of neonatal mortality risk. We then calculate the apparent gestational-age-specific mortality for exposed and unexposed newborns, using as the denominator either fetuses or live births at a given gestational age. If conditioning on gestational age successfully blocked the mediating effect of preterm delivery, then exposure would have no effect on gestational-age-specific risk. Instead, we find apparent exposure effects with either denominator. Except for prediction, neither denominator provides a meaningful way to define gestational-age-specific neonatal mortality.

Advances in the computational modeling of fracture of solids have opened up new possibilities for structural design optimization to enhance fracture properties . Here, we investigate material optimization and design to improve fracture behavior of composite structures under quasi-static conditions. The rate-independent structural problem considering cohesive fracture is ill-posed in its original form due to the non-unique nature of the solution. This renders the use of gradient-based optimization algorithms problematic. To overcome this issue, we introduce viscous regularization and a local approximation of the cohesive law into the governing state equations, and study the impact with the help of interfacial fracture of composite structures consisting of two or more materials. The fracture problem is then integrated into a material optimization framework. We study the effect of viscous regularization on the global landscape of the proposed objective function using a 2-dimensional delamination example with one design parameter and discuss difficulties resulting from the stabilization of inherently unstable crack states. In view of these issues, we finally propose considering multiple state problems, each limited to a single crack, with different predefined crack paths. In the end, we optimize the orientations of orthotropic inclusions embedded in a double-cantilever beam for the worst case of the potential crack paths.

Since 2007 PNPM Urban realize that poverty is a structural problem and multi-dimensional. In PNPM Urban perspective , the complexity of the various dimensions of poverty -related social , political , economic , and asset . this research aim is to know the Effectiveness of the National Program for Community Empowerment for Infrastructure Development Accelerated. In this research , the authors use an explanatory survey research methods . Selected number of samples in the analysis of the effectiveness of PNPM Urban infrastructure improvements are stakeholders involved in PNPM Urban population in the research area of all stakeholders involved in PNPM Urban in District Marpoyan Damai , the authors take purposively respondents who meet the criteria and are associated with research. The results showed that increasing road infrastructure with the PNPM Mandiri. The average improvement of road infrastructure after the PNPM Urban amounted to 35.8 %. The average increase in the quality of infrastructure before the PNPM Urban program is only at 4.4 % per year . This indication shows that roads infrastructure and the quality of the road surface to be increased significantly in the presence of the PNPM Urban Marpoyan Damai in the District . From interviews with relevant stakeholders PNPM Urban, respondents said PNPM Urban was very effective against the improvement of infrastructure in District Marpoyan Damai . Respondents argue that any proposed activity in infrastructure always realized by PNPM Urban . Geological condition of study consists of alluvium Sand, Gravel, Clay, Peat Swamp, Plant Remain in Quaternary age. There are two anticline in this area that is part Western and Southern and fault inferred direction Northwest-Southeast in the middle area of research so that the topography of the area of research a bit wavy and faulted that need observation on land-use planning such as drainage, airport, residential and availability of clean water..

This study presented a Ferris wheel accident case. A Ferris wheel is composed of many parts, and the outmost ring of it is assembled using a lock pin. This accident occurred because the lock pin caught the door of a gondola and the gondola overturned. Five of the seven passengers in the gondola fell to the ground, along with the gondola's viewing window. The investigation revealed that the gondola became stuck when its door was caught by a lock pin at the Ferris wheel's three o'clock position. The contact between the door and the lock pin was due to a structural problem: There was not enough space allotted between the door and the lock pin. Therefore, if a passenger pushed on the gondola's door, the potential existed for contact between the door and the lock pin.

