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Bacterial Vaginosis (BV) is a polymicrobial syndrome characterized by a shift in the vaginal flora from a predominant population ofLactobacillito a replacement with anaerobes. Vaginal suppositories containingL. pentosusKCA1 were formulated using glycerol-gelatin base. A prospective and follow-up community-based study was done. Vaginal samples were collected from women of reproductive age (non-pregnant) between 18-45 years. A total of 360 women both symptomatic and asymptomatic provided High Vaginal Swabs (HVS) for BV screening using Nugent scoring method and 65 (18.1 %) participants were identified as having BV by microscopy with 45 (12.5 %) of them being consistent with BV (Nugent score of 7-10) and twenty (5.56 %) being intermediate with BV (Nugent score of 4-6). A baseline and intervention questionnaire were administered to the participants. Majority (81.5 %) of the participants affirmed that they have not heard about BV. Social burden reveals that 90.8 % affirmed that they feel frustrated, having BV symptoms recur after treatment and 83.1 % admitted that BV symptoms makes them feel embarrassed, ashamed and dirty. Majority (58.8 %) claimed that the state of their reproductive health is ‘very good’ four weeks after treatment, while 88.2 % of the participants rated their reproductive health after four weeks of treatment to be ‘somewhat better than now than a year ago’. In conclusion, it was revealed that BV has impact on the social status and quality of life of the participants except on their economic status. Knowledge on the awareness of BV among women of reproductive age is essential.

Malaria is an infectious disease that continues to be linked with considerable morbidity and mortality, and significant social and economic impact in developing countries Malaria is transmitted from person to person by the bite of mosquitoes infected with the protozoan parasite Plasmodium spp. P. falciparum, P. vivax, P. malariae, and P. ovale. Of these, P. falciparum is responsible for over 90% of cases and almost all of the malaria deaths worldwide. This review discusses the epidemiology of malaria, its transmission and clinical manifestations, and the current malaria treatment regimens with emphasis on the artemisinins. Included are the efficacy of the artemisinins and their mechanism of action. Their low bioavailability was linked to extensive metabolism, as well as their chemical instability. Different factors that have permitted the emerging resistance to the artemisinins were showcased, probably as poor-dosing regimen and substandard products in developing countries. Also discussed were the plasmodial genes so far implicated in artemisinin resistance. Lastly, based on the available evidence with regard to bioavailability, metabolism, stability, drug transport, and pharmacokinetics, different approaches were proffered for formulations that will enhance therapeutics efficacy.

The research work is aimed at evaluation of microbiological quality of soybean milk highly consumed by the public in Nigeria. To verify the hygenicity, purity and safety of the Soybean consumed by the public in Nigeria. Ten samples of soybean milk locally prepared by different manufacturers were used for the study. The microbial load and identity of the microorganisms present were determined usingg the streak plate technique of isolation. Bacterial and fungal viable counts, biochemical characters of fungi present, the starch hydrolysis test and microscopic characters of the isolates were done using standard techniques. The microbial population detected in terms of number and types of organisms reflected poor hygienic standard of production, constituting a public health hazard among the populace. The products were found to contain pathogenic microorganisms like Staphylococcus aureus, E coli, some fungi (Candida species) were also found in some of the Soybean products. The implication of this study is that the quality of some commercial soybean milk preparations marketed in Nigeria needs to be critically scrutinized to avoid transmission of infections to patients through them. Also it is very necessary that producers should be enlightened about Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) as this will ensure products free of pathogenic microorganisms.

To investigate the immunological effect of Vernonia amygdalina (V. amygdalina) leaf extract and immunace(®) on HIV infected patients taking highly active antiretroviral therapy.Fresh V. amygdalina leaves were collected within Nsukka area in Enugu State. The leaves were rinsed with distilled water. Two handful of cleaned fresh leaves were soaked in 200 mL water and squeezed gently by hand to a mixture. Clients were divided into four groups and each group was given different combination. They took the medication for four weeks. The immune effect was tested against marketed immune booster in some retroviral clients.The mean absolute CD4 count was increased in the client who took the extract or supplement. And the clients who took both the extract and supplement had a greater increase in the CD4 count. The increased CD4 was significant as compared with the control group (P0.05). The skin rashes were also improved in the entire groups.It can be concluded that the aqueous extract of V. amygdalina and immunace or both have immunological effect on HIV infected patients. Therefore, we suggest that the V. amygdalina extract or immunace or both could be used as adjuvant in the management of HIV/AIDS clients.

Objective: Ciprofloxacin is a broad spectrum antibiotic widely used in the treatment of infections, but its toxicological effects remains a great challenge. This research emphasized on analyzing the effect of a hydrophobic ion pair complex, involving ciprofloxacin hydrochloride and sodium cholate and also pegylated ciprofloxacin hydrochloride-sodium cholate complex.Methods: The effects of ciprofloxacin-cholate complex and pegylated ciprofloxacin-cholate complex were evaluated. LD50 was determined. The test drugs were orally to twenty-four albino mice, in six groups of four mice, at different doses of 7.14 mg/kg, 14.2 mg/kg and 21.4 mg/kg; and PEG complex, 7.14 and 14.2 mg/kg. Each was administered twice daily for fourteen days. The animal blood samples were subjected to hematological, biochemical tests; and the liver organs were collected. Histopathological examination was carried out on the harvested organs. Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined using the non-compartmental method.Results: The LD50 of the complex was above 5000 mg/kg. The non-significant decrease in PCV and WBC showed the parent drug and its complex are neither anemia inducing nor immunosuppressing; the significant decrease in the average RBCs count in post–treatment of 21.47 mg/kg of the complex could be from physiological changes; the bio-liver makers showed hepatocellular damage. Photomicrograph of the liver sections of mice showed mild areas of hepatocyte degeneration and inflammatory cell infiltrates.Conclusion: The biochemical, hematological and histology results showed complexation did not increase adverse effects of ciprofloxacin. The PEGYlated complex showed higher AUC and Cmax peak than the uncomplexed drug, hence more therapeutic benefits.