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Imatinib and nilotinib are first-line treatments for chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) patients, which act specifically against target cells. However, these drugs may cause side effects, such as electrolyte disturbances. This literature review aimed to provide a comparison of the effects of imatinib and nilotinib on blood potassium and calcium levels. It also summarized their hypothetical mechanism. A comprehensive electronic search of the different databases was conducted using ‘chronic myeloid leukemia’, ‘tyrosine kinase inhibitors’, ‘imatinib’, ‘nilotinib’, ‘potassium’, ‘calcium’, ‘electrolytes’ as keywords. This review used PubMed- MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar as the source databases. Sixteen articles published from 2006 to 2020 were reviewed. Changes in blood potassium levels range from increased to decreased levels, while changes in blood calcium levels range from the lower normal values to below normal values (hypocalcemia). Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), including imatinib and nilotinib, have a non-specific target, namely plateletderived growth factor receptor (PDGFR), which indirectly affects blood potassium and calcium levels in CML patients. The clinical manifestations of these changes vary from being visible only in laboratory tests to displaying a variety of clinical signs and symptoms.

Jembrana disease constitutes the main concern in cattle industry especially in Indonesia and Australia as it has caused important economic losses due to mortality of cattle. The pathology of the disease is unusual for a lentivirus infection as it is associated with a severe, often lethal disease syndrome and a short incubation period in cattle. For lack of efficient medical treatment of JDV-infected cattle, vaccination may therefore constitute an effective measure for the prevention or eradication of Jembrana disease. Up to date, only one type of vaccine has been reported and tested. It is based on inactivated, tissue-derived virus antigens (Tabanan/87 isolate, JDVTAB/87). This review summarize show current Jembrana disease vaccine was developed as well as evaluated and how these information might be useful in future vaccine design.

Jembrana disease is a bovine disease that affects Bali cattle (Bos javanicus). The causal agent is named Jembrana Disease Virus (JDV), a lentivirus member. The disease development of Jembrana disease in Bali cattle is unique for a lentivirus infection as it is related with severe clinical syndrome in an acute period. In experimentally JDV-infected Bali cattle, the death rate was about 21% and occurred within only 1 to 2 weeks post-infection. Indeed, the mortality of more than 60 000 cattles in a year was observed during the first outbreak and the disease is now endemic through-out parts of Indonesia. Early diagnosis constitutes a preventive method of further disease outbreaks. The Jembrana disease can be diagnosed by the clinical symptoms but more reliable diagnostic tools are available, based on either antigen (immunodiagnosis) or viral genome (molecular diagnosis). In this review, we summarize about immunodiagnostic tools of Jembrana disease which has been developed so far.

1Departement of Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Gadjah Mada University, Jalan sekip unit II, Yogyakarta, 55281 Indonesia. 2Centre of Biotechnology Study, Gadjah Mada University, Jalan teknika utara, Yogyakarta, 55281 Indonesia. 3Faculty of Medicine, Sebelas Maret University, Jalan Ir. Sutami 36 A, Surakarta, 57126 Indonesia. 4Departement of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Gadjah Mada University, Jalan sekip unit II, Yogyakarta, 55281 Indonesia. 5Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Gadjah Mada University, Jalan sekip unit II, Yogyakarta, 55281 Indonesia.