In this paper, we provide evidence against the common idea that worked examples should be designed to convey problem categories and category-specific solution procedures. Instead we propose that instructional examples should be designed in a way that supports the understanding of relations between structural problem features and individual solution steps, i.e. relations that hold below the category level. We illustrate in the domain of probability word problems how category-avoiding instructional examples can be constructed. In two experiments we provide evidence that category-avoiding examples reduce cognitive load during learning and that they foster subsequent problem-solving performance. Problem-Type Schemata and Skill Acquisition It has often been argued that one important prerequisite for skilled problem solving in well-structured and knowledgerich domains (e.g., physics, mathematics or programming) is the availability of problem-type schemata (Gick & Holyoak, 1983; Reed, 1993), i.e., representations of problem categories together with category-specific solution procedures. Once a problem has been identified as belonging to a known problem category the relevant schema is retrieved from memory, is instantiated with the information that is specific to the to-be-solved problem, and finally the categoryspecific solution procedure attached to the schema is executed in order to produce a solution to the problem (cf. Derry, 1989). Schema-based problem solving is considered to be very efficient and therefore often seen as a marking feature of experts’ problem solving (VanLehn, 1996). Accordingly, a substantial amount of research has focused on the question of how such schemata can be acquired. A ubiquitous answer to this question is that studying concrete instances of problem categories (i.e., examples) is necessary for schema acquisition (Atkinson, Derry, Renkl, & Wortham, 2000; Sweller, van Merrienboer, & Paas, 1998). Schema Acquisition from Worked Examples In particular worked examples (i.e., example problems together with a step-by-step solution) play an important role in schema acquisition (cf. Atkinson et al., 2000). However, the mere availability of instructional examples seems not to be sufficient to guarantee an adequate representation of problem categories and an understanding of category-specific solution procedures. Rather, a profitable processing of worked examples has to be ensured. Such processing is likely to include example comparisons and example elaborations as the most important activities. Many approaches to improve the instructional design of worked examples subscribe to the general doctrine of using worked examples as a means of conveying problem categories and their associated solution procedures by fostering these activities. Example comparisons: Providing multiple examples allows a learner to compare examples within and among problem categories with regard to their differences and similarities. These comparisons might enable learners to identify the defining features of problem categories and to avoid confusions by examples' surface features (Cummins, 1992; Quilici & Mayer, 1996). According to Bernardo (1994, p. 379) there is "a consensus that problem-type schemata are acquired through some inductive or generalization process involving comparisons among similar or analogous problems of one type." Without these comparison processes learners might tend to categorize test problems according to their surface features and in turn to apply inappropriate solution procedures to them. Example elaborations: A commonly found problem is that learners “tend to form solution procedures that consist of a long series of steps – which are frequently tied to incidental features of the problems – rather than more meaningful representations that would enable them to successfully tackle new problems” (Catrambone, 1998, p. 355). To overcome these shallow representations of solutions, learners have to draw inferences concerning the structure of example solutions, the rationale behind solution procedures, and the goals that are accomplished by individual solution steps. In order to foster an understanding of category-specific solution procedures several methods have been suggested. One is that solution steps can be grouped according to their subgoals (Catrambone, 1998), which is thought to provide

Diagrid systems have been frequently employed in the last few decades for the construction of tall buildings because of their high lateral stiffness and for their capability to realize complex-shaped structures. Considering mainly diagrid structures with regular forms, many researchers have developed different methods to perform the structural analysis. In this paper, a matrix-based method (MBM) for the analysis of generic freeform diagrid systems is proposed. Unlike existing methodologies, that take into account only shear and bending stiffness, and Finite Element Method approach, the proposed procedure is based on the direct calculation of the complete structure stiffness matrix, without the assemblage of local sub-matrices. This method allows to solve automatically the structural problem, providing both the structure displacements and the axial forces in the diagonals. Then, some comparisons with the Finite Element Method are reported, both for two-dimensional and three-dimensional diagrid systems. In order to show the method capabilities, the analysis concerning the Swiss Re Tower in London is performed. Finally, an application of the MBM is shown regarding the distribution of lateral actions between an external diagrid system and a central core, according to the General Algorithm theory.

This chapter focuses on issues related to increasing agitations since the democratic transition in 1999 for a more functional federal system that fairly distributes the oil wealth. Here it is argued that increased agitations in the democratic era reflect a structural problem in the distribution of opportunities in Nigeria’s oil-driven federalism. Indeed, there seems to be a consensus that the practice of federalism in Nigeria does not conform to the fundamental principles of federalism because of the many conflicts within the system. In other words, Nigeria epitomises a federation without federalism. This chapter, therefore, aims to examine the perception of the Nigerian people with regard to the practice of federalism in the country. In order to achieve this, an attempt is made to examine the mounting debate over ‘true federalism’ and restructuring, which have increasingly taken an ethno-regional dimension.

Background We aimed to evaluate the structural effects of the long-term use of orthoses for pediatric flexible flat foot (PFFF) using an algorithmic approach and a structured critical framework to assess the methodological quality of reported studies. Methods A comprehensive literature search using five databases, namely MEDLINE, the Cochrane Library, Scopus, the Web of Science, and EMBASE, was performed for pertinent articles published before March 30, 2018. Studies with quantitative data on the effects of the long-term use of orthoses for PFFF were included. The search strategy was adapted as appropriate for all other databases searched considering the differences in indexing terms and search syntax for each database. Results Randomized controlled trials and prospective cohort studies could not prove the estimated effects of orthoses on the medial longitudinal arch. They revealed that flexible flat feet in young children slowly improved with growth, regardless of the type of footwear used. However, three of four case series studies revealed that positive long-term effects could be achieved using orthoses. Conclusion There is no strong evidence that the long-term use of orthoses improved the structural problem of PFFF.

Regional disparity is one of the important characteristics of the Turkish economy. This study examines the impact of market potential on the regional differences in Turkey by investigating wages in the manufacturing industry for 1987 and 2000. Evidence suggests that market potential is an important determinant of inequality in Turkey. In addition, public–private decomposition reshapes the dispersion of wages supportive of rising heterogeneity in the private manufacturing industry. This increases the explanatory power of market potential, which is observed to be high in western Turkey and diminishes toward eastern Turkey. Our findings highlight that during the postliberalization era of the 1980s, Turkey's regional inequality concern transformed into a structural problem which can be explained by provincial market potential. Moreover, our results underline that the modern geography framework, which has been tested for developed economies, is able to elucidate the regional differences in a developing country suffering from persistent imbalances.

The objectives of this research had two approaches; the qualitative objectives were: to learn about the development expectations of Chiclayo for the next 20 years; to identify ways to achieve this goal; and to develop a concept that educates socially responsible citizens. Quantitative objectives: to identify the problems in the city of Chiclayo, to analyze the citizens’ perception of Chiclayo’s problems and to prioritize proposals for the sustainable development of Chiclayo. From this study, we conclude that the city of Chiclayo is facing a structural problem that affects the quality of life of all its citizens. It lacks a socially responsible city plan . Citizens expect a healthy, clean, ethical-moral, safe and organized city; they demand an educational plan for a socially responsible city. Thus, we are proposing a plan called «Chiclayo 2035. Quality of life and development». Los objetivos de la investigación apuntaron en dos direcciones. En lo que respecta a lo cualitativo, se buscaba conocer las expectativas de desarrollo de Chiclayo para los próximos veinte años, identificar la manera de lograr el cambio y elaborar una propuesta que permita formar ciudadanos socialmente responsables. En lo cuantitativo, se esperaba identificar la problemática de la ciudad de Chiclayo, analizar la percepción de los chiclayanos sobre la problemática de la ciudad y priorizar las propuestas para el desarrollo sustentable y sostenible de Chiclayo.A partir de este estudio, se concluye que la ciudad de Chiclayo afronta una problemática estructural que afecta la calidad de vida de todos sus grupos de interés. Se carece de un modelo de ciudad socialmente responsable. Los ciudadanos esperan una ciudad saludable, limpia, ética-moral, segura, ordenada y demandan un proceso educativo en responsabilidad social transversal. Sobre esta base, se propone el modelo «Chiclayo al 2035. Calidad de vida y desarrollo». Os objetivos da pesquisa apontam em duas direções. No método qualitativo: procurou-se conhecer às expectativas de desenvolvimento de Chiclayo para os próximos vinte anos, identificar formas para conseguir uma mudança e prepararuma proposta para educar cidadãos socialmente responsáveis. Quantitativamente: identificar os problemas da cidade de Chiclayo, analisar a percepção dos cidadãos sobre os problemas da cidade e priorizar propostas para o desenvolvimento sustentável de Chiclayo. A partir deste estudo, conclui-se que a cidade de Chiclayo enfrenta um problema estrutural que afeta a qualidade de vida de todos os seus cidadãos. A cidade carece de um modelo socialmente responsável. Os cidadãos pedem uma cidade saudável, ordenada, limpa, segura, ética e moral, e exigem ações transversais para a educação e responsabilidade social.Nesta base, a proposta é um modelo chamado «Chiclayo 2035. Qualidade de vida e desenvolvimento».

Health and disease are largely seen as structural phenomena - visible changes in tissues and organs, rather than the result of complex adaptive physiological dynamics within the person, constrained by his internal structures and external environments. Health and disease are ecological phenomena; internal structures and external environments provide the landscapes in which the functions - physiological network interactions at the micro and behavioural interactions at the macro level - occur. These interactions are the functional responses in the quest for health and life.Embracing the person as a whole, that is, being person-centered, is thus an expression of a paradigm shift, a shift from the reductionist focus on disease to the complex-adaptive understandings of the person experiencing health, illness and disease.

Prostitution is a fundamental structural problem that occurs in society because it is still understood as a moral problem. Provisions related to prostitution are regulated in the Criminal Code (KUHP), namely Article 296 and Article 506. It can be seen that criminal law only categorizes prostitution as a criminal act against its intermediaries (Pimp or Pimp). Whereas in cracking down on Customers and Commercial Sex Workers not in the Criminal Code specifically regulate it, a legal vacuum occurs. In this paper using a normative research method with the problem approach is the statutory approach. The problem raised in this paper is how the categories of perpetrators in commercial sex activities and how legal action in dealing with customers and commercial sex workers. Based on this, it can be concluded that the regulations governing law enforcement against customers and commercial sex workers are regulated based on the respective regional regulations in each region.

Addressing the generation of food waste is a major challenge nowadays. An increasing interest in studying food waste generation has emerged over the last decade. However, little attention has been devoted to understanding the root of the problem by carrying out a whole-supply-chain analysis and applying multidimensional approaches. The aim of this paper was to identify the causes of food waste in the metropolitan region of Barcelona along the food supply chain, considering the relevant stakeholders&rsquo, perceptions. Moreover, we examined the circumstantial or structural nature of the identified causes. We conducted a qualitative study consisting of 24 in-depth interviews of key stakeholders in the region along the food supply chain from October 2014 to January 2015. The interviews were analyzed by content analysis, and the main results are presented here. We used a conceptual framework that differentiates among micro, meso, and macro causes to disentangle the nature of the causes. The results from this study show the great interest of regional stakeholders in the issue of the generation of food waste and provide a complete map of the causes of food waste in the metropolitan region. From our study, we advocate that food waste is not only a sum of incidentals but it a structural problem.

In the restaurant industry, delivery platforms collect customer orders via mobile apps or the web, transmit them to restaurants, and deliver the orders to customers. Platforms claim they provide value to restaurants by expanding their markets, but critics claim they destroy restaurant profitability by taking a percentage of revenues from delivery orders and generating congestion that negatively impacts dine-in customers. We consider these tensions using a stylized model of a restaurant as a congested service system, with a goal of understanding how best to structure relationships between restaurants and platforms to maximize joint profits. First, we analyze the efficacy of the most commonly used contracts, “simple revenue sharing,” in which the platform takes a percentage cut of each delivery order. We show that such contracts fail to coordinate the system because the platform does not internalize the effect of its price on dine-in revenues, setting its price too low and attracting many delivery customers who generate congestion for dine-in customers; the restaurant is forced to respond to this by setting dine-in prices that are too low, which in turn negatively impacts restaurant revenues compared to a centralized system in which both prices are set to maximize joint revenue. We then investigate several proposed mechanisms to improve the relationship between restaurants and platforms and coordinate the system. We show that commission caps, which have been legally mandated in some US states and localities, are ineffective at coordinating the system because they do not solve the structural problem with simple revenue sharing contracts. Allowing the restaurant to set price floors for the delivery platform is similarly incapable of coordination, generating double marginalization that leads to prices that are too high relative to the central optimum. Finally, we propose an alternative, practical coordinating contract that is a variation of simple revenue sharing: for each delivery order, the platform pays the restaurant a fixed, flat fee and a percentage revenue share. For appropriately chosen contract parameters, we show that this contract coordinates the system, protects restaurant margins by ensuring a lower bound on its revenue per delivery order, and allocates revenue with a high degree of flexibility between the restaurant and the platform.

Drawing on three case studies in each of Australia, New Zealand and Scotland, this article explores how care workers employed in the social services sector negotiate their unpaid care responsibilities in the context of lean work organization and low pay. For younger workers, the unrelenting demands of service provision and low pay made any long-term commitment to working in social services unrealistic, while many female workers experienced significant stress as they bent their unpaid care responsibilities to the demands of their paid work. However, male workers, less likely to have primary caring responsibilities, appeared less troubled by the prioritizing of paid over unpaid care work and less likely to self-exploit for the job. At the same time, there is a widespread acceptance across different national and organizational contexts that the work/family juggle is a personal responsibility rather than a structural problem caused by the demands of underfunded and overstretched organizations.

In the wake of the 2008 financial crisis, there has been increased focus on access to finance for small and medium sized firms. Some evidence from before the crisis suggested that it was harder for innovative firms to access finance. Yet no research has considered the differential effect of the crisis on innovative firms. This paper addresses this gap using a dataset of over 10,000 UK SME employers. We find that innovative firms are more likely to be turned down for finance than other firms, and this worsened significantly in the crisis. However, regressions controlling for a host of firm characteristics show that the worsening in general credit conditions has been more pronounced for non-innovative firms with the exception of absolute credit rationing which still remains more severe for innovative firms. The results suggest that there are two issues in the financial system. First, we find evidence of a structural problem which restricts access to finance for innovative firms. Second, we show a cyclical problem has been caused by the financial crisis and impacted relatively more severely on non-innovative firms.

Steel structures have lots of benefits such as a fast construction period, a uniformed quality, mass production, high performance of strength, and etc. Therefore, steel framed buildings are very popular not only low-rise buildings not high-rise ones. However, the steel framed building might be met in a serious structural problem when the building is engulfed with a fire. In this study, to evaluate the fire resistant performance for long span beams built with an ordinary strength structural steel, an analytical method was used using not only mechanical properties, thermal properties at high temperatures but a heat transfer theory and a heat stress analysis. The results showed that a SM 400 was superior to those of a SS 400, a SM 490 in terms of structural stabilities such as deflections and load carrying capacities.

The crisis of the Eurozone has highlighted the extent to which the sustainability of currency arrangements is critically dependent on their credibility. There is some consensus in the literature that the crisis was mostly triggered by the global financial crisis (De Santis 2012; De Grauwe 2012; Attinasi et al. 2009; Barrios et al. 2009). This probably exacerbated a structural problem of competitiveness which was embedded in the way in which the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) was originally devised and implemented. The sovereign debt crisis confirmed the problem of the low credibility of the weakest governments’ commitment to a structurally asymmetric monetary union in the wake of an extremely serious economic shock.

This paper focuses on the controversy about DMA (direct market access) system that facilitates ELW (equity linked warrants) transaction. We analyze trading profit/loss and such features in accordance with the investor type by the combination of trading counts and trading amounts. Especially, our analysis centers on whether brokerages’ providing DMA system contributes to the market expansion and DMA system serves as a profit-making expedient for the investors whose trading amount is large or trading frequency is high. Based on our empirical examination utilizing total ELW trading data from 2009 to 2011, the following implications are obtained as a result: Firstly, the growth of the ELW market mainly comes from the increased transactions by the investors accessing via DMA and there is no evidence that providing DMA system itself adds to the revitalization of overall market. Secondly, our GMM results using dummy variables confirm us that providing DMA possibly plays a critical role in making profit for the investor of large trading amount or high trading frequency. Our results support the structural problem is embedded in ELW market and DMA system intensifies such unfair game.

This study investigates methodological trends in mobile communication studies. The articles published over the past 20 years in five journals (Communication Research, Journal of Communication, Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, New Media & Society, and Information, Communication & Society) are analysed. The results show that the quantitative and qualitative studies have increased while theoretical accounts have remained few. The quantitative approach is the most applied. The studied articles reflect a structural problem of science communication that stems from the lack of cumulativity of scientific results and cross-national analyses and from the standard length of articles that poses limitations for scientific communication. peerReviewed

The purpose of this study is to prioritize improvement factors of the tug services in terms of the structural problem, operating system and the present condition of the tug at each port in Korea. It was identified that the tug operating system needs to be mostly improved among the improvement factors of the tug services in Korea. In addition, free contract and rotating system were found to be important factors which need to be improved comparing to other factors such as service quality, tug rules, operating practices of council for tug operation and customer factor. The service attitude of the tug companies was regarded as an important element. And the tug entry system appeared to be an important item. Finally, laws relating to tug business needs to be revised which allow new tug companies enter into the market. As the result of AHP analysis for tug systems and service improvement factors, some fundamental changes of tug operation systems are urgently needed.

Department of Safety Engineering, Seoul National University of Science and Technology(Received March 12, 2012 / Accepted April 10, 2013)Abstract : There is a critically structural problem of scaffolding system when one of scaffold columns is remove to be used as a gangway for their temporary office in the structure before finishing all such as an apartment or office building. This is not used to checking to structurally checking at a construction site. This study is to find out which system at a site will be more effective and low-cost-high effectiveness of aluminum ladder, timber ladder, ∅1/2 inch steel pipe truss with a type of concave, convex warren truss ladders. Theses are structurally tested with horizontal set as a truss type with 1.8 meter long. Concentrated load has been loaded at the upper center of the system and checked its strain at the bottom center, using aluminum-use strain gage and steel-use gauge have been attached concave warren truss with diameter 1/2 inch has 14% stronger than convex truss. Convex truss has almost same strength as an aluminum ladder truss, it is found out.Key Words : critically structural problem, steel warren truss, aluminum ladder truss, timber ladder truss, sub assembled scaffold frame

In this paper we want to study the behaviour of an underground structure subject to blast action. Other than the normal operating loads we considered the actions generated by a thermal gradient simulating the action of a fire load and by a pressure wave simulating an explosion. Initially the theoretical aspects of the problem were exanimated, and then a model was developed in numerical form and implemented through a finite element analysis. This modelling allows the simulation of a real scenario, e.g., railway tunnels with reinforced concrete structure that is subject to a fire generation and a subsequent explosion. The simulation involved aspects of thermal analysis, and therefore the structural problem was tackled analysing the tensions in the structure generated by the effect of temperature–pressure generated by the fire and by the overpressure generated by the blast. Only following this approach the most important factors influencing the dynamic response and damage of structure can be identified and the appropriate preventive measures can be designated.

In this research work, a nonlinear structural analysis by the finite element method (FEM) is carried out to study the structural collapse of a self-weighted metallic roof with and without skylights located in Cabanaquinta’s schoolyard (Principality of Asturias, Northern Spain). The collapse of this cable-arch structure was due to huge snow loads in winters of 2004 and 2006. In order to tackle this structural problem, it is proposed a damage assessment based on the nonlinear post-buckling analysis of the entire self-weighted metallic roof by FEM. Firstly, in order to obtain a diagnosis of the failure causes, several FEM models with six tiles of a 0.83 m wide and 1.25 mm thickness, including methacrylate skylights in one of them, were built and then solved as a three steps procedure: a linear pre-stress analysis, a buckling analysis and a nonlinear analysis. Secondly, a procedure based on the design of experiments (DOEs) applying the FEM technique was used to determine the importance of different parameters on the structural integrity of the roof. Finally, the numerical results of this work are discussed and the structural design recommendations are explained in detail to avoid these structural failures in the future.

The court (justice system) has noble duty and central position in a governanence, beside as a controller body, it is also as an institution which maintain law order in it's actualization in the real form. Meanwhile, this respectable position cannot be main tained properly and tends to deteriote as it shown by it's bad performances. There are three main problems appear, structural problem, legislation and human resources. Therefore the reconstruction of court system should be made by focusing on these problems.

Renewable energy is fundamental for economic growth and sustainable development. To be generated, distributed and used renewable energy requires proper infrastructure. Venezuela is a country with important energy resources, mainly in hydropower, but despite the huge resources invested in the improvement of its infrastructure, the delays with projects' completion as well as the frequent blackouts show that there is a structural problem that hinders the attainment of the Energy for All Global Goals. This article presents an overview of the Venezuelan renewable energy potential, its importance to meet sustainability goals, some construction problems affecting this sector and the situation of renewable infrastructure in construction in the country. The conclusions highlight a complex problem whose solution requires deep changes in the Venezuelan energy policies and strategies. Keywords—Renewable energy, sustainability, infrastructure, Venezuela.

The theory of structural reliability is widely applied in many fields. In structural engineering, due to the required long-term security commitments that are subject to various loads, the analysis of a structure's reliability is particularly important. Over time, improvement in structural reliability theory has taken place, along with further development of mathematical sciences, and is showcased throughout this chapter. For some time, the concept of “reliability” was used to evaluate the quality of engineering structures; however, due to the uncertainty of material properties and loadings and various construction and operational errors from an engineering point of view, a structural problem can be considered “uncertain” when some lack of knowledge exists about the theoretical model. This chapter provides the theory necessary to reveal “uncertain” areas of structural reliability.

GDP development over time is one method of measuring the economic evolution of a country. According to the OECD, there are several factors that can influence GDP, one of which is Engineering Education. A possible way to determine the potential for economic development would be assessing the performance of high-level education, especially if the GDP-Engineering correlation is taken into account. Studies were overtaken to study the lack of engineering in Brazil as a structural problem. However, there is no analysis about the regional factor and the engineering education performance. The objective of this paper is to assess if there is a correlation between the regional GDP and good performance Engineering Education in Brazil. The study is based on official data provided by governmental organizations. A conclusion is reached were the regional disparity in GDP is similar to the disparity on High Quality Engineering Education.

While India has become a fairly significant manufacturing hub due to its industryfriendly policies, cost competitiveness and vast pool of human resources, some of the key challenges remain unaddressed. As a consequence, the full potential remains unrealised which manifests as a structural problem in the Indian economy (Indian industry has a low share in GDP). In response, the policy makers are constantly renewing their focus on expanding manufacturing and service sectors while various stakeholders feel that India faces an even bigger challenge with respect to vocational skills. Surveys and studies point out that the skill demand-supply gap is extremely wide.

Depth understanding is important for stereoscopic and various methods including space design and cognitive science should be taken account in contents production. Among them, human scientific engineering such as human factor needs to be touched. More specifically, when the stereoscopic designer determines a binocular disparity, the viewpoint of the camera has to be matched with that of the audience. In this process, the structural problem by the distortion due to the dichoptic error is happened, Therefore, 3D sweetening process based on geometric re-analysis and human scientific engineering to minimize the visual fatigue is significant. This paper analyzes the inconsistency problems of the viewpoint in stereoscopic images, and we produce the stereoscopic image contents based on human factors.

This paper introduces and develops an optimal hybrid fault recovery methodology for a team of unmanned vehicles by taking advantage of the cooperative nature of the team to accomplish the desired mission requirements in presence of faults/failures. The proposed methodology is developed in a hybrid framework that consists of a low-level (an agent level and a team level) and a high-level (discrete-event system level) fault diagnosis and recovery modules. A high-level fault recovery scheme is proposed within the discrete-event system (DES) supervisory control framework, whereas it is assumed that a low-level fault recovery designed based on classical control techniques is already available. The low-level recovery module employs information on the detected and estimated fault and modifies the controller parameters to recover the team from the faulty condition. By taking advantage of combinatorial optimization techniques, a novel reconfiguration strategy is proposed and developed at the high-level so that the faulty vehicles are recovered with minimum cost to the team. A case study is provided to illustrate and demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed approach for the icing problem in unmanned aerial vehicles, which is a well-known structural problem in the aircraft industry.

In this paper we want to analyse the behaviour of spatial shell structures subject to multi-physics actions. Other than the normal operating loads we analysed the accidental effects generated by a thermal gradient simulating the effects of a fire load, and also the effects generated by a pressure wave simulating an explosion. The problem was first analysed in its theoretical form, then a numerical model was developed and implemented through a finite element analysis. This modelling and simulation allows detecting a real scenario, e. g. railway tunnels with reinforced concrete structure that, as a result of accident, is subject to a scenario generated by fire and subsequently to explosion. In particular, the first stage of analysis involved aspects of thermal analysis and after the structural problem was tackled analysing the tensions in the structure generated by the effect of temperature-pressure generated by the fire and by the instantaneous pressure wave generated by the blast.

This article reviews the current economic crisis as it impacts upon European biopharma SMEs and their ability to secure investment and funding. In particular it presents an analysis of a broader, pre-crisis structural problem in Europe related to the lack of institutional investors for Europe's life sciences venture capital funds and the impact this has both on the funds available for investment by VCs into Europe's biotech companies, and the effect on the type and stage of biopharma companies able to raise money. This article also presents an overview of an on-going stakeholder dialogue to address these issues and the proposals raised so far for possible solutions.

Scientifically evidenced that beam-column joints are a critical point in the reinforced concrete (RC) structure under the fluctuation loads effects. In this novel hybrid data-intelligence model developed to predict the joint shear behavior of exterior beam-column structure frame. The hybrid data-intelligence model is called genetic algorithm integrated with deep learning neural network model (GA-DLNN). The genetic algorithm is used as prior modelling phase for the input approximation whereas the DLNN predictive model is used for the prediction phase. To demonstrate this structural problem, experimental data is collected from the literature that defined the dimensional and specimens' properties. The attained findings evidenced the efficitveness of the hybrid GA-DLNN in modelling beam-column joint shear problem. In addition, the accurate prediction achived with less input variables owing to the feasibility of the evolutionary phase.

DVR(Digital Video Recorder) system stores video inputs in compressed digital formats and retrieve them. DVR system has several advantages over traditional analog tape recorder system which are (1) improved real-time monitoring, recording and searching capability, and (2) other capabilities such as watermarking and remote monitoring through network. AVI format is the most popular format used for DVR systems. However, AVI format has drawbacks in recording and searching due to structural problem. Some vendors develop and use their own format, do not open the format to the public. In this paper, ESP format is proposed. ESP format solves the drawbacks of AVI format, and the advantages of AVI format apply to ESP format. Moreover, ESP format provides multistream recording/replay and event-recording. In result, ESP format enchances functionality of recording and searching in DVR system.

In the health insurance system of Japan, a fee-for-service system has been applied to individual treatment services since 1958. This system involves a structural problem of causing an increase in examination and drug administration. A flat-fee payment system called DPC was introduced in April 2003 to solve the problems of the fee-for-service system. Based on the data of 2003 and 2004, we assessed the impact of DPC in Japan, and obtained the following conclusions: First, the introduction of DPC in Japan could not decrease the absolute value of medical costs; second, the internal efficiency of the institutions was improved, for example, by reducing the mean length of hospitalizations; third, the DPC-based diagnosis classification is considered to be effective for simplifying the medical fee system within the framework of EBM and for providing patients with information; and fourth, after introduction of the DPC, structural problems remain in the flat-fee payment system, such as examination and treatment of low quality, selection of patients and up coding. Its introduction should thus be performed with sufficient caution. We will make greater efforts to establish a better medical fee system by evaluating these problems.